The integration of fluorescence measurements into operational Raman lidar systems significantly improves the aerosol classification, particularly in complex environments such as the Eastern Mediterranean. The study support the future inclusion of spectral fluorescence capacity as an intensive parameter within EARLINET (European Aerosol Research Lidar Network) and ACTRIS (Aerosol, Clouds and Trace Gases Research Infrastructure) frameworks and underline the need for harmonized fluorescence retrievals across the different lidar configurations.

Humidity transport from the Earth's surface into the atmosphere is relevant for many processes. However, knowledge of the actual distribution of humidity concentrations is sparse – mainly due to technological limitations. With the lidar presented herein, it is possible to measure humidity concentrations and their vertical fluxes up to altitudes of > 3 km with high spatiotemporal resolution, opening new possibilities for detailed process understanding and, ultimately, better model representation.

Optical remote sensing systems, so-called lidars, are used to learn more about aerosols, which play an important role in atmospheric processes. The present study demonstrates that lidars, which measure the backscattering behavior of aerosols over the entire visible wavelength range, can increase our knowledge of the spatial and temporal occurrence of aerosol layers, the type of aerosol, and their interaction with clouds. The focus of the publication is on wildfire aerosol and Saharan dust.

The 2021 volcanic eruption of Tajogaite on La Palma is investigated using ground-based and satellite measurements. In addition, the atmospheric transport of the volcanic cloud towards Europe is studied in detail. The amount of SO₂ released during the eruption and the height of the volcanic plume are in excellent agreement among the different measurements. Furthermore, volcanic aerosol microphysical properties could be retrieved using a new retrieval approach based on lidar measurements.