Articles | Volume 16, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-547-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-547-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
30 Jan 2023
Research article |
| 30 Jan 2023
| 30 Jan 2023
In situ ground-based mobile measurement of lightning events above central Europe
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 166 27 Prague, Czech Republic
Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
Jan Mikeš
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 166 27 Prague, Czech Republic
Iva Ambrožová
Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
Ondřej Ploc
Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
Olena Velychko
Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
Lembit Sihver
Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
Department of Radiation Physics, Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, 1020 Vienna, Austria
Martin Kákona
Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
Related authors
No articles found.
Marek Sommer, Tomáš Czakoj, Iva Ambrožová, Martin Kákona, Olena Velychko, and Ondřej Ploc
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2789, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2789, 2024
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
Short summary
Short summary
This work studies powerful bursts of radiation, called Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flashes, which happen during thunderstorms. It explores the use of planes and weather balloons as platforms for radiation detectors to gather data about this phenomenon. Using computer simulations, it was found that balloons might work better for high-altitude storms, while planes could be useful for lower ones. Moreover, the influence of the Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flash strength and its altitude of origin was revealed.
Ivana Kolmašová, Ondřej Santolík, Jakub Šlegl, Jana Popová, Zbyněk Sokol, Petr Zacharov, Ondřej Ploc, Gerhard Diendorfer, Ronald Langer, Radek Lán, and Igor Strhárský
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7959–7973, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7959-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7959-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Gamma ray radiation related to thunderstorms was previously observed at the high-altitude mountain observatories or on the western coast of Japan, usually being terminated by lightning discharges. We show unusual observations of gamma rays at an altitude below 1000 m, coinciding with peculiar rapid variations in the vertical electric field, which are linked to inverted intracloud lightning discharges. This indicates that a strong, lower positive-charge region was present inside the thundercloud.
Related subject area
Subject: Clouds | Technique: In Situ Measurement | Topic: Instruments and Platforms
Development and preliminary testing of a temporally controllable weather modification rocket with spatial seeding capacity
A lightweight holographic imager for cloud microphysical studies from an untethered balloon
Identifying the seeding signature in cloud particles from hydrometeor residuals
Design and rocket deployment of a trackable pseudo-Lagrangian drifter-based meteorological probe into the Lawrence/Linwood EF4 tornado and mesocyclone on 28 May 2019
A comparative analysis of in situ measurements of high-altitude cirrus in the tropics
A phase separation inlet for droplets, ice residuals, and interstitial aerosol particles
Simulation and field campaign evaluation of an optical particle counter on a fixed-wing UAV
Cloud microphysical measurements at a mountain observatory: comparison between shadowgraph imaging and phase Doppler interferometry
Use of large-eddy simulations to design an adaptive sampling strategy to assess cumulus cloud heterogeneities by remotely piloted aircraft
Post-flight analysis of detailed size distributions of warm cloud droplets, as determined in situ by cloud and aerosol spectrometers
PHIPS-HALO: the airborne Particle Habit Imaging and Polar Scattering probe – Part 3: Single-particle phase discrimination and particle size distribution based on the angular-scattering function
Applicability of the VisiSize D30 shadowgraph system for cloud microphysical measurements
Characterising optical array particle imaging probes: implications for small-ice-crystal observations
The De-Icing Comparison Experiment (D-ICE): a study of broadband radiometric measurements under icing conditions in the Arctic
The Portable Ice Nucleation Experiment (PINE): a new online instrument for laboratory studies and automated long-term field observations of ice-nucleating particles
Cézeaux-Aulnat-Opme-Puy De Dôme: a multi-site for the long-term survey of the tropospheric composition and climate change
Using a holographic imager on a tethered balloon system for microphysical observations of boundary layer clouds
Evaluation of ARM tethered-balloon system instrumentation for supercooled liquid water and distributed temperature sensing in mixed-phase Arctic clouds
Revisiting particle sizing using greyscale optical array probes: evaluation using laboratory experiments and synthetic data
Cloud fraction determined by thermal infrared and visible all-sky cameras
Development and characterization of a high-efficiency, aircraft-based axial cyclone cloud water collector
Ice particle sampling from aircraft – influence of the probing position on the ice water content
PHIPS-HALO: the airborne particle habit imaging and polar scattering probe – Part 2: Characterization and first results
A tandem approach for collocated measurements of microphysical and radiative cirrus properties
HoloGondel: in situ cloud observations on a cable car in the Swiss Alps using a holographic imager
Development of a cloud particle sensor for radiosonde sounding
Thermodynamic correction of particle concentrations measured by underwing probes on fast-flying aircraft
PHIPS–HALO: the airborne Particle Habit Imaging and Polar Scattering probe – Part 1: Design and operation
Quantitative evaluation of seven optical sensors for cloud microphysical measurements at the Puy-de-Dôme Observatory, France
Schneefernerhaus as a mountain research station for clouds and turbulence
High-resolution measurement of cloud microphysics and turbulence at a mountaintop station
Dual-channel photoacoustic hygrometer for airborne measurements: background, calibration, laboratory and in-flight intercomparison tests
A comparison of ice water content measurement techniques on the FAAM BAe-146 aircraft
Cloud shadow speed sensor
The backscatter cloud probe – a compact low-profile autonomous optical spectrometer
A fiber-coupled laser hygrometer for airborne total water measurement
HOLIMO II: a digital holographic instrument for ground-based in situ observations of microphysical properties of mixed-phase clouds
Evaluating the capabilities and uncertainties of droplet measurements for the fog droplet spectrometer (FM-100)
PHOCUS radiometer
First correlated measurements of the shape and light scattering properties of cloud particles using the new Particle Habit Imaging and Polar Scattering (PHIPS) probe
Effects of ice particles shattering on the 2D-S probe
Water droplet calibration of the Cloud Droplet Probe (CDP) and in-flight performance in liquid, ice and mixed-phase clouds during ARCPAC
Development of a Bioaerosol single particle detector (BIO IN) for the Fast Ice Nucleus CHamber FINCH
Xiaobo Dong, Xiaoqing Wang, Yongde Liu, and Xiaorong Wang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5551–5559, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5551-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5551-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study develops a time-controllable weather modification rocket with space seeding capabilities. Therefore, in artificial weather modification operations, parameters such as the height, thickness, and operating temperature of the target cloud can be obtained through detection. These parameters can be used to automatically calculate the appropriate sowing time, sowing height, and sowing dosage to improve the accuracy of artificial catalytic cloud operations.
Thomas Edward Chambers, Iain Murray Reid, and Murray Hamilton
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3237–3253, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3237-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3237-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Clouds have been identified as the largest source of uncertainty in climate modelling. We report an untethered balloon launch of a holographic imager through clouds. This is the first time a holographic imager has been deployed in this way, enabled by the light weight and low cost of the imager. This work creates the potential to significantly increase the availability of cloud microphysical measurements required for the calibration and validation of climate models and remote sensing methods.
Mahen Konwar, Benjamin Werden, Edward C. Fortner, Sudarsan Bera, Mercy Varghese, Subharthi Chowdhuri, Kurt Hibert, Philip Croteau, John Jayne, Manjula Canagaratna, Neelam Malap, Sandeep Jayakumar, Shivsai A. Dixit, Palani Murugavel, Duncan Axisa, Darrel Baumgardner, Peter F. DeCarlo, Doug R. Worsnop, and Thara Prabhakaran
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2387–2400, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2387-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2387-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In a warm cloud seeding experiment hygroscopic particles are released to alter cloud processes to induce early raindrops. During the Cloud–Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment, airborne mini aerosol mass spectrometers analyse the particles on which clouds form. The seeded clouds showed higher concentrations of chlorine and potassium, the oxidizing agents of flares. Small cloud droplet concentrations increased, and seeding particles were detected in deep cloud depths.
Reed Timmer, Mark Simpson, Sean Schofer, and Curtis Brooks
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 943–960, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-943-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-943-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work discusses a probe launched by a model rocket into an EF4 tornado and is the first time an airborne probe has directly sampled a tornado. The rocket deployed a parachuted probe recording wind speeds of 306 km h-1 in addition to temperature, humidity, and pressure deficit. Data from the probe were sent in real time to a receiver in an armored vehicle. Taking measurements directly from inside tornadoes provides new data about this violent phenomenon.
Francesco Cairo, Martina Krämer, Armin Afchine, Guido Di Donfrancesco, Luca Di Liberto, Sergey Khaykin, Lorenza Lucaferri, Valentin Mitev, Max Port, Christian Rolf, Marcel Snels, Nicole Spelten, Ralf Weigel, and Stephan Borrmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4899–4925, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4899-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4899-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Cirrus clouds have been observed over the Himalayan region between 10 km and the tropopause at 17–18 km. Data from backscattersonde, hygrometers, and particle cloud spectrometers have been compared to assess their consistency. Empirical relationships between optical parameters accessible with remote sensing lidars and cloud microphysical parameters (such as ice water content, particle number and surface area density, and particle aspherical fraction) have been established.
Libby Koolik, Michael Roesch, Carmen Dameto de Espana, Christopher Nathan Rapp, Lesly J. Franco Deloya, Chuanyang Shen, A. Gannet Hallar, Ian B. McCubbin, and Daniel J. Cziczo
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 3213–3222, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3213-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3213-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A new inlet for studying the small particles, droplets, and ice crystals that constitute mixed-phase clouds has been constructed and is described here. This new inlet was tested in the laboratory. We present the performance of the new inlet to demonstrate its capability of separating ice, droplets, and small particles.
Joseph Girdwood, Warren Stanley, Chris Stopford, and David Brus
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2061–2076, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2061-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2061-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
UAVs have great potential to be used for airborne measurements of cloud and aerosol properties, which are of particular importance due to the largely uncharacterised nature of such phenomena. However, since UAVs are a new tool in atmospheric physics expensive platform validation and characterisation of UAV-instrument combinations needs to be performed. This paper presents an evaluation of a fixed-wing UAV in combination with an instrument that measures cloud droplet diameter.
Moein Mohammadi, Jakub L. Nowak, Guus Bertens, Jan Moláček, Wojciech Kumala, and Szymon P. Malinowski
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 965–985, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-965-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-965-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To compare two instruments, a VisiSize D30 shadowgraph system and a phase Doppler interferometer (PDI-FPDR), we performed a series of measurements of cloud droplet size and number concentration in orographic clouds. After applying essential modifications and filters to the data, the results from the two instruments showed better agreement in droplet sizing and velocimetry than droplet number concentration or liquid water content. Discrepancies were observed for droplets smaller than 13 µm.
Nicolas Maury, Gregory C. Roberts, Fleur Couvreux, Titouan Verdu, Pierre Narvor, Najda Villefranque, Simon Lacroix, and Gautier Hattenberger
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 335–352, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-335-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-335-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The paper aims to use large-eddy simulations of cumulus clouds to design a sampling strategy that allows following cumulus clouds with remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) and documenting the cloud spatial heterogeneities. Different possible explorations by RPA are investigated, and the use of Gaussian process regression permits the reconstruction of liquid water content (LWC) distribution with only one RPA.
Sorin Nicolae Vâjâiac, Andreea Calcan, Robert Oscar David, Denisa-Elena Moacă, Gabriela Iorga, Trude Storelvmo, Viorel Vulturescu, and Valeriu Filip
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6777–6794, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6777-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6777-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Warm clouds (with liquid droplets) play an important role in modulating the amount of incoming solar radiation to Earth’s surface and thus the climate. The most efficient way to study them is by in situ optical measurements. This paper proposes a new methodology for providing more detailed and reliable structural analyses of warm clouds through post-flight processing of collected data. The impact fine aerosol incorporation in water droplets might have on such measurements is also discussed.
Fritz Waitz, Martin Schnaiter, Thomas Leisner, and Emma Järvinen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3049–3070, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3049-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3049-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A major challenge in the observations of mixed-phase clouds remains the phase discrimination and sizing of cloud droplets and ice crystals, especially for particles with diameters smaller than 0.1 mm. Here, we present a new method to derive the phase and size of single cloud particles using their angular-light-scattering information. Comparisons with other in situ instruments in three case studies show good agreement.
Jakub L. Nowak, Moein Mohammadi, and Szymon P. Malinowski
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2615–2633, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2615-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2615-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A commercial instrument that characterizes sprays via shadowgraphy imaging was applied to measure the number concentration and size distribution of cloud droplets. Laboratory and field tests were performed to verify the resolution, detection reliability and sizing accuracy. We developed a correction to the data processing method which improves the estimation of cloud microphysical properties. The paper concludes with recommendations concerning the use of the instrument in cloud physics studies.
Sebastian O'Shea, Jonathan Crosier, James Dorsey, Louis Gallagher, Waldemar Schledewitz, Keith Bower, Oliver Schlenczek, Stephan Borrmann, Richard Cotton, Christopher Westbrook, and Zbigniew Ulanowski
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1917–1939, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1917-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1917-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The number, shape, and size of ice crystals in clouds are important properties that influence the Earth's radiation budget, cloud evolution, and precipitation formation. This work suggests that one of the most widely used methods for in situ measurements of these properties has significant uncertainties and biases. We suggest methods that dramatically improve these measurements, which can be applied to past and future datasets from these instruments.
Christopher J. Cox, Sara M. Morris, Taneil Uttal, Ross Burgener, Emiel Hall, Mark Kutchenreiter, Allison McComiskey, Charles N. Long, Bryan D. Thomas, and James Wendell
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1205–1224, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1205-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1205-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Solar and infrared radiation are measured regularly for research, industry, and climate monitoring. In cold climates, icing of sensors is a poorly constrained source of uncertainty. D-ICE was carried out in Alaska to document the effectiveness of ice-mitigation technology and quantify errors associated with ice. Technology was more effective than anticipated, and while instantaneous errors were large, mean biases were small. Attributes of effective ice mitigation design were identified.
Ottmar Möhler, Michael Adams, Larissa Lacher, Franziska Vogel, Jens Nadolny, Romy Ullrich, Cristian Boffo, Tatjana Pfeuffer, Achim Hobl, Maximilian Weiß, Hemanth S. K. Vepuri, Naruki Hiranuma, and Benjamin J. Murray
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1143–1166, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1143-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1143-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth's climate is influenced by clouds, which are impacted by ice-nucleating particles (INPs), a minor fraction of atmospheric aerosols. INPs induce ice formation in clouds and thus often initiate precipitation formation. The Portable Ice Nucleation Experiment (PINE) is the first fully automated instrument to study cloud ice formation and to obtain long-term records of INPs. This is a timely development, and the capabilities it offers for research and atmospheric monitoring are significant.
Jean-Luc Baray, Laurent Deguillaume, Aurélie Colomb, Karine Sellegri, Evelyn Freney, Clémence Rose, Joël Van Baelen, Jean-Marc Pichon, David Picard, Patrick Fréville, Laëtitia Bouvier, Mickaël Ribeiro, Pierre Amato, Sandra Banson, Angelica Bianco, Agnès Borbon, Lauréline Bourcier, Yannick Bras, Marcello Brigante, Philippe Cacault, Aurélien Chauvigné, Tiffany Charbouillot, Nadine Chaumerliac, Anne-Marie Delort, Marc Delmotte, Régis Dupuy, Antoine Farah, Guy Febvre, Andrea Flossmann, Christophe Gourbeyre, Claude Hervier, Maxime Hervo, Nathalie Huret, Muriel Joly, Victor Kazan, Morgan Lopez, Gilles Mailhot, Angela Marinoni, Olivier Masson, Nadège Montoux, Marius Parazols, Frédéric Peyrin, Yves Pointin, Michel Ramonet, Manon Rocco, Martine Sancelme, Stéphane Sauvage, Martina Schmidt, Emmanuel Tison, Mickaël Vaïtilingom, Paolo Villani, Miao Wang, Camille Yver-Kwok, and Paolo Laj
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 3413–3445, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-3413-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-3413-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
CO-PDD (Cézeaux-Aulnat-Opme-puy de Dôme) is a fully instrumented platform for atmospheric research. The four sites located at different altitudes from 330 to 1465 m around Clermont-Ferrand (France) host in situ and remote sensing instruments to measure atmospheric composition, including long-term trends and variability, to study interconnected processes (microphysical, chemical, biological, chemical, and dynamical) and to provide a reference point for climate models.
Fabiola Ramelli, Alexander Beck, Jan Henneberger, and Ulrike Lohmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 925–939, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-925-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-925-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Boundary layer clouds are influenced by many physical and dynamical processes, making accurate forecasting difficult. Here we present a new measurement platform on a tethered balloon to measure cloud microphysical and meteorological profiles. The unique combination of holography and balloon-borne observations allows high-resolution measurements in a well-defined volume. Field measurements in stratus clouds over the Swiss Plateau revealed unique microphysical signatures in the cloud structure.
Darielle Dexheimer, Martin Airey, Erika Roesler, Casey Longbottom, Keri Nicoll, Stefan Kneifel, Fan Mei, R. Giles Harrison, Graeme Marlton, and Paul D. Williams
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 6845–6864, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-6845-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-6845-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A tethered-balloon system deployed supercooled liquid water content sondes and fiber optic distributed temperature sensing to collect in situ atmospheric measurements within mixed-phase Arctic clouds. These data were validated against collocated surface-based and remote sensing datasets. From these measurements and sensor evaluations, tethered-balloon flights are shown to offer an effective method of collecting data to inform numerical models and calibrate remote sensing instrumentation.
Sebastian J. O'Shea, Jonathan Crosier, James Dorsey, Waldemar Schledewitz, Ian Crawford, Stephan Borrmann, Richard Cotton, and Aaron Bansemer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 3067–3079, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3067-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3067-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Optical array probe measurements of clouds are widely used to inform and validate numerical weather and climate models. In this paper, we discuss artefacts which may bias data from these instruments. Using laboratory and synthetic datasets, we demonstrate how greyscale analysis can be used to filter data, constraining the sample volume and improving data quality particularly at small sizes where their measurements are considered unreliable.
Christine Aebi, Julian Gröbner, and Niklaus Kämpfer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 5549–5563, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5549-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5549-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
A newly developed hemispherical thermal infrared cloud camera (IRCCAM) is presented. The IRCCAM allows automatic cloud detection during the day and at night-time. The cloud fraction determined from the IRCCAM is compared with the cloud fraction determined from other instruments over a time period of 2 years. The IRCCAM has an agreement of +/- 2 oktas cloud fraction in 90 % of the data compared to other instruments. There are no significant differences between seasons or different times of day.
Ewan Crosbie, Matthew D. Brown, Michael Shook, Luke Ziemba, Richard H. Moore, Taylor Shingler, Edward Winstead, K. Lee Thornhill, Claire Robinson, Alexander B. MacDonald, Hossein Dadashazar, Armin Sorooshian, Andreas Beyersdorf, Alexis Eugene, Jeffrey Collett Jr., Derek Straub, and Bruce Anderson
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 5025–5048, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5025-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5025-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
A new aircraft-mounted probe for collecting samples of cloud water has been designed, fabricated, and extensively tested. Cloud drop composition provides valuable insight into atmospheric processes, but separating liquid samples from the airstream in a controlled way at flight speeds has proven difficult. The features of the design have been analysed with detailed numerical flow simulations and the new probe has demonstrated improved efficiency and performance through extensive flight testing.
Armin Afchine, Christian Rolf, Anja Costa, Nicole Spelten, Martin Riese, Bernhard Buchholz, Volker Ebert, Romy Heller, Stefan Kaufmann, Andreas Minikin, Christiane Voigt, Martin Zöger, Jessica Smith, Paul Lawson, Alexey Lykov, Sergey Khaykin, and Martina Krämer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 4015–4031, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4015-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4015-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The ice water content (IWC) of cirrus clouds is an essential parameter that determines their radiative properties and is thus important for climate simulations. Experimental investigations of IWCs measured on board research aircraft reveal that their accuracy is influenced by the sampling position. IWCs detected at the aircraft roof deviate significantly from wing, side or bottom IWCs. The reasons are deflections of the gas streamlines and ice particle trajectories behind the aircraft cockpit.
Martin Schnaiter, Emma Järvinen, Ahmed Abdelmonem, and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 341–357, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-341-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-341-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
PHIPS-HALO is a novel aircraft instrument for cloud research. It combines microscopic imaging of single cloud particles with the measurement of their spacial light scattering properties. The knowledge of how atmospheric ice particles in clouds scatter visible light is important for improving future climate models.
Marcus Klingebiel, André Ehrlich, Fanny Finger, Timo Röschenthaler, Suad Jakirlić, Matthias Voigt, Stefan Müller, Rolf Maser, Manfred Wendisch, Peter Hoor, Peter Spichtinger, and Stephan Borrmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 3485–3498, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3485-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3485-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Microphysical and radiation measurements were collected with the unique AIRcraft TOwed Sensor Shuttle (AIRTOSS) – Learjet tandem platform. It is a combination of a Learjet 35A research aircraft and an instrumented aerodynamic bird, which can be detached from and retracted back to the aircraft during flight.
AIRTOSS and Learjet are equipped with radiative, cloud microphysical, trace gas,
and meteorological instruments to study cirrus clouds.
Alexander Beck, Jan Henneberger, Sarah Schöpfer, Jacob Fugal, and Ulrike Lohmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 459–476, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-459-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-459-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In situ observations of cloud properties in complex alpine terrain are commonly conducted at mountain-top research stations and limited to single-point measurements. The HoloGondel platform overcomes this limitation by using a cable car to obtain vertical profiles of the microphysical and meteorological cloud parameters. In this work example measurements of the vertical profiles observed in a liquid cloud and a mixed-phase cloud at the Eggishorn in the Swiss Alps are presented.
Masatomo Fujiwara, Takuji Sugidachi, Toru Arai, Kensaku Shimizu, Mayumi Hayashi, Yasuhisa Noma, Hideaki Kawagita, Kazuo Sagara, Taro Nakagawa, Satoshi Okumura, Yoichi Inai, Takashi Shibata, Suginori Iwasaki, and Atsushi Shimizu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 5911–5931, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5911-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5911-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
A meteorological balloon-borne cloud sensor called the cloud particle sensor (CPS) has been developed. The CPS can count the number of particles per second and can obtain the cloud phase information (i.e. liquid, ice, or mixed). Twenty-five test flights have been made between 2012 and 2015 at midlatitude and tropical sites. The results from the four flights are discussed.
Ralf Weigel, Peter Spichtinger, Christoph Mahnke, Marcus Klingebiel, Armin Afchine, Andreas Petzold, Martina Krämer, Anja Costa, Sergej Molleker, Philipp Reutter, Miklós Szakáll, Max Port, Lucas Grulich, Tina Jurkat, Andreas Minikin, and Stephan Borrmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 5135–5162, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5135-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5135-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The subject of our study concerns measurements with optical array probes (OAPs) on fast-flying aircraft such as the G550 (HALO or HIAPER). At up to Mach 0.7 the effect of air compression upstream of underwing-mounted instruments and particles' inertia need consideration for determining ambient particle concentrations. Compared to conventional practices the introduced correction procedure eliminates ambiguities and exhibits consistency over flight speeds between 50 and 250 m s−.
Ahmed Abdelmonem, Emma Järvinen, Denis Duft, Edwin Hirst, Steffen Vogt, Thomas Leisner, and Martin Schnaiter
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 3131–3144, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-3131-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-3131-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The properties of ice crystals present in mixed-phase and ice clouds influence the radiation properties, precipitation occurrence and lifetime of these clouds. It is necessary to investigate the optical and microphysical properties of cloud particles particularly in situ, and to get correlation between these properties. To this end we have developed PHIPS-HALO to measure the optical properties and the corresponding microphysical parameters of individual cloud particles simultaneously.
G. Guyot, C. Gourbeyre, G. Febvre, V. Shcherbakov, F. Burnet, J.-C. Dupont, K. Sellegri, and O. Jourdan
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 4347–4367, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-4347-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-4347-2015, 2015
S. Risius, H. Xu, F. Di Lorenzo, H. Xi, H. Siebert, R. A. Shaw, and E. Bodenschatz
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 3209–3218, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3209-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3209-2015, 2015
H. Siebert, R. A. Shaw, J. Ditas, T. Schmeissner, S. P. Malinowski, E. Bodenschatz, and H. Xu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 3219–3228, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3219-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3219-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We report results from simultaneous, high-resolution and collocated measurements of cloud microphysical and turbulence properties during several warm cloud events at the Umweltforschungsstation Schneefernerhaus (UFS) on Zugspitze in the German Alps. The data gathered were found to be representative of observations made with similar instrumentation in free clouds.
D. Tátrai, Z. Bozóki, H. Smit, C. Rolf, N. Spelten, M. Krämer, A. Filges, C. Gerbig, G. Gulyás, and G. Szabó
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 33–42, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-33-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-33-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Airborne hygrometry is very important in climate research, and the interest in knowing not only water vapor concentration but (cirrus) cloud content as well is increasing. The authors provide a photoacoustic spectroscopy-based dual-channel hygrometer system that can be a good solution for such measurements. The instrument was proven to operate properly from ground level up to the lower stratosphere, giving the possibility even for cirrus cloud studies.
S. J. Abel, R. J. Cotton, P. A. Barrett, and A. K. Vance
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 3007–3022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-3007-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-3007-2014, 2014
V. Fung, J. L. Bosch, S. W. Roberts, and J. Kleissl
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 1693–1700, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-1693-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-1693-2014, 2014
K. Beswick, D. Baumgardner, M. Gallagher, A. Volz-Thomas, P. Nedelec, K.-Y. Wang, and S. Lance
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 1443–1457, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-1443-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-1443-2014, 2014
S. W. Dorsi, L. E. Kalnajs, D. W. Toohey, and L. M. Avallone
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 215–223, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-215-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-215-2014, 2014
J. Henneberger, J. P. Fugal, O. Stetzer, and U. Lohmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 2975–2987, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-2975-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-2975-2013, 2013
J. K. Spiegel, P. Zieger, N. Bukowiecki, E. Hammer, E. Weingartner, and W. Eugster
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 2237–2260, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-2237-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-2237-2012, 2012
O. Nyström, D. Murtagh, and V. Belitsky
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 1359–1373, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-1359-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-1359-2012, 2012
A. Abdelmonem, M. Schnaiter, P. Amsler, E. Hesse, J. Meyer, and T. Leisner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 2125–2142, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-2125-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-2125-2011, 2011
R. P. Lawson
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 1361–1381, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-1361-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-1361-2011, 2011
S. Lance, C. A. Brock, D. Rogers, and J. A. Gordon
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 1683–1706, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-1683-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-1683-2010, 2010
U. Bundke, B. Reimann, B. Nillius, R. Jaenicke, and H. Bingemer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 263–271, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-263-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-263-2010, 2010
Cited articles
Abbasi, R. U., Abu-Zayyad, T., Allen, M., Barcikowski, E., Belz, J. W., Bergman, D. R., Blake, S. A., Byrne, M., Cady, R., Cheon, B. G., Chiba, J., Chikawa, M., Fujii, T., Fukushima, M., Furlich, G., Goto, T., Hanlon, W., Hayashi, Y., Hayashida, N., Hibino, K., and Zundel, Z.: Gamma ray showers observed at ground level in coincidence with downward lightning leaders, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 6864–6879,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD027931, 2018. a
Belz, J. W., Krehbiel, P. R., Remington, J., Stanley, M. A., Abbasi, R. U., LeVon, R., Rison, W., Rodeheffer, D., Abu-Zayyad, T., Allen, M., Barcikowski, E., Bergman, D. R., Blake, S. A., Byrne, M., Cady, R., Cheon, B. G., Chikawa, M., di Matteo, A., Fujii, T., Fujita, K., Fujiwara, R., Fukushima, M., Furlich, G., Hanlon, W., Hayashi, M., Hayashi, Y., Hayashida, N., Hibino, K., Honda, K., Ikeda, D., Inadomi, T., Inoue, N., Ishii, T., Ito, H., Ivanov, D., Iwakura, H., Jeong, H. M., Jeong, S., Jui, C. C. H., Kadota, K., Kakimoto, F., Kalashev, O., Kasahara, K., Kasami, S., Kawai, H., Kawakami, S., Kawata, K., Kido, E., Kim, H. B., Kim, J. H., Kim, J. H., Kuzmin†, V., Kuznetsov, M., Kwon, Y. J., Lee, K. H., Lubsandorzhiev, B., Lundquist, J. P., Machida, K., Matsumiya, H., Matthews, J. N., Matuyama, T., Mayta, R., Minamino, M., Mukai, K., Myers, I., Nagataki, S., Nakai, K., Nakamura, R., Nakamura, T., Nakamura, Y., Nonaka, T., Oda, H., Ogio, S., Ohnishi, M., Ohoka, H., Oku, Y., Okuda, T., Omura, Y., Ono, M., Oshima, A., Ozawa, S., Park, I. H., Potts, M., Pshirkov, M. S., Rodriguez, D. C., Rubtsov, G., Ryu, D., Sagawa, H., Sahara, R., Saito, K., Saito, Y., Sakaki, N., Sako, T., Sakurai, N., Sano, K., Seki, T., Sekino, K., Shibata, F., Shibata, T., Shimodaira, H., Shin, B. K., Shin, H. S., Smith, J. D., Sokolsky, P., Sone, N., Stokes, B. T., Stroman, T. A., Takagi, Y., Takahashi, Y., Takeda, M., Takeishi, R., Taketa, A., Takita, M., Tameda, Y., Tanaka, K., Tanaka, M., Tanoue, Y., Thomas, S. B., Thomson, G. B., Tinyakov, P., Tkachev, I., Tokuno, H., Tomida, T., Troitsky, S., Tsunesada, Y., Uchihori, Y., Udo, S., Uehama, T., Urban, F., Wallace, M., Wong, T., Yamamoto, M., Yamaoka, H., Yamazaki, K., Yashiro, K., Yosei, M., Yoshii, H., Zhezher, Y., and Zundel, Z.: Observations of the Origin of Downward Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125, e2019JD031940, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031940, 2020. a
Chilingarian, A.: Thunderstorm Ground Enhancements (TGEs) – New High-Energy
Phenomenon Originated in the Terrestrial Atmosphere, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 409, 012019, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/409/1/012019, 2013. a
Chilingarian, A., Hovsepyan, G., and Hovhannisyan, A.: Particle bursts from thunderclouds: Natural particle accelerators above our heads, Phys. Rev. D, 83, 062001, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.83.062001, 2011. a
Chum, J., Langer, R., Baše, J., Kollárik, M., Strhárský, I., Diendorfer,
G., and Rusz, J.: Significant enhancements of secondary cosmic rays and
electric field at the high mountain peak of Lomnický Štít in High Tatras
during thunderstorms, Earth Planets Space, 72, 28,
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-020-01155-9, 2020. a
Dwyer, J. R.: A fundamental limit on electric fields in air, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2055, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017781, 2003. a
Dwyer, J. R., Schaal, M. M., Cramer, E., Arabshahi, S., Liu, N., Rassoul,
H. K., Hill, J. D., Jordan, D. M., and Uman, M. A.: Observation of a
gamma-ray flash at ground level in association with a cloud-to-ground
lightning return stroke, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 117, A10303,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA017810, 2012. a
Enoto, T., Wada, Y., Furuta, Y., Nakazawa, K., Yuasa, T., Okuda, K., Makishima, K., Sato, M., Sato, Y., Nakano, T., Umemoto, D., and Tsuchiya, H.:
Photonuclear reactions triggered by lightning discharge, Nature, 551,
481–484, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24630, 2017. a
Fishman, G. J., Bhat, P. N., Mallozzi, R., Horack, J. M., Koshut, T.,
Kouveliotou, C., Pendleton, G. N., Meegan, C. A., Wilson, R. B., Paciesas,
W. S., Goodman, S. J., and Christian, H. J.: Discovery of intense gamma-ray
flashes of atmospheric origin, Science, 264, 1313–1316,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.264.5163.1313, 1994. a
Fujifilm: FE185 Series, Super wide-angle lenses, Fujifilm, https://www.fujifilm.com/us/en/business/optical-devices/machine-vision-lens/fe185-series (last access: 13 April 2022), 2021. a
Gurevich, A. V., Milikh, G. M., and Roussel-Dupre, R.: Runaway electron mechanism of air breakdown and preconditioning during a thunderstorm, Phys.
Lett. A, 165, 463–468, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(92)90348-P, 1992. a
Kakona, M.: Lightning over the sky. In situ ground-based mobile measurement of lightning events above central Europe, TIB AV-Portal [video], https://doi.org/10.5446/60389, 2022a. a, b, c, d
Kakona, M.: Positive leader side of lightning development and recoil leaders. In situ ground-based mobile measurement of lightning events above central Europe, TIB AV-Portal [video], https://doi.org/10.5446/60390, 2022b. a, b, c
Kakona, M.: Negative leader side of lightning development timelapse. In situ ground-based mobile measurement of lightning events above central Europe, TIB AV-Portal [video], https://doi.org/10.5446/60388, 2022c. a, b, c
Kereszy, I., Rakov, V. A., Ding, Z., and Dwyer, J. R.: Ground-Based Observation of a TGF Occurring Between Opposite Polarity Strokes of a Bipolar Cloud-To-Ground Lightning Flash, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 127, e2021JD036130,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD036130, 2022. a
Kochkin, P., van Deursen, A. P. J., Marisaldi, M., Ursi, A., de Boer, A. I.,
Bardet, M., Allasia, C., Boissin, J. F., Flourens, F., and Østgaard, N.:
In-Flight Observation of Gamma Ray Glows by ILDAS, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 12801–12811, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027405, 2017. a
KronTechInc.: CHRONOS 1.4 DATASHEET, KronTechInc., https://www.krontech.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/FM-ENGR-50001-Chronos-1.4-Datasheet-Rev5.pdf (last access: 13 April 2022), 2021. a
López, J. A., Pineda, N., Montanyà, J., Velde, O. v. d., Fabró, F., and
Romero, D.: Spatio-temporal dimension of lightning flashes based on
three-dimensional Lightning Mapping Array, Atmos. Res., 197,
255–264, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.06.030, 2017. a
Mazur, V., Ruhnke, L. H., Warner, T. A., and Orville, R. E.: Recoil leader
formation and development, J. Electrost., 71, 763–768,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2013.05.001, 2013. a
McCarthy, M. and Parks, G. K.: Further observations of X-rays inside
thunderstorms, Geophys. Res. Lett., 12, 393–396,
https://doi.org/10.1029/GL012i006p00393, 1985. a
Michimoto, K.: Meteorological Aspects of Winter Thunderstorms along the
Hokuriku Coast of Japan, IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy, 127,
1242–1246, https://doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes.127.1242, 2007. a
MLAB: Barometric sensor with termometer WINDGAUGE03A, MLAB, https://mlab.cz/module/ALTIMET01A (last access: 13 April 2022), 2015. a
MLAB: VLF antenna interconnection module, GitHub, https://github.com/mlab-modules/VLFANT01 (last access: 13 April 2022), 2017. a
MLAB: Venturi tube based anemometer WINDGAUGE03A, MLAB, https://www.mlab.cz/module/WINDGAUGE03A (last access: 13 April 2022), 2020. a
MLAB: Electric Field mill interface module FIELDMILL01A, MLAB, https://www.mlab.cz/module/FIELDMILL01A (last access: 13 April 2022), 2021. a
Østgaard, N., Neubert, T., Reglero, V., Ullaland, K., Yang, S., Genov, G., Marisaldi, M., Mezentsev, A., Kochkin, P., Lehtinen, N., Sarria, D., Qureshi, B. H., Solberg, A., Maiorana, C., Albrechtsen, K., Budtz‐Jørgensen, C., Kuvvetli, I., Christiansen, F., Chanrion, O., Heumesser, M., and Al‐nussirat, S.: First 10 months of TGF observations by ASIM, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 14024–14036, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031214, 2019. a
Parks, G. K., Mauk, B. H., Spiger, R., and Chin, J.: X-ray enhancements
detected during thunderstorm and lightning activities, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 8, 1176–1179, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL008i011p01176, 1981. a
Rakov, V. A. and Kereszy, I.: Ground-based observations of lightning-related
X-ray/gamma-ray emissions in Florida: Occurrence context and new insights,
Electr. Pow. Syst. Res., 213, 108736, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2022.108736, 2022. a
Rakov, V. A. and Uman, M. A.: Lightning: Physics and Effects, Cambridge
University Press, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107340886, 2003. a
Rison, W., Thomas, R. J., Krehbiel, P. R., Hamlin, T., and Harlin, J.: A GPS-based three-dimensional lightning mapping system: Initial observations in
central New Mexico, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 3573–3576,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL010856, 1999. a
Shi, F., Liu, N., Dwyer, J. R., and Ihaddadene, K. M. A.: VHF and UHF Electromagnetic Radiation Produced by Streamers in Lightning, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 443–451, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL080309, 2019. a
Torii, T., Takeishi, M., and Hosono, T.: Observation of gamma-ray dose increase associated with winter thunderstorm and lightning activity, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, ACL 2-1–ACL 2-13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000938, 2002. a
Tsuchiya, H., Enoto, T., Torii, T., Nakazawa, K., Yuasa, T., Torii, S., Fukuyama, T., Yamaguchi, T., Kato, H., Okano, M., Takita, M., and Makishima, K.: Observation of an energetic radiation burst from mountain-top thunderclouds, Phys. Rev. Lett., 102, 255003, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.255003, 2009. a
UST: Mobile piezoelectric distrometer DISTROMETER01A, UST, https://github.com/UniversalScientificTechnologies/DISTROMETER01 (last access: 13 April 2022), 2020. a
UST: UHF Radio Storm Monitoring Station, UST, https://github.com/UniversalScientificTechnologies/RSMS01 (last access: 13 April 2022), 2021. a
Velychko, O., Ambrožová, I., Kákona, M., and Ploc, O.: Characterisation Of
Airdos-C Detector For Measurement Of High-Energy Events In The Atmosphere,
Radiat. Prot. Dosim., 198, 604–610, https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncac105, 2022. a
Wada, Y., Enoto, T., Nakazawa, K., Furuta, Y., Yuasa, T., Nakamura, Y.,
Morimoto, T., Matsumoto, T., Makishima, K., and Tsuchiya, H.: Downward
Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flash Observed in a Winter Thunderstorm, Phys. Rev.
Lett., 123, 061103, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.061103, 2019. a
Wanke, E.: Blitzortung.org – A low cost Time of Arrival Lightning Detection and Lightning Location Network, Universität Düsseldorf, https://www.blitzortung.org/Compendium/Documentations/Documentation_2011-04-01_Green_PCB_6.6_PCB_5.6.pdf (last access: 1 January 2023), 2011. a
Windy: https://www.windy.com/ (last access: 13 April 2022), 2021. a
Wu, T., Wang, D., and Takagi, N.: Lightning mapping with an array of fast antennas, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 3698–3705, https://doi.org/10.1002/2018GL077628, 2018. a
Short summary
Storm activity is sometimes associated with the generation of ionizing radiation. Our motivation for performing this research was to understand its origin. Using measuring cars fitted with new instruments, it was found that the duration of lightning is longer than generally thought. In most cases, lightning occurs only inside the cloud; however, rarely, it is also visible outside the cloud. In such cases, the course of emission over time can be used to assume what it looks like inside the cloud.
Storm activity is sometimes associated with the generation of ionizing radiation. Our motivation...
