Articles | Volume 18, issue 5 
            
                
                    
            
            
            https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1269-2025
                    © Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under 
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
                the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1269-2025
                    © Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under 
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
                the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Mid-Atlantic nocturnal low-level jet characteristics: a machine learning analysis of radar wind profiles
                                            Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
                                        
                                    
                                            Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research (GESTAR) II, Baltimore, MD 20771, USA
                                        
                                    John T. Sullivan
                                            Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
                                        
                                    Belay Demoz
                                            Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
                                        
                                    
                                            Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research (GESTAR) II, Baltimore, MD 20771, USA
                                        
                                    Related authors
Xueying Liu, Yuxuan Wang, Shailaja Wasti, Wei Li, Ehsan Soleimanian, James Flynn, Travis Griggs, Sergio Alvarez, John T. Sullivan, Maurice Roots, Laurence Twigg, Guillaume Gronoff, Timothy Berkoff, Paul Walter, Mark Estes, Johnathan W. Hair, Taylor Shingler, Amy Jo Scarino, Marta Fenn, and Laura Judd
                                    Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5493–5514, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5493-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5493-2023, 2023
                                    Short summary
                                    Short summary
                                            
                                                With a comprehensive suite of ground-based and airborne remote sensing measurements during the 2021 TRacking Aerosol Convection ExpeRiment – Air Quality (TRACER-AQ) campaign in Houston, this study evaluates the simulation of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) height and the ozone vertical profile by a high-resolution (1.33 km) 3-D photochemical model Weather Research and Forecasting-driven GEOS-Chem (WRF-GC).
                                            
                                            
                                        Fernando Chouza, Thierry Leblanc, Patrick Wang, Steven S. Brown, Kristen Zuraski, Wyndom Chace, Caroline C. Womack, Jeff Peischl, John Hair, Taylor Shingler, and John Sullivan
                                    Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 405–419, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-405-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-405-2025, 2025
                                    Short summary
                                    Short summary
                                            
                                                The JPL lidar group developed the SMOL (Small Mobile Ozone Lidar), an affordable ozone differential absorption lidar (DIAL) system covering all altitudes from 200 m to 10 km a.g.l. The comparison with airborne in situ and lidar measurements shows very good agreement. An additional comparison with nearby surface ozone measuring instruments indicates unbiased measurements by the SMOL lidars down to 200 m a.g.l.
                                            
                                            
                                        Akinleye Folorunsho, Jimy Dudhia, John Sullivan, Paul Walter, James Flynn, Travis Griggs, Rebecca Sheesley, Sascha Usenko, Guillaume Gronoff, Mark Estes, and Yang Li
                                        EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1190, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1190, 2024
                                    Preprint archived 
                                    Short summary
                                    Short summary
                                            
                                                Our study investigates the factors driving high ozone levels over the Houston urban area. Using advanced modeling techniques and real-world measurements, we found vehicle and industrial emissions especially of highly reactive organic compounds play a key role in ozone formation. Our study highlights spatial and temporal changes in ozone sensitivity and variability of atmosphere's self-cleaning capacity to emissions, signifying effective ways of controlling emissions to mitigate urban ozone.
                                            
                                            
                                        Matthew S. Johnson, Alexei Rozanov, Mark Weber, Nora Mettig, John Sullivan, Michael J. Newchurch, Shi Kuang, Thierry Leblanc, Fernando Chouza, Timothy A. Berkoff, Guillaume Gronoff, Kevin B. Strawbridge, Raul J. Alvarez, Andrew O. Langford, Christoph J. Senff, Guillaume Kirgis, Brandi McCarty, and Larry Twigg
                                    Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2559–2582, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2559-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2559-2024, 2024
                                    Short summary
                                    Short summary
                                            
                                                Monitoring tropospheric ozone (O3), a harmful pollutant negatively impacting human health, is primarily done using ground-based measurements and ozonesondes. However, these observation types lack the coverage to fully understand tropospheric O3. Satellites can retrieve tropospheric ozone with near-daily global coverage; however, they are known to have biases and errors. This study uses ground-based lidars to validate multiple satellites' ability to observe tropospheric O3.
                                            
                                            
                                        Xueying Liu, Yuxuan Wang, Shailaja Wasti, Wei Li, Ehsan Soleimanian, James Flynn, Travis Griggs, Sergio Alvarez, John T. Sullivan, Maurice Roots, Laurence Twigg, Guillaume Gronoff, Timothy Berkoff, Paul Walter, Mark Estes, Johnathan W. Hair, Taylor Shingler, Amy Jo Scarino, Marta Fenn, and Laura Judd
                                    Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5493–5514, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5493-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5493-2023, 2023
                                    Short summary
                                    Short summary
                                            
                                                With a comprehensive suite of ground-based and airborne remote sensing measurements during the 2021 TRacking Aerosol Convection ExpeRiment – Air Quality (TRACER-AQ) campaign in Houston, this study evaluates the simulation of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) height and the ozone vertical profile by a high-resolution (1.33 km) 3-D photochemical model Weather Research and Forecasting-driven GEOS-Chem (WRF-GC).
                                            
                                            
                                        Matthew S. Johnson, Amir H. Souri, Sajeev Philip, Rajesh Kumar, Aaron Naeger, Jeffrey Geddes, Laura Judd, Scott Janz, Heesung Chong, and John Sullivan
                                    Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 2431–2454, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2431-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2431-2023, 2023
                                    Short summary
                                    Short summary
                                            
                                                Satellites provide vital information for studying the processes controlling ozone formation. Based on the abundance of particular gases in the atmosphere, ozone formation is sensitive to specific human-induced and natural emission sources. However, errors and biases in satellite retrievals hinder this data source’s application for studying ozone formation sensitivity. We conducted a thorough statistical evaluation of two commonly applied satellites for investigating ozone formation sensitivity.
                                            
                                            
                                        Claudia Bernier, Yuxuan Wang, Guillaume Gronoff, Timothy Berkoff, K. Emma Knowland, John T. Sullivan, Ruben Delgado, Vanessa Caicedo, and Brian Carroll
                                    Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15313–15331, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15313-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15313-2022, 2022
                                    Short summary
                                    Short summary
                                            
                                                Coastal regions are susceptible to variable and high ozone which is difficult to simulate. We developed a method to characterize large datasets of multi-dimensional measurements from lidar instruments taken in coastal regions. Using the clustered ozone groups, we evaluated model performance in simulating the coastal ozone variability vertically and diurnally. The approach allowed us to pinpoint areas where the models succeed in simulating coastal ozone and areas where there are still gaps.
                                            
                                            
                                        John T. Sullivan, Arnoud Apituley, Nora Mettig, Karin Kreher, K. Emma Knowland, Marc Allaart, Ankie Piters, Michel Van Roozendael, Pepijn Veefkind, Jerry R. Ziemke, Natalya Kramarova, Mark Weber, Alexei Rozanov, Laurence Twigg, Grant Sumnicht, and Thomas J. McGee
                                    Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11137–11153, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11137-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11137-2022, 2022
                                    Short summary
                                    Short summary
                                            
                                                A TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) validation campaign (TROLIX-19) was held in the Netherlands in September 2019. The research presented here focuses on using ozone lidars from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center to better evaluate the characterization of ozone throughout TROLIX-19 as compared to balloon-borne, space-borne and ground-based passive measurements, as well as a global coupled chemistry meteorology model.
                                            
                                            
                                        Jia Su, M. Patrick McCormick, Matthew S. Johnson, John T. Sullivan, Michael J. Newchurch, Timothy A. Berkoff, Shi Kuang, and Guillaume P. Gronoff
                                    Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4069–4082, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4069-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4069-2021, 2021
                                    Short summary
                                    Short summary
                                            
                                                A new technique using a three-wavelength differential absorption lidar (DIAL) technique based on an optical parametric oscillator (OPO) laser is proposed to obtain more accurate measurements of NO2. The retrieval uncertainties in aerosol extinction using the three-wavelength DIAL technique are reduced to less than 2 % of those when using the two-wavelength DIAL technique. Hampton University (HU) lidar NO2 profiles are compared with simulated data from the WRF-Chem model, and they agree well.
                                            
                                            
                                        Robin Wing, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Wolfgang Steinbrecht, Thomas J. McGee, John T. Sullivan, Sergey Khaykin, Grant Sumnicht, and Laurence Twigg
                                    Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3773–3794, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3773-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3773-2021, 2021
                                    Short summary
                                    Short summary
                                            
                                                This paper is a validation study of the newly installed ozone and temperature lidar at Hohenpeißenberg, Germany. As part of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC), lidar stations are routinely compared against a travelling reference lidar operated by NASA. We have also attempted to assess potential biases in the reference lidar by comparing the results of this validation campaign with a previous campaign at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence, France.
                                            
                                            
                                        Dianne Sanchez, Roger Seco, Dasa Gu, Alex Guenther, John Mak, Youngjae Lee, Danbi Kim, Joonyoung Ahn, Don Blake, Scott Herndon, Daun Jeong, John T. Sullivan, Thomas Mcgee, Rokjin Park, and Saewung Kim
                                    Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6331–6345, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6331-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6331-2021, 2021
                                    Short summary
                                    Short summary
                                            
                                                We present observations of total reactive gases in a suburban forest observatory in the Seoul metropolitan area. The quantitative comparison with speciated trace gas observations illustrated significant underestimation in atmospheric reactivity from the speciated trace gas observational dataset. We present scientific discussion about potential causes.
                                            
                                            
                                        Andrew Tangborn, Belay Demoz, Brian J. Carroll, Joseph Santanello, and Jeffrey L. Anderson
                                    Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1099–1110, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1099-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1099-2021, 2021
                                    Short summary
                                    Short summary
                                            
                                                Accurate prediction of the planetary boundary layer is essential to both numerical weather prediction (NWP) and pollution forecasting. This paper presents a methodology to combine these measurements with the models through a statistical data assimilation approach that calculates the correlation between the PBLH and variables like temperature and moisture in the model. The model estimates of these variables can be improved via this method, and this will enable increased forecast accuracy.
                                            
                                            
                                        Robin Wing, Wolfgang Steinbrecht, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Thomas J. McGee, John T. Sullivan, Grant Sumnicht, Gérard Ancellet, Alain Hauchecorne, Sergey Khaykin, and Philippe Keckhut
                                    Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 5621–5642, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5621-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5621-2020, 2020
                                    Short summary
                                    Short summary
                                            
                                                A lidar intercomparison campaign was conducted over a period of 28 nights at Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP) in 2017 and 2018. The objective is to validate the ozone and temperature profiles at OHP to ensure the quality of data submitted to the NDACC database remains high. A mobile reference lidar operated by NASA was transported to OHP and operated concurrently with the French lidars.  Agreement for ozone was better than 5 % between 20 and 40 km, and temperatures were equal within 3 K.
                                            
                                            
                                        Cited articles
                        
                        Baas, P., Bosveld, F. C., Klein Baltink, H., and Holtslag, A. A. M.: A Climatology of Nocturnal Low-Level Jets at Cabauw, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 48, 1627–1642, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAMC1965.1, 2009. 
                    
                
                        
                        Banta, R. M.: Stable-boundary-layer regimes from the perspective of the low-level jet, Acta Geophys., 56, 58–87, https://doi.org/10.2478/s11600-007-0049-8, 2008. 
                    
                
                        
                        Banta, R. M., Pichugina, Y. L., and Newsom, R. K.: Relationship between Low-Level Jet Properties and Turbulence Kinetic Energy in the Nocturnal Stable Boundary Layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 2549–2555, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2549:RBLJPA>2.0.CO;2, 2003. 
                    
                
                        
                        Blackadar, A. K.: Boundary Layer Wind Maxima and Their Significance for the Growth of Nocturnal Inversions, B. Am. Meteor. Soc., 38, 283–290, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477-38.5.283, 1957. 
                    
                
                        
                        Bonner, W. D.: Climatology of the low level jet, Mon. Weather Rev., 96, 833–850, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1968)096<0833:COTLLJ>2.0.CO;2, 1968. 
                    
                
                        
                        Breiman, L.: Random Forests, Mach. Learn., 45, 5–32, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010933404324, 2001. 
                    
                
                        
                        Carroll, B. J., Demoz, B. B., and Delgado, R.: An Overview of Low-Level Jet Winds and Corresponding Mixed Layer Depths During PECAN, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 9141–9160, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030658, 2019. 
                    
                
                        
                        Carroll, B. J., Demoz, B. B., Turner, D. D., and Delgado, R.: Lidar Observations of a Mesoscale Moisture Transport Event Impacting Convection and Comparison to Rapid Refresh Model Analysis, Mon. Weather Rev., 149, 463–477, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-20-0151.1, 2021. 
                    
                
                        
                        Corsmeier, U., Kalthoff, N., Kolle, O., Kotzian, M., and Fiedler, F.: Ozone concentration jump in the stable nocturnal boundary layer during a LLJ-event, Atmos. Environ., 31, 1977–1989, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(96)00358-5, 1997. 
                    
                
                        
                        Cortes, C. and Vapnik, V.: Support-vector networks, Mach. Learn., 20, 273–297, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00994018, 1995. 
                    
                
                        
                        Cover, T. and Hart, P.: Nearest neighbor pattern classification, IEEE T. Inform. Theory, 13, 21–27, https://doi.org/10.1109/TIT.1967.1053964, 1967. 
                    
                
                        
                        De Jong, E., Quon, E., and Yellapantula, S.: Mechanisms of Low-Level Jet Formation in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Offshore, J. Atmos. Sci., 81, 31–52, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-23-0079.1, 2024. 
                    
                
                        
                        Delgado, R., Rabenhorst, S. D., Demoz, B. B., and Hoff, Raymond. M.: Elastic lidar measurements of summer nocturnal low level jet events over Baltimore, Maryland, J. Atmos. Chem., 72, 311–333, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-013-9277-2, 2015. 
                    
                
                        
                        Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A., Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková, M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay, P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J.: The ERA5 global reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1999–2049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020. 
                    
                
                        
                        Holton, J. R.: The diurnal boundary layer wind oscillation above sloping terrain, Tellus, 19, 199–205, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2153-3490.1967.tb01473.x, 1967. 
                    
                
                        
                        Karipot, A., Leclerc, M. Y., and Zhang, G.: Characteristics of Nocturnal Low-Level Jets Observed in the North Florida Area, Mon. Weather Rev., 137, 2605–2621, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009MWR2705.1, 2009. 
                    
                
                        
                        Lima, D. C. A., Soares, P. M. M., Semedo, A., and Cardoso, R. M.: A Global View of Coastal Low-Level Wind Jets Using an Ensemble of Reanalyses, J. Climate, 31, 1525–1546, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0395.1, 2018. 
                    
                
                        
                        Lima, D. C. A., Soares, P. M. M., Semedo, A., Cardoso, R. M., Cabos, W., and Sein, D. V.: A Climatological Analysis of the Benguela Coastal Low-Level Jet, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 3960–3978, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028944, 2019. 
                    
                
                        
                        Lundquist, J. K.: Intermittent and Elliptical Inertial Oscillations in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 2661–2673, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2661:IAEIOI>2.0.CO;2, 2003. 
                    
                
                        
                        MADIS-CAP: Meteorological Assimilation Data Ingest System – Cooperative Agency Profiler network, https://madis-data.ncep.noaa.gov/cap/profiler.jsp, last access: 27 March 2025. 
                    
                
                        
                        Mahrt, L.: Stratified Atmospheric Boundary Layers and Breakdown of Models, Theor. Comp. Fluid Dyn., 11, 263–279, https://doi.org/10.1007/s001620050093, 1998. 
                    
                
                        
                        Ortiz-Amezcua, P., Martínez-Herrera, A., Manninen, A. J., Pentikäinen, P. P., O'Connor, E. J., Guerrero-Rascado, J. L., and Alados-Arboledas, L.: Wind and Turbulence Statistics in the Urban Boundary Layer over a Mountain–Valley System in Granada, Spain, Remote Sens., 14, 2321, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14102321, 2022. 
                    
                
                        
                        Pedregosa, F., Varoquaux, G., Gramfort, A., Michel, V., Thirion, B., Grisel, O., Blondel, M., Prettenhofer, P., Weiss, R., Dubourg, V., Vanderplas, J., Passos, A., and Cournapeau, D.: Scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python, J. Mach. Learn. Res., 12, 2825–2830, 2011. 
                    
                
                        
                        Rabenhorst, S., Whiteman, D. N., Zhang, D.-L., and Demoz, B.: A Case Study of Mid-Atlantic Nocturnal Boundary Layer Events during WAVES 2006, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 53, 2627–2648, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-13-0350.1, 2014. 
                    
                
                        
                        Ranjha, R., Tjernström, M., Semedo, A., Svensson, G., and Cardoso, R. M.: Structure and variability of the Oman coastal low-level jet, Tellus Dyn. Meteorol. Oceanogr., 67, 25285, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v67.25285, 2015.  
                    
                
                        
                        Roots, M., Sullivan, J. T., Delgado, R., Twigg, L., and Demoz, B.: An integrated monitoring system (IMS) for air quality: Observations of a unique ozone-exceedance event in Maryland, Atmos. Environ., 313, 120028, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.120028, 2023. 
                    
                
                        
                        Ryan, W. F.: The Low Level Jet in Maryland: Profiler Observations and Preliminary Climatology, Report prepared for MDEAir and Radiation Administration, Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, 2004. 
                    
                
                        
                        Shapiro, A. and Fedorovich, E.: Analytical description of a nocturnal low-level jet, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 1255–1262, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.628, 2010. 
                    
                
                        
                        Shapiro, A., Fedorovich, E., and Rahimi, S.: A Unified Theory for the Great Plains Nocturnal Low-Level Jet, J. Atmos. Sci., 73, 3037–3057, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-15-0307.1, 2016. 
                    
                
                        
                        Stensrud, D. J.: Importance of Low-Level Jets to Climate: A Review, J. Climate, 9, 1698–1711, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<1698:IOLLJT>2.0.CO;2, 1996. 
                    
                
                        
                        Sullivan, J. T.: Lidar observations revealing transport of O3 in the presence of a nocturnal low-level jet: Regional implications for “next-day” pollution, Atmos. Environ., 12, 160–171, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.03.039, 2017. 
                    
                
                        
                        Sullivan, J. T., Rabenhorst, S. D., Dreessen, J., McGee, T. J., Delgado, R., Twigg, L., and Sumnicht, G.: Lidar observations revealing transport of O3 in the presence of a nocturnal low-level jet: Regional implications for “next-day” pollution, Atmos. Environ., 158, 160–171, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.03.039, 2017. 
                    
                
                        
                        Tollerud, E. I., Caracena, F., Koch, S. E., Jamison, B. D., Hardesty, R. M., McCarty, B. J., Kiemle, C., Collander, R. S., Bartels, D. L., Albers, S., Shaw, B., Birkenheuer, D. L., and Brewer, W. A.: Mesoscale Moisture Transport by the Low-Level Jet during the IHOP Field Experiment, Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 3781–3795, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2421.1, 2008. 
                    
                
                        
                        Tuononen, M., O'Connor, E. J., Sinclair, V. A., and Vakkari, V.: Low-Level Jets over Utö, Finland, Based on Doppler Lidar Observations, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 56, 2577–2594, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-16-0411.1, 2017. 
                    
                
                        
                        Weaver, S. J. and Nigam, S.: Variability of the Great Plains Low-Level Jet: Large-Scale Circulation Context and Hydroclimate Impacts, J. Climate, 21, 1532–1551, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1586.1, 2008. 
                    
                
                        
                        Wei, W., Zhang, H., Zhang, X., and Che, H.: Low-level jets and their implications on air pollution: A review, Front. Environ. Sci., 10, 1082623, https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1082623, 2023. 
                    
                
                        
                        Weldegaber, M. H.: Investigation of stable and unstable boundary layer phenomena using observations and a numerical weather prediction model (Order No. 3359094), ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global, (305071169), http://proxy-bc.researchport.umd.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/investigation-stable-unstable-boundary-layer/docview/305071169/se-2 (last access: 25 February 2025), 2009. 
                    
                
                        
                        Whiteman, C. D., Bian, X., and Zhong, S.: Low-Level Jet Climatology from Enhanced Rawinsonde Observations at a Site in the Southern Great Plains, J. Appl. Meteorol., 36, 1363–1376, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1997)036<1363:LLJCFE>2.0.CO;2, 1997.  
                    
                
                        
                        Zhang, D.-L., Zhang, S., and Weaver, S. J.: Low-Level Jets over the Mid-Atlantic States: Warm-Season Climatology and a Case Study, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 45, 194–209, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2313.1, 2006. 
                    
                Short summary
            This paper presents a supervised-machine-learning approach for the automatic isolation of nocturnal low-level jets (NLLJs) using observations from a radar wind profiler. This analysis isolated 90 southwesterly NLLJs observed from May to September 2017–2021, highlighting key features in the evolution and morphology of the mid-Atlantic NLLJ.
This paper presents a supervised-machine-learning approach for the automatic isolation of...
 
 
                        
                                         
                        
                                         
                        
                                         
                        
                                         
                        
                                         
                        
                                         
                        
                                         
                        
                                         
                        
                                         
                        
                                         
                        
                                         
             
             
            