Articles | Volume 15, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-605-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-605-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
04 Feb 2022
Research article |
| 04 Feb 2022
| 04 Feb 2022
Differential absorption lidar measurements of water vapor by the High Altitude Lidar Observatory (HALO): retrieval framework and first results
Brian J. Carroll
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
NASA Postdoctoral Program, NASA Langley Research Center,
Hampton, VA, United States
NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, United States
Susan A. Kooi
Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, United States
James E. Collins
Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, United States
Rory A. Barton-Grimley
NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, United States
Anthony Notari
NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, United States
David B. Harper
NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, United States
Joseph Lee
NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, United States
Related authors
Kristopher M. Bedka, Amin R. Nehrir, Michael Kavaya, Rory Barton-Grimley, Mark Beaubien, Brian Carroll, James Collins, John Cooney, G. David Emmitt, Steven Greco, Susan Kooi, Tsengdar Lee, Zhaoyan Liu, Sharon Rodier, and Gail Skofronick-Jackson
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4305–4334, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4305-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4305-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper demonstrates the Doppler Aerosol WiNd (DAWN) lidar and High Altitude Lidar Observatory (HALO) measurement capabilities across a range of atmospheric conditions, compares DAWN and HALO measurements with Aeolus satellite Doppler wind lidar to gain an initial perspective of Aeolus performance, and discusses how atmospheric dynamic processes can be resolved and better understood through simultaneous observations of wind, water vapour, and aerosol profile observations.
Ewan Crosbie, Johnathan W. Hair, Amin R. Nehrir, Richard A. Ferrare, Chris Hostetler, Taylor Shingler, David Harper, Marta Fenn, James Collins, Rory Barton-Grimley, Brian Collister, K. Lee Thornhill, Christiane Voigt, Simon Kirschler, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 2639–2658, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2639-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2639-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A method was developed to extract information from airborne lidar observations about the distribution of ice and liquid water within clouds. The method specifically targets signatures of horizontal and vertical gradients in ice and water that appear in the polarization of the lidar signals. The method was tested against direct measurements of the cloud properties collected by a second aircraft.
Dimitri Trapon, Holger Baars, Athena Floutsi, Sebastian Bley, Adrien Lacour, Thomas Flament, Alain Dabas, Amin R. Nehrir, Frithjof Ehlers, and Dorit Huber
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-462, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-462, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The study highlights how aerosol measurements from aircraft can be used in synergy with ground-based observations to validate the ESA's AEOLUS satellite aerosol product above the Tropical Atlantic. For the first time, collocated sections of the troposphere up to 626 km long are crossed. Combining measurements from satellite, aircraft, and ground-based instruments allows to characterize the optical properties of the observed dust particles emitted from the Sahara Desert.
Sanja Dmitrovic, Johnathan W. Hair, Brian L. Collister, Ewan Crosbie, Marta A. Fenn, Richard A. Ferrare, David B. Harper, Chris A. Hostetler, Yongxiang Hu, John A. Reagan, Claire E. Robinson, Shane T. Seaman, Taylor J. Shingler, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Holger Vömel, Xubin Zeng, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3515–3532, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3515-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3515-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study introduces and evaluates a new ocean surface wind speed product from the NASA Langley Research Center (LARC) airborne High-Spectral-Resolution Lidar – Generation 2 (HSRL-2) during the NASA ACTIVATE mission. We show that HSRL-2 surface wind speed data are accurate when compared to ground-truth dropsonde measurements. Therefore, the HSRL-2 instrument is able obtain accurate, high-resolution surface wind speed data in airborne field campaigns.
Hiren T. Jethva, Omar Torres, Richard A. Ferrare, Sharon P. Burton, Anthony L. Cook, David B. Harper, Chris A. Hostetler, Jens Redemann, Vinay Kayetha, Samuel LeBlanc, Kristina Pistone, Logan Mitchell, and Connor J. Flynn
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2335–2366, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2335-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2335-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a novel synergy algorithm applied to ORALCES airborne measurements of above-cloud aerosol optical depth and UV–Vis satellite observations from OMI and MODIS to retrieve spectral aerosol single-scattering albedo of lofted layers of carbonaceous smoke aerosols over clouds. The development of the proposed aerosol–cloud algorithm implies a possible synergy of CALIOP and OMI–MODIS passive sensors to deduce a global product of AOD and SSA of absorbing aerosols above clouds.
Luis F. Millán, Matthew D. Lebsock, Ken B. Cooper, Jose V. Siles, Robert Dengler, Raquel Rodriguez Monje, Amin Nehrir, Rory A. Barton-Grimley, James E. Collins, Claire E. Robinson, Kenneth L. Thornhill, and Holger Vömel
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 539–559, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-539-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-539-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we describe and validate a new technique in which three radar tones are used to estimate the water vapor inside clouds and precipitation. This instrument flew on board NASA's P-3 aircraft during the Investigation of Microphysics and Precipitation for Atlantic Coast-Threatening Snowstorms (IMPACTS) campaign and the Synergies Of Active optical and Active microwave Remote Sensing Experiment (SOA2RSE) campaign.
Armin Sorooshian, Mikhail D. Alexandrov, Adam D. Bell, Ryan Bennett, Grace Betito, Sharon P. Burton, Megan E. Buzanowicz, Brian Cairns, Eduard V. Chemyakin, Gao Chen, Yonghoon Choi, Brian L. Collister, Anthony L. Cook, Andrea F. Corral, Ewan C. Crosbie, Bastiaan van Diedenhoven, Joshua P. DiGangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Sanja Dmitrovic, Eva-Lou Edwards, Marta A. Fenn, Richard A. Ferrare, David van Gilst, Johnathan W. Hair, David B. Harper, Miguel Ricardo A. Hilario, Chris A. Hostetler, Nathan Jester, Michael Jones, Simon Kirschler, Mary M. Kleb, John M. Kusterer, Sean Leavor, Joseph W. Lee, Hongyu Liu, Kayla McCauley, Richard H. Moore, Joseph Nied, Anthony Notari, John B. Nowak, David Painemal, Kasey E. Phillips, Claire E. Robinson, Amy Jo Scarino, Joseph S. Schlosser, Shane T. Seaman, Chellappan Seethala, Taylor J. Shingler, Michael A. Shook, Kenneth A. Sinclair, William L. Smith Jr., Douglas A. Spangenberg, Snorre A. Stamnes, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Christiane Voigt, Holger Vömel, Andrzej P. Wasilewski, Hailong Wang, Edward L. Winstead, Kira Zeider, Xubin Zeng, Bo Zhang, Luke D. Ziemba, and Paquita Zuidema
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 3419–3472, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3419-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3419-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The NASA Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions oVer the western ATlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE) produced a unique dataset for research into aerosol–cloud–meteorology interactions. HU-25 Falcon and King Air aircraft conducted systematic and spatially coordinated flights over the northwest Atlantic Ocean. This paper describes the ACTIVATE flight strategy, instrument and complementary dataset products, data access and usage details, and data application notes.
Eva-Lou Edwards, Jeffrey S. Reid, Peng Xian, Sharon P. Burton, Anthony L. Cook, Ewan C. Crosbie, Marta A. Fenn, Richard A. Ferrare, Sean W. Freeman, John W. Hair, David B. Harper, Chris A. Hostetler, Claire E. Robinson, Amy Jo Scarino, Michael A. Shook, G. Alexander Sokolowsky, Susan C. van den Heever, Edward L. Winstead, Sarah Woods, Luke D. Ziemba, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12961–12983, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12961-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12961-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study compares NAAPS-RA model simulations of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and extinction to those retrieved with a high spectral resolution lidar near the Philippines. Agreement for AOT was good, and extinction agreement was strongest below 1500 m. Substituting dropsonde relative humidities into NAAPS-RA did not drastically improve agreement, and we discuss potential reasons why. Accurately modeling future conditions in this region is crucial due to its susceptibility to climate change.
Rory A. Barton-Grimley, Amin R. Nehrir, Susan A. Kooi, James E. Collins, David B. Harper, Anthony Notari, Joseph Lee, Joshua P. DiGangi, Yonghoon Choi, and Kenneth J. Davis
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4623–4650, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4623-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4623-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
HALO is a multi-functional lidar that measures CH4 columns and profiles of H2O mixing ratio and aerosol/cloud optical properties. HALO supports carbon cycle, weather dynamics, and radiation science suborbital research and is a technology testbed for future space-based differential absorption lidar missions. In 2019 HALO collected CH4 columns and aerosol/cloud profiles during the ACT-America campaign. Here we assess HALO's CH4 accuracy and precision compared to co-located in situ observations.
Harshvardhan Harshvardhan, Richard Ferrare, Sharon Burton, Johnathan Hair, Chris Hostetler, David Harper, Anthony Cook, Marta Fenn, Amy Jo Scarino, Eduard Chemyakin, and Detlef Müller
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9859–9876, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9859-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9859-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The evolution of aerosol in biomass burning smoke plumes that travel over marine clouds off the Atlantic coast of central Africa was studied using measurements made by a lidar deployed on a high-altitude aircraft. The main finding was that the physical properties of aerosol do not change appreciably once the plume has left land and travels over the ocean over a timescale of 1 to 2 d. Almost all particles in the plume are of radius less than 1 micrometer and spherical in shape.
Liqiao Lei, Timothy A. Berkoff, Guillaume Gronoff, Jia Su, Amin R. Nehrir, Yonghua Wu, Fred Moshary, and Shi Kuang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2465–2478, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2465-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2465-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol extinction in the UVB (280–315 nm) is difficult to retrieve using simple lidar techniques due to the lack of lidar ratios at those wavelengths. The 2018 Long Island Sound Tropospheric Ozone Study (LISTOS) in the New York City region provided the opportunity to characterize the lidar ratio for UVB aerosol retrieval for the Langley Mobile Ozone Lidar (LMOL). A 292 nm aerosol product comparison between the NASA Langley High Altitude Lidar Observatory (HALO) and LMOL was also carried out.
Kristopher M. Bedka, Amin R. Nehrir, Michael Kavaya, Rory Barton-Grimley, Mark Beaubien, Brian Carroll, James Collins, John Cooney, G. David Emmitt, Steven Greco, Susan Kooi, Tsengdar Lee, Zhaoyan Liu, Sharon Rodier, and Gail Skofronick-Jackson
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4305–4334, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4305-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4305-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper demonstrates the Doppler Aerosol WiNd (DAWN) lidar and High Altitude Lidar Observatory (HALO) measurement capabilities across a range of atmospheric conditions, compares DAWN and HALO measurements with Aeolus satellite Doppler wind lidar to gain an initial perspective of Aeolus performance, and discusses how atmospheric dynamic processes can be resolved and better understood through simultaneous observations of wind, water vapour, and aerosol profile observations.
Laura M. Judd, Jassim A. Al-Saadi, James J. Szykman, Lukas C. Valin, Scott J. Janz, Matthew G. Kowalewski, Henk J. Eskes, J. Pepijn Veefkind, Alexander Cede, Moritz Mueller, Manuel Gebetsberger, Robert Swap, R. Bradley Pierce, Caroline R. Nowlan, Gonzalo González Abad, Amin Nehrir, and David Williams
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 6113–6140, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6113-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6113-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper evaluates Sentinel-5P TROPOMI v1.2 NO2 tropospheric columns over New York City using data from airborne mapping spectrometers and a network of ground-based spectrometers (Pandora) collected in 2018. These evaluations consider impacts due to cloud parameters, a priori profile assumptions, and spatial and temporal variability. Overall, TROPOMI tropospheric NO2 columns appear to have a low bias in this region.
Kirk Knobelspiesse, Henrique M. J. Barbosa, Christine Bradley, Carol Bruegge, Brian Cairns, Gao Chen, Jacek Chowdhary, Anthony Cook, Antonio Di Noia, Bastiaan van Diedenhoven, David J. Diner, Richard Ferrare, Guangliang Fu, Meng Gao, Michael Garay, Johnathan Hair, David Harper, Gerard van Harten, Otto Hasekamp, Mark Helmlinger, Chris Hostetler, Olga Kalashnikova, Andrew Kupchock, Karla Longo De Freitas, Hal Maring, J. Vanderlei Martins, Brent McBride, Matthew McGill, Ken Norlin, Anin Puthukkudy, Brian Rheingans, Jeroen Rietjens, Felix C. Seidel, Arlindo da Silva, Martijn Smit, Snorre Stamnes, Qian Tan, Sebastian Val, Andrzej Wasilewski, Feng Xu, Xiaoguang Xu, and John Yorks
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2183–2208, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2183-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2183-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Aerosol Characterization from Polarimeter and Lidar (ACEPOL) field campaign is a resource for the next generation of spaceborne multi-angle polarimeter (MAP) and lidar missions. Conducted in the fall of 2017 from the Armstrong Flight Research Center in Palmdale, California, four MAP instruments and two lidars were flown on the high-altitude ER-2 aircraft over a variety of scene types and ground assets. Data are freely available to the public and useful for algorithm development and testing.
Pablo E. Saide, Meng Gao, Zifeng Lu, Daniel L. Goldberg, David G. Streets, Jung-Hun Woo, Andreas Beyersdorf, Chelsea A. Corr, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Bruce Anderson, Johnathan W. Hair, Amin R. Nehrir, Glenn S. Diskin, Jose L. Jimenez, Benjamin A. Nault, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Jack Dibb, Eric Heim, Kara D. Lamb, Joshua P. Schwarz, Anne E. Perring, Jhoon Kim, Myungje Choi, Brent Holben, Gabriele Pfister, Alma Hodzic, Gregory R. Carmichael, Louisa Emmons, and James H. Crawford
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 6455–6478, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6455-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6455-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Air quality forecasts over the Korean Peninsula captured aerosol optical depth but largely overpredicted surface PM during a Chinese haze transport event. Model deficiency was related to the calculation of optical properties. In order to improve it, aerosol size representation needs to be refined in the calculations, and the representation of aerosol properties, such as size distribution, chemical composition, refractive index, hygroscopicity parameter, and density, needs to be improved.
S. P. Burton, J. W. Hair, M. Kahnert, R. A. Ferrare, C. A. Hostetler, A. L. Cook, D. B. Harper, T. A. Berkoff, S. T. Seaman, J. E. Collins, M. A. Fenn, and R. R. Rogers
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13453–13473, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13453-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13453-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The manuscript describes measurements of particle depolarization ratio from the NASA airborne HSRL-2 at three wavelengths, for two dust cases and a smoke case. Differences in the spectral dependence of particle depolarization ratio are due to the sizes of the non-spherical particles, large for dust and small for smoke. The large depolarization at 355nm for smoke has not been previously reported and may impact aerosol typing when only a single wavelength is available.
S. M. Spuler, K. S. Repasky, B. Morley, D. Moen, M. Hayman, and A. R. Nehrir
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 1073–1087, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1073-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1073-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
A water vapor lidar has been designed and tested which has the potential to enable a national-scale network. The system is low-maintenance, low-cost, eye-safe, and provides continuous profiles of water vapor with complete coverage, including periods of daytime bright clouds, from 300m above ground level to 4km with 150m nominal vertical resolution and 1 min temporal resolution. The sensor may be useful in improving our understanding of the distribution of atmospheric water vapor.
R. R. Rogers, M. A. Vaughan, C. A. Hostetler, S. P. Burton, R. A. Ferrare, S. A. Young, J. W. Hair, M. D. Obland, D. B. Harper, A. L. Cook, and D. M. Winker
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 4317–4340, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-4317-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-4317-2014, 2014
D. Müller, C. A. Hostetler, R. A. Ferrare, S. P. Burton, E. Chemyakin, A. Kolgotin, J. W. Hair, A. L. Cook, D. B. Harper, R. R. Rogers, R. W. Hare, C. S. Cleckner, M. D. Obland, J. Tomlinson, L. K. Berg, and B. Schmid
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 3487–3496, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-3487-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-3487-2014, 2014
A. J. Scarino, M. D. Obland, J. D. Fast, S. P. Burton, R. A. Ferrare, C. A. Hostetler, L. K. Berg, B. Lefer, C. Haman, J. W. Hair, R. R. Rogers, C. Butler, A. L. Cook, and D. B. Harper
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5547–5560, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5547-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5547-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Subject: Others (Wind, Precipitation, Temperature, etc.) | Technique: Remote Sensing | Topic: Data Processing and Information Retrieval
Combining commercial microwave links and weather radar for classification of dry snow and rainfall
Improved consistency in solar-induced fluorescence retrievals from GOME-2A with the SIFTER v3 algorithm
An information content approach to diagnosing and improving CLIMCAPS retrieval consistency across instruments and satellites
Characterizing urban planetary boundary layer dynamics using 3-year Doppler wind lidar measurements in a western Yangtze River Delta city, China
Radar-based high-resolution ensemble precipitation analyses over the French Alps
Gravity waves above the northern Atlantic and Europe during streamer events using Aeolus
Observations of tall-building wakes using a scanning Doppler lidar
A new method to retrieve relative humidity profiles from a synergy of Raman lidar, microwave radiometer and satellite
Mid-Atlantic nocturnal low-level jet characteristics: a machine learning analysis of radar wind profiles
Mitigating radome-induced bias in X-band weather radar polarimetric moments using an adaptive discrete Fourier transform algorithm
GNSS-RO residual ionospheric error (RIE): a new method and assessment
Best Estimate of the Planetary Boundary Layer Height from Multiple Remote Sensing Measurements
Benchmarking KDP in rainfall: a quantitative assessment of estimation algorithms using C-band weather radar observations
Comparative experimental validation of microwave hyperspectral atmospheric soundings in clear-sky conditions
Propagating Information Content: An Example with Advection
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation climatologies mapped by machine learning and Bayesian interpolation
Use of commercial microwave links as scintillometers: potential and limitations towards evaporation estimation
Determination of low-level temperature profiles from microwave radiometer observations during rain
Aeolus lidar surface return (LSR) at 355 nm as a new Aeolus Level-2A product
Sampling the diurnal and annual cycles of the Earth's energy imbalance with constellations of satellite-borne radiometers
Retrieval of top-of-atmosphere fluxes from combined EarthCARE lidar, imager, and broadband radiometer observations: the BMA-FLX product
Analysis of the measurement uncertainty for a 3D wind lidar
Improving solution availability and temporal consistency of an optimal-estimation physical retrieval for ground-based thermodynamic boundary layer profiling
Reconstruction of 3D precipitation measurements from FY-3G MWRI-RM imaging and sounding channels
An improved geolocation methodology for spaceborne radar and lidar systems
Combining low- and high-frequency microwave radiometer measurements from the MOSAiC expedition for enhanced water vapour products
An LES Exploration of the Assumptions used in Retrieving Entrainment from a Mixing Diagram Approach with Ground-Based Remote Sensors
HAMSTER: Hyperspectral Albedo Maps dataset with high Spatial and TEmporal Resolution
TanSat-2: a new satellite for mapping solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence at both red and far-red bands with high spatio-temporal resolution
Global-scale gravity wave analysis methodology for the ESA Earth Explorer 11 candidate CAIRT
Evolution of Wind Field in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer with using of Multiple Sources Observations during the Transit of Super Typhoon Doksuri (2305)
Retrieval of pseudo-BRDF-adjusted surface reflectance at 440 nm from the Geostationary Environmental Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS)
Drop size distribution retrieval using dual-polarization radar at C-band and S-band
Thermal tides in the middle atmosphere at mid-latitudes measured with a ground-based microwave radiometer
Global sensitivity analysis of simulated remote sensing polarimetric observations over snow
Improving the Gaussianity of radar reflectivity departures between observations and simulations using symmetric rain rates
On the temperature stability requirements of free-running Nd:YAG lasers for atmospheric temperature profiling through the rotational Raman technique
Limitations in wavelet analysis of non-stationary atmospheric gravity wave signatures in temperature profiles
A new non-linearity correction method for the spectrum from the Geostationary Inferometric Infrared Sounder on board Fengyun-4 satellites and its preliminary assessments
Observing atmospheric rivers using multi-GNSS airborne radio occultation: system description and data evaluation
Determination of high-precision tropospheric delays using crowdsourced smartphone GNSS data
Unfiltering of the EarthCARE Broadband Radiometer (BBR) observations: the BM-RAD product
Variance estimations in the presence of intermittent interference and their applications to incoherent scatter radar signal processing
A clustering-based method for identifying and tracking squall lines
A multi-instrument fuzzy logic boundary-layer-top detection algorithm
Sensitivity of thermodynamic profiles retrieved from ground-based microwave and infrared observations to additional input data from active remote sensing instruments and numerical weather prediction models
Scale separation for gravity wave analysis from 3D temperature observations in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region
A Machine-learning Based Marine Planetary Boundary Layer (MPBL) Moisture Profile Retrieval Product from GNSS-RO Deep Refraction Signals
Estimating the refractivity bias of FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation in the deep troposphere
Observed impact of the GNSS clock data rate on Radio Occultation bending angles for Sentinel-6A and COSMIC-2
Erlend Øydvin, Renaud Gaban, Jafet Andersson, Remco (C. Z.) van de Beek, Mareile Astrid Wolff, Nils-Otto Kitterød, Christian Chwala, and Vegard Nilsen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 2279–2293, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2279-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2279-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present a novel method for classifying rain and snow by combining data from commercial microwave links (CMLs) with weather radar. We compare this to a reference method using dew point temperature for precipitation type classification. Evaluations with nearby disdrometers show that CMLs improve the classification of dry snow and rainfall, outperforming the reference method.
Juliëtte C. S. Anema, K. Folkert Boersma, Lieuwe G. Tilstra, Olaf N. E. Tuinder, and Willem W. Verstraeten
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 1961–1979, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1961-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1961-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term records of plant fluorescence offer vital insights into changing vegetation activity. The GOME-2A sensor provides extensive global observations but suffers from calibration and instrument degradation, which affects data consistency. This study presents the SIFTER v3 algorithm, which effectively resolves these issues and includes other improvements, resulting in robust, accurate, and consistent GOME-2A fluorescence measurements from 2007 to 2017.
Nadia Smith and Christopher D. Barnet
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 1823–1839, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1823-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1823-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
CLIMCAPS extends the Aqua AIRS+AMSU record with retrievals from CrIS+ATMS on Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) and Joint Polar Satellite System series (JPSS-1 to JPSS-4). With “continuous”, we mean a data record that is consistent in its characterization of natural variation despite changes in source instrumentation. Here we investigate how sounding continuity can improve across the full CLIMCAPS record (2002 to the present day), spanning multiple instruments and satellites.
Tianwen Wei, Mengya Wang, Kenan Wu, Jinlong Yuan, Haiyun Xia, and Simone Lolli
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 1841–1857, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1841-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1841-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzes three years of wind lidar measurements to explore the dynamics of the urban planetary boundary layer in Hefei, China. Results reveal that nocturnal low-level jets are most frequent in spring and intensify in summer, significantly enhancing turbulence and shear near the surface, particularly at night. Additionally, cloud cover raises the mixing layer height by approximately 100 m at night due to the greenhouse effect but reduces it by up to 200 m in the afternoon.
Matthieu Vernay, Matthieu Lafaysse, and Clotilde Augros
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 1731–1755, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1731-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1731-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides a comprehensive evaluation of the quality of radar-based precipitation estimation in mountainous areas and presents a method to mitigate the main shortcomings identified. It then compares three different ensemble analysis methods that combine radar-based precipitation estimates with forecasts from an ensemble numerical weather prediction model.
Sabine Wüst, Lisa Küchelbacher, Franziska Trinkl, and Michael Bittner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 1591–1607, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1591-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1591-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Information on the energy transported by atmospheric gravity waves (GWs) is crucial for improving atmosphere models. Most space-based studies report the potential energy. We use Aeolus wind data to estimate the kinetic energy (density). However, the data quality is a challenge for such analyses, as the accuracy of the data is in the range of typical GW amplitudes. We find a temporal coincidence between enhanced or breaking planetary waves and enhanced gravity wave kinetic energy density.
Natalie E. Theeuwes, Janet F. Barlow, Antti Mannisenaho, Denise Hertwig, Ewan O'Connor, and Alan Robins
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 1355–1371, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1355-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1355-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A Doppler lidar was placed in a highly built-up area in London to measure wakes from tall buildings during a period of 1 year. We were able to detect wakes and assess their dependence on wind speed, wind direction, and atmospheric stability.
Chengli Ji, Qiankai Jin, Feilong Li, Yuyang Liu, Zhicheng Wang, Jiajia Mao, Xiaoyu Ren, Yan Xiang, Wanlin Jian, Peitao Zhao, and Zhenyi Chen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1171, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1171, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the humidity measurements with a synergetic algorithm combining Raman lidar, MVR, and satellite. The results from 47 sites in China show the best correlation over 0.9 concerning the radiosonde measurements. It validates the RH accuracy with various data integrations. Three representative sites present the different seasonal characteristics indicating the geographic and height influences on the RH vertical distribution.
Maurice Roots, John T. Sullivan, and Belay Demoz
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 1269–1282, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1269-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1269-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a supervised-machine-learning approach for the automatic isolation of nocturnal low-level jets (NLLJs) using observations from a radar wind profiler. This analysis isolated 90 southwesterly NLLJs observed from May to September 2017–2021, highlighting key features in the evolution and morphology of the mid-Atlantic NLLJ.
Padmanabhan Thiruvengadam, Guillaume Lesage, Ambinintsoa Volatiana Ramanamahefa, and Joël Van Baelen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 1185–1191, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1185-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1185-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores how the joints in a weather radar's protective cover affect its measurements. We developed a new method to correct these errors, improving the accuracy of the radar's data. Our method was tested during an intense cyclone on Réunion Island, demonstrating significant improvements in data accuracy. This research is crucial for enhancing weather predictions and understanding, particularly in challenging terrains.
Dong L. Wu, Valery A. Yudin, Kyu-Myong Kim, Mohar Chattopadhyay, Lawrence Coy, Ruth S. Lieberman, C. C. Jude H. Salinas, Jae N. Lee, Jie Gong, and Guiping Liu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 843–863, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-843-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-843-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Global Navigation Satellite System radio occultation data help monitor climate and weather prediction but are affected by residual ionospheric errors (RIEs). A new excess-phase-gradient method detects and corrects RIEs, showing both positive and negative values, varying by latitude, time, and solar activity. Tests show that RIE impacts polar stratosphere temperatures in models, with differences up to 3–4 K. This highlights the need for RIE correction to improve the accuracy of data assimilation.
Damao Zhang, Jennifer Comstock, Chitra Sivaraman, Kefei Mo, Raghavendra Krishnamurthy, Jingjing Tian, Tianning Su, Zhanqing Li, and Natalia Roldán-Henao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3959, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3959, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Planetary boundary layer height (PBLHT) is an important parameter in atmospheric process studies and numerical model simulations. We use machine learning methods to produce a best-estimate planetary boundary layer height (PBLHT-BE-ML) by integrating four PBLHT estimates derived from remote sensing measurements. We demonstrated that PBLHT-BE-ML greatly improved the comparisons against sounding-derived PBLHT.
Miguel Aldana, Seppo Pulkkinen, Annakaisa von Lerber, Matthew R. Kumjian, and Dmitri Moisseev
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 793–816, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-793-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-793-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate KDP estimates are crucial in radar-based applications. We quantify the uncertainties of several publicly available KDP estimation methods for multiple rainfall intensities. We use C-band weather radar observations and employed a self-consistency KDP, estimated from reflectivity and differential reflectivity, as a framework for the examination. Our study provides guidance for the performance, uncertainties, and optimisation of the methods, focusing mainly on accuracy and robustness.
Lei Liu, Natalia Bliankinshtein, Yi Huang, John R. Gyakum, Philip M. Gabriel, Shiqi Xu, and Mengistu Wolde
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 471–485, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-471-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-471-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates and compares a new microwave hyperspectrometer with an infrared hyperspectrometer for clear-sky temperature and water vapor retrievals. The analysis reveals that the information content of the infrared hyperspectrometer exceeds that of the microwave hyperspectrometer and provides higher vertical resolution in ground-based zenith measurements. Leveraging the ground–airborne synergy between the two instruments yielded optimal sounding results.
David D. Turner, Maria P. Cadeddu, Julia Simonson, and Timothy J. Wagner
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4124, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4124, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
When deriving a geophysical variable from remote sensors, the uncertainty and information content are critical. The latter quantify specifies what fraction of a real perturbation would be observed in the derived variable. This paper outlines, for the first time, a methodology for propagating the information content from multiple remote sensors into a derived product, using horizontal advection as an example.
Endrit Shehaj, Stephen Leroy, Kerri Cahoy, Alain Geiger, Laura Crocetti, Gregor Moeller, Benedikt Soja, and Markus Rothacher
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 57–72, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-57-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-57-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This work investigates whether machine learning (ML) can offer an alternative to existing methods to map radio occultation (RO) products, allowing the extraction of information not visible in direct observations. ML can further improve the results of Bayesian interpolation, a state-of-the-art method to map RO observations. The results display improvements in horizontal and temporal domains, at heights ranging from the planetary boundary layer up to the lower stratosphere, and for all seasons.
Luuk D. van der Valk, Oscar K. Hartogensis, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Rolf W. Hut, Bas Walraven, and Remko Uijlenhoet
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2974, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2974, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Commercial microwave links (CMLs), part of mobile phone networks, transmit comparable signals as instruments specially designed to estimate evaporation. Therefore, we investigate if CMLs could be used to estimate evaporation, even though they have not been designed for this purpose. Our results illustrate the potential of using CMLs to estimate evaporation, especially given their global coverage, but also outline some major drawbacks, often a consequence of unfavourable design choices for CMLs.
Andreas Foth, Moritz Lochmann, Pablo Saavedra Garfias, and Heike Kalesse-Los
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 7169–7181, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7169-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7169-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Microwave radiometers are usually not able to provide atmospheric quantities such as temperature profiles during rain. We present a method based on a selection of specific frequencies and elevation angles from microwave radiometer observations. A comparison with a numerical weather prediction model shows the presented method allows low-level temperature profiles during rain to be resolved, with rain rates of up to 2.5 mm h−1,, which was not possible before with state-of-the-art retrievals.
Lev D. Labzovskii, Gerd-Jan van Zadelhoff, David P. Donovan, Jos de Kloe, L. Gijsbert Tilstra, Ad Stoffelen, Damien Josset, and Piet Stammes
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 7183–7208, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7183-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7183-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Atmospheric Laser Doppler Instrument (ALADIN) on the Aeolus satellite was the first of its kind to measure high-resolution vertical profiles of aerosols and cloud properties from space. We present an algorithm that produces Aeolus lidar surface returns (LSRs), containing useful information for measuring UV reflectivity. Aeolus LSRs matched well with existing UV reflectivity data from other satellites, like GOME-2 and TROPOMI, and demonstrated excellent sensitivity to modeled snow cover.
Thomas Hocking, Thorsten Mauritsen, and Linda Megner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 7077–7095, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7077-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7077-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The imbalance between the energy the Earth absorbs from the Sun and the energy the Earth emits back into space gives rise to climate change, but measuring the small imbalance is challenging. We simulate satellites in various orbits to investigate how well they sample the imbalance and find that the best option is to combine at least two satellites that see complementary parts of the Earth and cover the daily and annual cycles. This information is useful when planning future satellite missions.
Almudena Velázquez Blázquez, Carlos Domenech, Edward Baudrez, Nicolas Clerbaux, Carla Salas Molar, and Nils Madenach
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 7007–7026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7007-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7007-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper focuses on the BMA-FLX processor, in which thermal and solar top-of-atmosphere radiative fluxes are obtained from longwave and shortwave radiances measured along track by the EarthCARE Broadband Radiometer (BBR). The BBR measurements, at three fixed viewing angles (fore, nadir, aft), are co-registered either at the surface or at a reference level. A combined flux from the three BRR views is obtained. The algorithm has been successfully validated against test scenes.
Wolf Knöller, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Philipp von Olshausen, and Michael Wilczek
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 6913–6931, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6913-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6913-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Three-dimensional (3D) wind velocity measurements are of major importance for the characterization of atmospheric turbulence. This paper presents a detailed study of the measurement uncertainty of a three-beam wind lidar designed for mounting on airborne platforms. Considering the geometrical constraints, the analysis provides quantitative estimates for the measurement uncertainty of all components of the 3D wind vector. As a result, we propose optimized post-processing for error reduction.
Bianca Adler, David D. Turner, Laura Bianco, Irina V. Djalalova, Timothy Myers, and James M. Wilczak
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 6603–6624, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6603-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6603-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Continuous profile observations of temperature and humidity in the lowest part of the atmosphere are essential for the evaluation of numerical weather prediction models and data assimilation for better weather forecasts. Such profiles can be retrieved from passive ground-based remote sensing instruments like infrared spectrometers and microwave radiometers. In this study, we describe three recent modifications to the retrieval framework TROPoe for improved temperature and humidity profiles.
Yunfan Yang, Wei Han, Haofei Sun, Jun Li, Jiapeng Yan, and Zhiqiu Gao
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-175, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-175, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for AMT
Short summary
Short summary
Our research improves satellite-based precipitation monitoring by using deep learning to reconstruct radar observations from passive microwave radiances. Active radar is costly, so we focus on a more accessible approach. Using data from the FengYun-3G satellite, we successfully tracked severe weather like Typhoon Khanun and heavy rainfall in Beijing in 2023. This method enhances global precipitation data and helps better understand extreme weather.
Bernat Puigdomènech Treserras and Pavlos Kollias
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 6301–6314, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6301-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6301-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents a comprehensive approach to improve the geolocation accuracy of spaceborne radar and lidar systems, crucial for the successful interpretation of data from the upcoming EarthCARE mission. The paper details the technical background of the presented methods and various examples of geolocation analyses, including a short period of CloudSat observations when the star tracker was not operating properly and lifetime statistics from the CloudSat and CALIPSO missions.
Andreas Walbröl, Hannes J. Griesche, Mario Mech, Susanne Crewell, and Kerstin Ebell
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 6223–6245, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6223-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6223-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We developed retrievals of integrated water vapour (IWV), temperature profiles, and humidity profiles from ground-based passive microwave remote sensing measurements gathered during the MOSAiC expedition. We demonstrate and quantify the benefit of combining low- and high-frequency microwave radiometers to improve humidity profiling and IWV estimates by comparing the retrieved quantities to single-instrument retrievals and reference datasets (radiosondes).
Tessa E. Rosenberger, Thijs Heus, Girish N. Raghunathan, David D. Turner, Timothy J. Wagner, and Julia M. Simonson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2894, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2894, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Entrainment is key in understanding temperature and moisture changes within the boundary layer, but it is difficult to observe using ground-based observations. This work used simulations to verify an assumption that simplifies entrainment estimations from ground-based observational data, recognizing that entrainment is the combination of the transfer of heat and moisture from above the boundary layer into it and the change in concentration of heat and moisture as boundary layer depth changes.
Giulia Roccetti, Luca Bugliaro, Felix Gödde, Claudia Emde, Ulrich Hamann, Mihail Manev, Michael Fritz Sterzik, and Cedric Wehrum
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 6025–6046, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6025-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6025-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The amount of sunlight reflected by the Earth’s surface (albedo) is vital for the Earth's radiative system. While satellite instruments offer detailed spatial and temporal albedo maps, they only cover seven wavelength bands. We generate albedo maps that fully span the visible and near-infrared range using a machine learning algorithm. These maps reveal how the reflectivity of different land surfaces varies throughout the year. Our dataset enhances the understanding of the Earth's energy balance.
Dianrun Zhao, Shanshan Du, Chu Zou, Longfei Tian, Meng Fan, Yulu Du, and Liangyun Liu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3118, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3118, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The TanSat-2 satellite is designed for global carbon monitoring. It provides high-resolution, dual-band observations of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence, a key indicator of plant photosynthesis. Through simulations, we optimized the satellite's data processing and found it can retrieve this fluorescence with great accuracy. These findings suggest that TanSat-2 will enhance global monitoring of carbon cycles and vegetation health, offering valuable insights for climate change research.
Sebastian Rhode, Peter Preusse, Jörn Ungermann, Inna Polichtchouk, Kaoru Sato, Shingo Watanabe, Manfred Ern, Karlheinz Nogai, Björn-Martin Sinnhuber, and Martin Riese
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5785–5819, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5785-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5785-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the capabilities of a proposed satellite mission, CAIRT, for observing gravity waves throughout the middle atmosphere and present the necessary methodology for in-depth wave analysis. Our findings suggest that such a satellite mission is highly capable of resolving individual wave parameters and could give new insights into the role of gravity waves in general atmospheric circulation and atmospheric processes.
Xiaoye Wang, Jing Xu, Songhua Wu, Qichao Wang, Guangyao Dai, Peizhi Zhu, Zhizhong Su, Sai Chen, Xiaomeng Shi, and Mengqi Fan
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-156, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-156, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for AMT
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we proposed a data fusion method to obtain the no-blind zone wind speed profiles covering the whole Atmospheric Boundary Layer based on the joint measurements of coherent Doppler lidar (CDL), radar wind profiler (RWP) and automatic weather station (AWS). Since above instruments are widely deployed in China, we believe this method has broad application prospects on the improvement of the boundary layer parameterization scheme in numerical forecast models.
Suyoung Sim, Sungwon Choi, Daeseong Jung, Jongho Woo, Nayeon Kim, Sungwoo Park, Honghee Kim, Ukkyo Jeong, Hyunkee Hong, and Kyung-Soo Han
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5601–5618, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5601-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5601-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates the use of background surface reflectance (BSR) derived from a semi-empirical bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) model based on GEMS satellite images. Analysis shows that BSR provides improved accuracy and stability compared to Lambertian-equivalent reflectivity (LER). These results indicate that BSR can significantly enhance climate analysis and air quality monitoring, making it a promising tool for accurate environmental satellite applications.
Daniel Durbin, Yadong Wang, and Pao-Liang Chang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5397–5411, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5397-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5397-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A method for determining drop size distributions (DSDs) for rain using radar measurements from two frequencies at two polarizations is presented. Following some preprocessing and quality control, radar measurements are incorporated into a model that uses swarm intelligence to seek the most suitable DSD to produce the input measurements.
Witali Krochin, Axel Murk, and Gunter Stober
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5015–5028, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5015-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5015-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric tides are global-scale oscillations with periods of a fraction of a day. Their observation in the middle atmosphere is challenging and rare, as it requires continuous measurements with a high temporal resolution. In this paper, temperature time series of a ground-based microwave radiometer were analyzed with a spectral filter to derive thermal tide amplitudes and phases in an altitude range of 25–50 km at the geographical locations of Payerne and Bern (Switzerland).
Matteo Ottaviani, Gabriel Harris Myers, and Nan Chen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4737–4756, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4737-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4737-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We analyze simulated polarization observations over snow to investigate the capabilities of remote sensing to determine surface and atmospheric properties in snow-covered regions. Polarization measurements are demonstrated to aid in the determination of snow grain shape, ice crystal roughness, and the vertical distribution of impurities in the snow–atmosphere system, data that are critical for estimating snow albedo for use in climate models.
Yudong Gao, Lidou Huyan, Zheng Wu, and Bojun Liu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4675–4686, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4675-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4675-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A symmetric error model built by symmetric rain rates handles the non-Gaussian error structure of the reflectivity error. The accuracy and linearization of rain rates can further improve the Gaussianity.
José Alex Zenteno-Hernández, Adolfo Comerón, Federico Dios, Alejandro Rodríguez-Gómez, Constantino Muñoz-Porcar, Michaël Sicard, Noemi Franco, Andreas Behrendt, and Paolo Di Girolamo
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4687–4694, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4687-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4687-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We study how the spectral characteristics of a solid-state laser in an atmospheric temperature profiling lidar using the Raman technique impact the temperature retrieval accuracy. We find that the spectral widening, with respect to a seeded laser, has virtually no impact, while crystal-rod temperature variations in the laser must be kept within a range of 1 K for the uncertainty in the atmospheric temperature below 1 K. The study is carried out through spectroscopy simulations.
Robert Reichert, Natalie Kaifler, and Bernd Kaifler
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4659–4673, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4659-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4659-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Imagine you want to determine how quickly the pitch of a passing ambulance’s siren changes. If the vehicle is traveling slowly, the pitch changes only slightly, but if it is traveling fast, the pitch also changes rapidly. In a similar way, the wind in the middle atmosphere modulates the wavelength of atmospheric gravity waves. We have investigated the question of how strong the maximum wind may be so that the change in wavelength can still be determined with the help of wavelet transformation.
Qiang Guo, Yuning Liu, Xin Wang, and Wen Hui
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4613–4627, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4613-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4613-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Non-linearity (NL) correction is a critical procedure to guarantee that the calibration accuracy of a spaceborne sensor approaches a reasonable level. Different from the classical method, a new NL correction method for a spaceborne Fourier transform spectrometer is proposed. To overcome the inaccurate linear coefficient from two-point calibration influencing NL correction, an iteration algorithm is established that is suitable for NL correction of both infrared and microwave sensors.
Bing Cao, Jennifer S. Haase, Michael J. Murphy Jr., and Anna M. Wilson
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-119, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-119, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for AMT
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes an Airborne Radio Occultation (ARO) observation system installed on reconnaissance aircraft that uses GPS signal refraction in the atmosphere to retrieve information about the temperature and moisture in the storm environment as far away as 400 km surrounding the flight track. The characteristics and quality of 1700 ARO refractivity profiles were assessed. These observations are collected to help understand atmospheric rivers and improve their forecasting.
Yuanxin Pan, Grzegorz Kłopotek, Laura Crocetti, Rudi Weinacker, Tobias Sturn, Linda See, Galina Dick, Gregor Möller, Markus Rothacher, Ian McCallum, Vicente Navarro, and Benedikt Soja
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4303–4316, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4303-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4303-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Crowdsourced smartphone GNSS data were processed with a dedicated data processing pipeline and could produce millimeter-level accurate estimates of zenith total delay (ZTD) – a critical atmospheric variable. This breakthrough not only demonstrates the feasibility of using ubiquitous devices for high-precision atmospheric monitoring but also underscores the potential for a global, cost-effective tropospheric monitoring network.
Almudena Velázquez Blázquez, Edward Baudrez, Nicolas Clerbaux, and Carlos Domenech
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4245–4256, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4245-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4245-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Broadband Radiometer measures shortwave and total-wave radiances filtered by the spectral response of the instrument. To obtain unfiltered solar and thermal radiances, the effect of the spectral response needs to be corrected for, done within the BM-RAD processor. Errors in the unfiltering are propagated into fluxes; thus, accurate unfiltering is required for their proper estimation (within BMA-FLX). Unfiltering errors are estimated to be <0.5 % for the shortwave and <0.1 % for the longwave.
Qihou Zhou, Yanlin Li, and Yun Gong
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4197–4209, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4197-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4197-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We discuss several robust estimators to compute the variance of a normally distributed random variable to deal with interference. Compared to rank-based estimators, the methods based on the geometric mean are more accurate and are computationally more efficient. We apply three robust estimators to incoherent scatter power and velocity processing, along with the traditional sample mean estimator. The best estimator is a hybrid estimator that combines the sample mean and a robust estimator.
Zhao Shi, Yuxiang Wen, and Jianxin He
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4121–4135, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4121-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4121-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The squall line is a type of convective system. Squall lines are often associated with damaging weather, so identifying and tracking squall lines plays an important role in early meteorological disaster warnings. A clustering-based method is proposed in this article. It can identify the squall lines within the radar scanning range with an accuracy rate of 95.93 %. It can also provide the three-dimensional structure and movement tracking results for each squall line.
Elizabeth N. Smith and Jacob T. Carlin
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4087–4107, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4087-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4087-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Boundary-layer height observations remain sparse in time and space. In this study we create a new fuzzy logic method for synergistically combining boundary-layer height estimates from a suite of instruments. These estimates generally compare well to those from radiosondes; plus, the approach offers near-continuous estimates through the entire diurnal cycle. Suspected reasons for discrepancies are discussed. The code for the newly presented fuzzy logic method is provided for the community to use.
Laura Bianco, Bianca Adler, Ludovic Bariteau, Irina V. Djalalova, Timothy Myers, Sergio Pezoa, David D. Turner, and James M. Wilczak
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3933–3948, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3933-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3933-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Tropospheric Remotely Observed Profiling via Optimal Estimation physical retrieval is used to retrieve temperature and humidity profiles from various combinations of passive and active remote sensing instruments, surface platforms, and numerical weather prediction models. The retrieved profiles are assessed against collocated radiosonde in non-cloudy conditions to assess the sensitivity of the retrievals to different input combinations. Case studies with cloudy conditions are also inspected.
Björn Linder, Peter Preusse, Qiuyu Chen, Ole Martin Christensen, Lukas Krasauskas, Linda Megner, Manfred Ern, and Jörg Gumbel
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3829–3841, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3829-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3829-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Swedish research satellite MATS (Mesospheric Airglow/Aerosol Tomography and Spectroscopy) is designed to study atmospheric waves in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. These waves perturb the temperature field, and thus, by observing three-dimensional temperature fluctuations, their properties can be quantified. This pre-study uses synthetic MATS data generated from a general circulation model to investigate how well wave properties can be retrieved.
Jie Gong, Dong Liang Wu, Michelle Badalov, Manisha Ganeshan, and Minghua Zheng
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-973, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-973, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Marine boundary layer water vapor is among the key factors to couple the ocean and atmosphere, but it is also among the hardest to retrieve from satellite remote sensing perspective. Here we propose a novel way to retrieve MPBL specific humidity profiles using the GNSS Level-1 signal-to-noise ratio. Using a machine learning approach, we successfully obtained a retrieval product that outperforms the ERA-5 reanalysis and operational Level-2 retrievals globally except in the deep tropics.
Gia Huan Pham, Shu-Chih Yang, Chih-Chien Chang, Shu-Ya Chen, and Cheng Yung Huang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3605–3623, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3605-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3605-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This research examines the characteristics of low-level GNSS radio occultation (RO) refractivity bias over ocean and land and its dependency on the RO retrieval uncertainty, atmospheric temperature, and moisture. We propose methods for estimating the region-dependent refractivity bias. Our methods can be applied to calibrate the refractivity bias under different atmospheric conditions and thus improve the applications of the GNSS RO data in the deep troposphere.
Sebastiano Padovan, Axel Von Engeln, Saverio Paolella, Yago Andres, Chad R. Galley, Riccardo Notarpietro, Veronica Rivas Boscán, Francisco Sancho, Francisco Martin Alemany, Nicolas Morew, and Christian Marquardt
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-80, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-80, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for AMT
Short summary
Short summary
Radio Occultation (RO) measurements are an important contribution to numerical weather predictions and long-term climate studies. Using more than a hundred thousand occultations recorded by instruments onboard the Sentinel-6A and Cosmic-2 satellites, this work studies the effects of the clock data rate of the Global Navigation Satellite System on the RO data quality. GLONASS occultations benefit of high-rate clock data (1 second), GPS occultation have high quality already at 30 seconds.
Cited articles
Abshire, J. B., Riris, H., Weaver, C. J., Mao, J., Allan, G. R.,
Hasselbrack, W. E., and Browell, E. V.: Airborne measurements of CO2
column absorption and range using a pulsed direct-detection integrated path
differential absorption lidar, Appl. Optics, 52, 4446–4461, 2013.
Amediek, A., Ehret, G., Fix, A., Wirth, M., Büdenbender, C.,
Quatrevalet, M., Kiemle, C., and Gerbig, C.: CHARM-F–a new airborne
integrated-path differential-absorption lidar for carbon dioxide and methane
observations: measurement performance and quantification of strong point
source emissions, Appl. Optics, 56, 5182–5197, 2017.
Ansmann, A.: Errors in ground-based water-vapor DIAL measurements due to
Doppler-broadened Rayleigh backscattering, Appl. Optics, 24, 3476–3480, 1985.
Ansmann, A. and Bosenberg, J.: Correction scheme for spectral broadening by
Rayleigh scattering in differential absorption lidar measurements of water
vapor in the troposphere, Appl. Optics, 26, 3026–3032, 1987.
Bedka, K. M., Nehrir, A. R., Kavaya, M., Barton-Grimley, R., Beaubien, M., Carroll, B., Collins, J., Cooney, J., Emmitt, G. D., Greco, S., Kooi, S., Lee, T., Liu, Z., Rodier, S., and Skofronick-Jackson, G.: Airborne lidar observations of wind, water vapor, and aerosol profiles during the NASA Aeolus calibration and validation (Cal/Val) test flight campaign, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4305–4334, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4305-2021, 2021.
Bedka, S., Knuteson, R., Revercomb, H., Tobin, D., and Turner, D.: An
assessment of the absolute accuracy of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder v5
precipitable water vapor product at tropical, midlatitude, and arctic
ground-truth sites: September 2002 through August 2008, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D17310, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013139, 2010.
Behrendt, A., Wulfmeyer, V., Schaberl, T., Bauer, H. S., Kiemle, C., Ehret,
G., Flamant, C., Kooi, S., Ismail, S., Ferrare, R., and Browell, E. V.:
Intercomparison of water vapor data measured with lidar during
IHOP_2002. Part II: Airborne-to-airborne systems, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 24, 22–39, 2007.
Birk, M., Wagner, G., Loos, J., Lodi, L., Polyansky, O. L., Kyuberis, A. A., Zobov, N. F., and Tennyson, J.: Accurate line intensities for water transitions in the infrared: comparison of theory and experiment, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 203, 88–102, 2017.
Black, P., Harrison, L., Beaubien, M., Bluth, R., Woods, R., Penny, A.,
Smith, R. W., and Doyle, J. D.: High-definition Sounding System (HDSS) for
atmospheric profiling, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 34, 777–796, 2017.
Bony, S., Colman, R., Kattsov, V. M., Allan, R. P., Bretherton, C. S.,
Dufresne, J. L., Hall, A., Hallegatte, S., Holland, M. M., Ingram, W., and
Randall, D. A.: How well do we understand and evaluate climate change
feedback processes?, J. Climate, 19, 3445–3482, 2006.
Bony, S., Stevens, B., Frierson, D. M., Jakob, C., Kageyama, M., Pincus, R.,
Shepherd, T. G., Sherwood, S. C., Siebesma, A. P., Sobel, A. H. and Watanabe,
M.: Clouds, circulation and climate sensitivity, Nat. Geosci., 8, 261–268, 2015.
Bösenberg, J.: Ground-based differential absorption lidar for
water-vapor and temperature profiling: methodology, Appl. Optics, 37, 3845–3860, 1998.
Browell, E. V.: Remote sensing of tropospheric gases and aerosols with an
airborne DIAL system, in: Optical and Laser Remote Sensing, edited by: Killinger, D. K. and Mooradian A., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, 138–147, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39552-2_18, 1983.
Browell, E. V., Ismail, S., and Grant, W. B.: Differential absorption lidar
(DIAL) measurements from air and space, Appl. Phys. B, 67, 399–410, 1998.
Burton, S. P., Ferrare, R. A., Hostetler, C. A., Hair, J. W., Rogers, R. R., Obland, M. D., Butler, C. F., Cook, A. L., Harper, D. B., and Froyd, K. D.: Aerosol classification using airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar measurements – methodology and examples, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 73–98, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-73-2012, 2012.
Carroll, B. J., Demoz, B. B., Turner, D. D., and Delgado, R.: Lidar observations of a mesoscale moisture transport event impacting convection and comparison to Rapid Refresh model analysis, Mon. Weather Rev., 149, 463–477,
2021.
Chahine, M. T., Pagano, T. S., Aumann, H. H., Atlas, R., Barnet, C., Blaisdell, J., Chen, L., Fetzer, E. J., Goldberg, M., Gautier, C., and Granger, S.: AIRS: Improving weather forecasting and providing new data on greenhouse gases, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 87, 911–926, 2006.
Chazette, P., Marnas, F., Totems, J., and Shang, X.: Comparison of IASI water vapor retrieval with H2O-Raman lidar in the framework of the Mediterranean HyMeX and ChArMEx programs, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 9583–9596, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9583-2014, 2014.
Clerbaux, C., Boynard, A., Clarisse, L., George, M., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Herbin, H., Hurtmans, D., Pommier, M., Razavi, A., Turquety, S., Wespes, C., and Coheur, P.-F.: Monitoring of atmospheric composition using the thermal infrared IASI/MetOp sounder, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6041–6054, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-6041-2009, 2009.
Cooney, J.: Remote measurements of atmospheric water vapor profiles using
the Raman component of laser backscatter, J. Appl. Meteorol., 9, 182–184, 1970.
Davis, K. J., Browell, E. V., Feng, S., Lauvaux, T., Obland, M. D., Pal, S.,
Baier, B. C., Baker, D. F., Baker, I. T., Barkley, Z. R., and Bowman, K. W.: The Atmospheric Carbon and Transport (ACT)-America Mission, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 102, E1714–E1734, 2021.
Diao, M., Jumbam, L., Sheffield, J., Wood, E. F., and Zondlo, M. A.: Validation of AIRS/AMSU-A water vapor and temperature data with in situ aircraft observations from the surface to UT/LS from 87∘N–67∘S, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 6816–6836, 2013.
Diskin, G. S., Podolske, J. R., Sachse, G. W., and Slate, T. A.: Open-path
airborne tunable diode laser hygrometer, Diode Lasers and Applications in
Atmospheric Sensing, Proc. SPIE, 4817, 9 pp., https://doi.org/10.1117/12.453736, 2002.
Dobler, J. T., Harrison, F. W., Browell, E. V., Lin, B., McGregor, D., Kooi,
S., Choi, Y., and Ismail, S.: Atmospheric CO2 column measurements with an
airborne intensity-modulated continuous wave 1.57 µm fiber laser
lidar, Appl. Optics, 52, 2874–2892, 2013.
Doyle, J. D., Moskaitis, J. R., Feldmeier, J. W., Ferek, R. J., Beaubien,
M., Bell, M. M., Cecil, D. L., Creasey, R. L., Duran, P., Elsberry, R. L.,
Komaromi, W. A., Molinari, J., Ryglicki, D. R., Stern, D. P., Velden, C. S.,
Wang, X., Allen, T., Barrett, B. S., Black, P. G., Dunion, J. P., Emanuel,
K. A., Harr, P. A., Harrison, L., Hendricks, E. A., Herndon, D., Jeffries,
W. Q., Majumdar, S. J., Moore, J. A., Pu, Z., Rogers, R. F., Sanabia, E. R.,
Tripoli, G. J., and Zhang, D.: A View of Tropical Cyclones from Above: The
Tropical Cyclone Intensity Experiment, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 98,
2113–2134, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMSD-16-0055.1, 2017.
Ehret, G., Kiemle, C., Renger, W., and Simmet, G.: Airborne remote sensing of
tropospheric water vapor with a near–infrared differential absorption lidar
system, Appl. Optics, 32, 4534–4551, 1993.
Eichinger, W. E., Cooper, D. I., Forman, P. R., Griegos, J., Osborn, M. A.,
Richter, D., Tellier, L. L., and Thornton, R.: The development of a scanning
Raman water vapor lidar for boundary layer and tropospheric observations, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 16, 1753–1766, 1999.
Fan, L., Zhang, Y., Chen, S., Guo, P., and Chen, H.: Rayleigh-backscattering doppler broadening correction for differential absorption lidar, in: Selected Papers of the Photoelectronic Technology Committee Conferences, June–July 2015, International Society for Optics and Photonics, Proc. SPIE, 9795, p. 979517, 2015.
Ferrare, R. A., Browell, E. V., Ismail, S., Kooi, S. A., Brasseur, L. H.,
Brackett, V. G., Clayton, M. B., Barrick, J. D. W., Diskin, G. S., Goldsmith,
J. E. M., and Lesht, B. M.: Characterization of upper-troposphere water vapor
measurements during AFWEX using LASE, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 21, 1790–1808, 2004.
Ferreira, A. P., Nieto, R., and Gimeno, L.: Completeness of radiosonde humidity observations based on the Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 603–627, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-603-2019, 2019.
Gelaro, R., McCarty, W., Suárez, M. J., Todling, R., Molod, A., Takacs,
L., Randles, C. A., Darmenov, A., Bosilovich, M. G., Reichle, R., and Wargan,
K.: The modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications,
version 2 (MERRA-2), J. Climate, 30, 5419–5454, 2017.
Gettelman, A., Weinstock, E. M., Fetzer, E. J., Irion, F. W., Eldering, A.,
Richard, E. C., Rosenlof, K. H., Thompson, T. L., Pittman, J. V., Webster, C. R., and Herman, R. L.: Validation of Aqua satellite data in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere with in situ aircraft instruments, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L22107, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020730, 2004.
Goldsmith, J. E. M., Blair, F. H., Bisson, S. E., and Turner, D. D.: Turn-key
Raman lidar for profiling atmospheric water vapor, clouds, and aerosols, Appl. Optics, 37, 4979–4990, 1998.
Gordon, I. E., Rothman, L. S., Hill, C., Kochanov, R. V., Tan, Y., Bernath,
P. F., Birk, M., Boudon, V., Campargue, A., Chance, K. V., and Drouin, B. J.:
The HITRAN2016 molecular spectroscopic database, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 203, 3–69, 2017.
Hair, J. W., Hostetler, C. A., Cook, A. L., Harper, D. B., Ferrare, R. A., Mack, T. L., Welch, W., Izquierdo, L. R., and Hovis, F. E.: Airborne high spectral resolution lidar for profiling aerosol optical properties, Appl. Optics, 47, 6734–6752, 2008.
Hastings, D. A., Dunbar, P. K., Elphingstone, G. M., Bootz, M., Murakami, H.,
Maruyama, H., Masaharu, H., Holland, P., Payne, J., Bryant, N. A., and Logan,
T. L.: The global land one-kilometer base elevation (GLOBE) digital elevation
model, version 1.0, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
National Geophysical Data Center, https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/topo/globe.html (last access: 1 August 2007), 1999.
Higdon, N. S., Browell, E. V., Ponsardin, P., Grossmann, B. E., Butler, C. F., Chyba, T. H., Mayo, M. N., Allen, R. J., Heuser, A. W., Grant, W. B., and Ismail, S.: Airborne differential absorption lidar system for measurements of
atmospheric water vapor and aerosols, Appl. Optics, 33, 6422–6438, 1994.
Hilton, F., Atkinson, N. C., English, S. J., and Eyre, J. R.: Assimilation of
IASI at the Met Office and assessment of its impact through observing system
experiments, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 135, 495–505, 2009.
Hilton, F., Armante, R., August, T., Barnet, C., Bouchard, A., Camy-Peyret,
C., Capelle, V., Clarisse, L., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P. F., and Collard, A.:
Hyperspectral Earth observation from IASI: Five years of accomplishments, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 93, 347–370, 2012.
Hodges, J. T., Lisak, D., Lavrentieva, N., Bykov, A., Sinitsa, L., Tennyson,
J., Barber, R. J., and Tolchenov, R. N.: Comparison between theoretical calculations and high-resolution measurements of pressure broadening for near-infrared water spectra, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 249, 86–94, 2008.
Ismail, S. and Browell, E. V.: Airborne and spaceborne lidar measurements of
water vapor profiles: a sensitivity analysis, Appl. Optics, 28, 3603–3615, 1989.
Ismail, S., Ferrare, R. A., Browell, E. V., Chen, G., Anderson, B., Kooi,
S. A., Notari, A., Butler, C. F., Burton, S., Fenn, M., and Dunion, J. P.: LASE measurements of water vapor, aerosol, and cloud distributions in Saharan air layers and tropical disturbances, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 1026–1047, 2010.
Kavaya, M. J., Beyon, J. Y., Koch, G. J., Petros, M., Petzar, P. J., Singh,
U. N., Trieu, B. C., and Yu, J.: The Doppler Aerosol Wind (DAWN) Airborne,
Wind-Profiling Coherent-Detection Lidar System: Overview and Preliminary
Flight Results, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 31, 826–842,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00274.1, 2014.
Kiemle, C., Groß, S., Wirth, M., and Bugliaro, L.: Airborne lidar
observations of water vapor variability in tropical shallow convective
environment, in: Shallow Clouds, Water Vapor, Circulation, and Climate
Sensitivity, Springer International Publishing, 253–271, 2017.
Klaes, K. D., Cohen, M., Buhler, Y., Schlüssel, P., Munro, R., Luntama,
J. P., von Engeln, A., Clérigh, E. Ó., Bonekamp, H., Ackermann, J., and Schmetz, J.: An introduction to the EUMETSAT polar system, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 88, 1085–1096, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-88-7-1085, 2007.
Leblanc, T., McDermid, I. S., and Walsh, T. D.: Ground-based water vapor raman lidar measurements up to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere for long-term monitoring, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 17–36, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-17-2012, 2012.
Le Marshall, J., Jung, J., Derber, J., Chahine, M., Treadon, R., Lord, S. J.,
Goldberg, M., Wolf, W., Liu, H. C., Joiner, J., and Woollen, J.: Improving
global analysis and forecasting with AIRS, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 87, 891–894, 2006.
Liu, Z., Hunt, W., Vaughan, M., Hostetler, C., McGill, M., Powell, K.,
Winker, D., and Hu, Y.: Estimating random errors due to shot noise in
backscatter lidar observations, Appl. Optics, 45, 4437–4447, 2006.
Martins, J. P., Teixeira, J., Soares, P. M., Miranda, P. M., Kahn, B. H., Dang, V. T., Irion, F. W., Fetzer, E. J., and Fishbein, E.: Infrared sounding of the trade-wind boundary layer: AIRS and the RICO experiment, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L24806, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL045902, 2010.
Moore, A. S., Brown, K. E., Hall, W. M., Barnes, J. C., Edwards, W. C., Petway, L. B., Little, A. D., Luck, W. S., Jones, I. W., Antill, C.W., and Browell, E. V.: Development of the Lidar Atmospheric Sensing Experiment (LASE) – an advanced airborne DIAL instrument, in: Advances in Atmospheric Remote Sensing with Lidar, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 281–288, 1997.
NASA/LARC/SD/ASDC: Aeolus CalVal HALO Aerosol and Water Vapor Profiles and
Images, NASA Langley Atmospheric Science Data Center DAAC [data set],
https://doi.org//10.5067/SUBORBITAL/AEOLUSCALVAL2019/DATA001, 2020.
Nehrir, A. R., Repasky, K. S., Carlsten, J. L., Obland, M. D., and Shaw, J.
A.: Water Vapor Profiling Using a Widely Tunable, Amplified
Diode-Laser-Based Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL), J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 26, 733–745, 2009.
Nehrir, A. R., Repasky, K. S., and Carlsten, J. L.: Eye-safe
diode-laser-based micropulse differential absorption lidar (DIAL) for water
vapor profiling in the lower troposphere, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 28, 131–147, 2011.
Nehrir, A. R., Repasky, K. S., and Carlsten, J. L.: Micropulse water vapor
differential absorption lidar: transmitter design and performance, Opt.
Express, 20, 25137–25151, 2012.
Nehrir, A. R., Kiemle, C., Lebsock, M. D., Kirchengast, G., Buehler, S. A.,
Löhnert, U., Liu, C. L., Hargrave, P. C., Barrera-Verdejo, M., and Winker, D. M.: Emerging technologies and synergies for airborne and space-based measurements of water vapor profiles, Surv. Geophys., 38, 1445–1482, 2017.
Philbrick, C. R.: Raman lidar measurements of atmospheric properties, in:
Atmospheric Propagation and Remote Sensing III, edited by: Flood, W. A. and Miller, W. B., SPIE, 2222, 922–931, 1994.
Podolske, J. R., Sachse, G. W., and Diskin, G. S.: Calibration and data
retrieval algorithms for the NASA Langley/Ames Diode Laser Hygrometer for
the NASA transport and chemical evolution over the pacific (TRACE-P)
mission, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8792, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003156, 2003.
Remsberg, E. E. and Gordley, L. L.: Analysis of differential absorption lidar
from the Space Shuttle, Appl. Optics, 17, 624–630, 1978.
Richardson, M. T., Thompson, D. R., Kurowski, M. J., and Lebsock, M. D.: Boundary layer water vapour statistics from high-spatial-resolution spaceborne imaging spectroscopy, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5555–5576, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5555-2021, 2021.
Roman, J., Knuteson, R., August, T., Hultberg, T., Ackerman, S., and
Revercomb, H.: A global assessment of NASA AIRS v6 and EUMETSAT IASI v6
precipitable water vapor using ground-based GPS SuomiNet stations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 8925–8948, 2016.
Schäfler, A., Fix, A., and Wirth, M.: Mixing at the extratropical tropopause as characterized by collocated airborne H2O and O3 lidar observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5217–5234, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5217-2021, 2021.
Schotland, R. M.: Errors in the lidar measurement of atmospheric gases by
differential absorption, J. Appl. Meteorol., 13, 71–77, 1974.
Sherwood, S. C., Roca, R., Weckwerth, T. M., and Andronova, N. G.: Tropospheric water vapor, convection, and climate, Rev. Geophys., 48, RG2001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009RG000301, 2010.
Späth, F., Behrendt, A., Muppa, S. K., Metzendorf, S., Riede, A., and Wulfmeyer, V.: 3-D water vapor field in the atmospheric boundary layer observed with scanning differential absorption lidar, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 1701–1720, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-1701-2016, 2016.
Späth, F., Behrendt, A., and Wulfmeyer, V.: Minimization of the
Rayleigh-Doppler error of differential absorption lidar by frequency tuning:
a simulation study, Opt. Express, 28, 30324–30339, 2020.
Spuler, S. M., Repasky, K. S., Morley, B., Moen, D., Hayman, M., and Nehrir, A. R.: Field-deployable diode-laser-based differential absorption lidar (DIAL) for profiling water vapor, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 1073–1087, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1073-2015, 2015.
Spuler, S. M., Hayman, M., Stillwell, R. A., Carnes, J., Bernatsky, T., and Repasky, K. S.: MicroPulse DIAL (MPD) – a diode-laser-based lidar architecture for quantitative atmospheric profiling, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4593–4616, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4593-2021, 2021.
Stoffelen, A., Pailleux, J., Källén, E., Vaughan, J. M., Isaksen, L.,
Flamant, P., Wergen, W., Andersson, E., Schyberg, H., Culoma, A., and
Meynart, R.: The atmospheric dynamics mission for global wind field
measurement, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 86, 73–88, 2005.
Teixeira, J., Piepmeier, J. R., Nehrir, A. R., Ao, C. O., Chen, S. S.,
Clayson, C. A., Fridlind, A. M., Lebsock, M., McCarty, W., Salmun, H.,
Santanello, J. A., Turner, D. D., Wang, Z., and Zeng, X.: Toward a Global
Planetary Boundary Layer Observing System, The NASA PBL Incubation Study
Team Report, 134 pp., 2021.
Thrastarson, H. T., Manning, E., Kahn, B., Fetzer, E., Yue, Q., Wong, S.,
Kalmus, P., Payne, V., Wang, T., Olsen, E. T., Wilson, R. C., Blaisdell, J., Iredell, L., Susskind, J., Warner, J., and Cady-Pereira, K.: AIRS/AMSU/HSB Version 7 Level 2 Product User Guide, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA, 2020.
Thompson, D. R., Kahn, B. H., Brodrick, P. G., Lebsock, M. D., Richardson, M., and Green, R. O.: Spectroscopic imaging of sub-kilometer spatial structure in lower-tropospheric water vapor, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2827–2840, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2827-2021, 2021.
Trenberth, K. E., Jones, P. D., Ambenje, P., Bojariu, R., Easterling, D.,
Klein Tank, A., Parker, D., Rahimzadeh, F., Renwick, J. A., Rusticucci, M.,
Soden, B., and Zhai, P.: Observations: Surface and atmospheric climate change, chap. 3, in: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 236–336, 2007.
Turner, D. D. and Löhnert, U.: Ground-based temperature and humidity profiling: combining active and passive remote sensors, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3033–3048, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3033-2021, 2021.
Wakimoto, R. M., Murphey, H. V., Browell, E. V., and Ismail, S.: The “triple
point” on 24 May 2002 during IHOP. Part I: Airborne Doppler and LASE
analyses of the frontal boundaries and convection initiation, Mon. Weather Rev., 134, 231–250, 2006.
Whiteman, D. N., Melfi, S. H., and Ferrare, R. A.: Raman lidar system for the
measurement of water vapor and aerosols in the Earth's atmosphere, Appl. Optics, 31, 3068–3082, 1992.
Wirth, M., Fix, A., Mahnke, P., Schwarzer, H., Schrandt, F., and Ehret, G.:
The airborne multi-wavelength water vapor differential absorption lidar
WALES: system design and performance, Appl. Phys. B, 96, 201–213, 2009.
Wong, S., Fetzer, E. J., Schreier, M., Manipon, G., Fishbein, E. F., Kahn,
B. H., Yue, Q., and Irion, F. W.: Cloud-induced uncertainties in AIRS and ECMWF temperature and specific humidity, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 1880–1901, 2015.
Wu, Y., Nehrir, A. R., Ren, X., Dickerson, R. R., Huang, J., Stratton, P. R.,
Gronoff, G., Kooi, S. A., Collins, J. E., Berkoff, T. A., and Lei, L.:
Synergistic aircraft and ground observations of transported wildfire smoke
and its impact on air quality in New York City during the summer 2018 LISTOS
campaign, Sci. Total Environ., 773, 145030, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145030, 2021.
Wulfmeyer, V.: Ground-based differential absorption lidar for water-vapor
and temperature profiling: development and specifications of a
high-performance laser transmitter, Appl. Optics, 37, 3804–3824, 1998.
Wulfmeyer, V. and Bösenberg, J.: Ground-based differential absorption
lidar for water-vapor profiling: assessment of accuracy, resolution, and
meteorological applications, Appl. Optics, 37, 3825–3844, 1998.
Wulfmeyer, V., Bauer, H. S., Grzeschik, M., Behrendt, A., Vandenberghe, F.,
Browell, E. V., Ismail, S., and Ferrare, R. A.: Four-dimensional variational
assimilation of water vapor differential absorption lidar data: The first
case study within IHOP_2002, Mon. Weather Rev., 134, 209–230, 2006.
Wulfmeyer, V., Hardesty, R. M., Turner, D. D., Behrendt, A., Cadeddu, M. P., Di Girolamo, P., Schlüssel, P., Van Baelen, J., and Zus, F.: A review of the remote sensing of lower tropospheric thermodynamic profiles and its
indispensable role for the understanding and the simulation of water and
energy cycles, Rev. Geophys., 53, 819–895, 2015.
Short summary
HALO is a recently developed lidar system that demonstrates new technologies and advanced algorithms for profiling water vapor as well as aerosol and cloud properties. The high-resolution, high-accuracy measurements have unique advantages within the suite of atmospheric instrumentation, such as directly trading water vapor measurement resolution for precision. This paper provides the methodology and first water vapor results, showing agreement with in situ and spaceborne sounder measurements.
HALO is a recently developed lidar system that demonstrates new technologies and advanced...
