Articles | Volume 13, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5763-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5763-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
30 Oct 2020
Research article |
| 30 Oct 2020
| 30 Oct 2020
A novel injection technique: using a field-based quantum cascade laser for the analysis of gas samples derived from static chambers
Anne R. Wecking
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Science and Environmental Research Institute, The
University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, Aotearoa, New Zealand
Vanessa M. Cave
AgResearch Ruakura, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240, Aotearoa, New
Zealand
Lìyĭn L. Liáng
Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, Palmerston North 4442, Aotearoa, New Zealand
Aaron M. Wall
School of Science and Environmental Research Institute, The
University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, Aotearoa, New Zealand
Jiafa Luo
AgResearch Ruakura, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240, Aotearoa, New
Zealand
David I. Campbell
School of Science and Environmental Research Institute, The
University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, Aotearoa, New Zealand
Louis A. Schipper
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Science and Environmental Research Institute, The
University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, Aotearoa, New Zealand
Related authors
No articles found.
Beata Bukosa, Sara Mikaloff-Fletcher, Gordon Brailsford, Dan Smale, Elizabeth D. Keller, W. Troy Baisden, Miko U. F. Kirschbaum, Donna L. Giltrap, Lìyı̌n Liáng, Stuart Moore, Rowena Moss, Sylvia Nichol, Jocelyn Turnbull, Alex Geddes, Daemon Kennett, Dora Hidy, Zoltán Barcza, Louis A. Schipper, Aaron M. Wall, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Hitoshi Mukai, and Andrea Brandon
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3866, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3866, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
We used atmospheric measurements and inverse modeling to estimate New Zealand's carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions and removals from 2011 to 2020. Our study reveals that New Zealand's land absorbs more CO₂ than previously estimated, particularly in areas dominated by indigenous forests. Our results highlight gaps in current national CO₂ estimates and methods, suggesting a need for further research to improve emissions reporting and refine approaches to track progress toward climate mitigation goals.
Leeza Speranskaya, David I. Campbell, Peter M. Lafleur, and Elyn R. Humphreys
Biogeosciences, 21, 1173–1190, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1173-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1173-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Higher evaporation has been predicted in peatlands due to climatic drying. We determined whether the water-conservative vegetation at a Southern Hemisphere bog could cause a different response to dryness compared to a "typical" Northern Hemisphere bog, using decades-long evaporation datasets from each site. At the southern bog, evaporation increased at a much lower rate with increasing dryness, suggesting that this peatland type may be more resilient to climate warming than northern bogs.
Kyle B. Delwiche, Sara Helen Knox, Avni Malhotra, Etienne Fluet-Chouinard, Gavin McNicol, Sarah Feron, Zutao Ouyang, Dario Papale, Carlo Trotta, Eleonora Canfora, You-Wei Cheah, Danielle Christianson, Ma. Carmelita R. Alberto, Pavel Alekseychik, Mika Aurela, Dennis Baldocchi, Sheel Bansal, David P. Billesbach, Gil Bohrer, Rosvel Bracho, Nina Buchmann, David I. Campbell, Gerardo Celis, Jiquan Chen, Weinan Chen, Housen Chu, Higo J. Dalmagro, Sigrid Dengel, Ankur R. Desai, Matteo Detto, Han Dolman, Elke Eichelmann, Eugenie Euskirchen, Daniela Famulari, Kathrin Fuchs, Mathias Goeckede, Sébastien Gogo, Mangaliso J. Gondwe, Jordan P. Goodrich, Pia Gottschalk, Scott L. Graham, Martin Heimann, Manuel Helbig, Carole Helfter, Kyle S. Hemes, Takashi Hirano, David Hollinger, Lukas Hörtnagl, Hiroki Iwata, Adrien Jacotot, Gerald Jurasinski, Minseok Kang, Kuno Kasak, John King, Janina Klatt, Franziska Koebsch, Ken W. Krauss, Derrick Y. F. Lai, Annalea Lohila, Ivan Mammarella, Luca Belelli Marchesini, Giovanni Manca, Jaclyn Hatala Matthes, Trofim Maximov, Lutz Merbold, Bhaskar Mitra, Timothy H. Morin, Eiko Nemitz, Mats B. Nilsson, Shuli Niu, Walter C. Oechel, Patricia Y. Oikawa, Keisuke Ono, Matthias Peichl, Olli Peltola, Michele L. Reba, Andrew D. Richardson, William Riley, Benjamin R. K. Runkle, Youngryel Ryu, Torsten Sachs, Ayaka Sakabe, Camilo Rey Sanchez, Edward A. Schuur, Karina V. R. Schäfer, Oliver Sonnentag, Jed P. Sparks, Ellen Stuart-Haëntjens, Cove Sturtevant, Ryan C. Sullivan, Daphne J. Szutu, Jonathan E. Thom, Margaret S. Torn, Eeva-Stiina Tuittila, Jessica Turner, Masahito Ueyama, Alex C. Valach, Rodrigo Vargas, Andrej Varlagin, Alma Vazquez-Lule, Joseph G. Verfaillie, Timo Vesala, George L. Vourlitis, Eric J. Ward, Christian Wille, Georg Wohlfahrt, Guan Xhuan Wong, Zhen Zhang, Donatella Zona, Lisamarie Windham-Myers, Benjamin Poulter, and Robert B. Jackson
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3607–3689, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3607-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3607-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Methane is an important greenhouse gas, yet we lack knowledge about its global emissions and drivers. We present FLUXNET-CH4, a new global collection of methane measurements and a critical resource for the research community. We use FLUXNET-CH4 data to quantify the seasonality of methane emissions from freshwater wetlands, finding that methane seasonality varies strongly with latitude. Our new database and analysis will improve wetland model accuracy and inform greenhouse gas budgets.
Jordan P. Goodrich, David I. Campbell, and Louis A. Schipper
Biogeosciences, 14, 4563–4576, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4563-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4563-2017, 2017
W. X. Ding, Z. M. Chen, H. Y. Yu, J. F. Luo, G. Y. Yoo, J. Xiang, H. J. Zhang, and J. J. Yuan
Biogeosciences, 12, 803–815, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-803-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-803-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The combination of NBPT and DCD with basal rather than supplemental fertilizer urea would be an effective practice for reducing N2O emission during the wheat growth season. Additionally, application of nitrophosphate, instead of urea, is an optimum agricultural strategy for reducing N2O emission and for increasing crop yield and nitrogen use efficiency for wheat cultivation in the soils of the North China Plain.
Related subject area
Subject: Gases | Technique: In Situ Measurement | Topic: Instruments and Platforms
An economical tunable diode laser spectrometer for fast-response measurements of water vapor in the atmospheric boundary layer
Eddy covariance with slow-response greenhouse gas analysers on tall towers: bridging atmospheric and ecosystem greenhouse gas networks
An overview of outdoor low-cost gas-phase air quality sensor deployments: current efforts, trends, and limitations
Multiphysical description of atmospheric pressure interface chemical ionisation in MION2 and Eisele type inlets
A portable nitrogen dioxide instrument using cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy
Development and deployment of a mid-cost CO2 sensor monitoring network to support atmospheric inverse modeling for quantifying urban CO2 emissions in Paris
UAV-based in situ measurements of CO2 and CH4 fluxes over complex natural ecosystems
Advances in OH reactivity instruments for airborne field measurements
A new aerial approach for quantifying and attributing methane emissions: implementation and validation
Drone CO2 measurements during the Tajogaite volcanic eruption
Multi-decadal atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements in Hungary, central Europe
Reliable water vapour isotopic composition measurements at low humidity using frequency-stabilised cavity ring-down spectroscopy
A measurement system for CO2 and CH4 emissions quantification of industrial sites using a new in situ concentration sensor operated on board uncrewed aircraft vehicles
Deployment and evaluation of an NH4+/H3O+ reagent-ion switching chemical ionization mass spectrometer for the detection of reduced and oxygenated gas-phase organic compounds
Using metal oxide gas sensors to estimate the emission rates and locations of methane leaks in an industrial site: assessment with controlled methane releases
The ASK-16 Motorized Glider: An Airborne Eddy Covariance Platform to measure Turbulence, Energy and Matter Fluxes
Toward on-demand measurements of greenhouse gas emissions using an uncrewed aircraft AirCore system
Long-term evaluation of commercial air quality sensors: an overview from the QUANT (Quantification of Utility of Atmospheric Network Technologies) study
In-flight characterization of a compact airborne quantum cascade laser absorption spectrometer
Full characterization and calibration of a transfer standard monitor for atmospheric radon measurements
Observing low-altitude features in ozone concentrations in a shoreline environment via uncrewed aerial systems
Development of a Peltier-based chilled-mirror hygrometer for tropospheric and lower stratospheric water vapor measurements
An integrated uncrewed aerial vehicle platform with sensing and sampling systems for the measurement of air pollutant concentrations
Design and evaluation of a low-cost sensor node for near-background methane measurement
Development of a Multichannel Organics In situ enviRonmental Analyzer (MOIRA) for mobile measurements of volatile organic compounds
Evaluation of Aeris mid-infrared absorption (MIRA), Picarro CRDS (cavity ring-down spectroscopy) G2307, and dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)-based sampling for long-term formaldehyde monitoring efforts
Performance characterization of a laminar gas inlet
Validation and field application of a low-cost device to measure CO2 and evapotranspiration (ET) fluxes
Identifying and correcting interferences to PTR-ToF-MS measurements of isoprene and other urban volatile organic compounds
Development of a continuous UAV-mounted air sampler and application to the quantification of CO2 and CH4 emissions from a major coking plant
Uptake behavior of polycyclic aromatic compounds during field calibrations of the XAD-based passive air sampler across seasons and locations
Effect of land–sea air mass transport on spatiotemporal distributions of atmospheric CO2 and CH4 mixing ratios over the southern Yellow Sea
HYPHOP: a tool for high-altitude, long-range monitoring of hydrogen peroxide and higher organic peroxides in the atmosphere
Portable, low-cost samplers for distributed sampling of atmospheric gases
SI-traceable validation of a laser spectrometer for balloon-borne measurements of water vapor in the upper atmosphere
Field evaluation of low-cost electrochemical air quality gas sensors under extreme temperature and relative humidity conditions
A novel, cost-effective analytical method for measuring high-resolution vertical profiles of stratospheric trace gases using a gas chromatograph coupled with an electron capture detector
Ethylene oxide monitor with part-per-trillion precision for in situ measurements
Development of an automated pump-efficiency measuring system for ozonesondes utilizing an airbag-type flowmeter
Short-term variability of atmospheric helium revealed through a cryo-enrichment method
Using tunable infrared laser direct absorption spectroscopy for ambient hydrogen chloride detection: HCl-TILDAS
New methods for the calibration of optical resonators: integrated calibration by means of optical modulation (ICOM) and narrow-band cavity ring-down (NB-CRD)
A modular field system for near-surface, vertical profiling of the atmospheric composition in harsh environments using cavity ring-down spectroscopy
Field comparison of two novel open-path instruments that measure dry deposition and emission of ammonia using flux-gradient and eddy covariance methods
Development of multi-channel whole-air sampling equipment onboard an unmanned aerial vehicle for investigating volatile organic compounds' vertical distribution in the planetary boundary layer
Electrochemical sensors on board a Zeppelin NT: in-flight evaluation of low-cost trace gas measurements
Evaluating the performance of a Picarro G2207-i analyser for high-precision atmospheric O2 measurements
Airborne flux measurements of ammonia over the southern Great Plains using chemical ionization mass spectrometry
Optical receiver characterizations and corrections for ground-based and airborne measurements of spectral actinic flux densities
Development and validation of a new in situ technique to measure total gaseous chlorine in air
Emily D. Wein, Lars E. Kalnajs, and Darin W. Toohey
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 7097–7107, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7097-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7097-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a low-cost and small research-grade spectrometer for measurements of water vapor in the boundary layer. The instrument uses small Arduino microcontrollers and inexpensive laser diodes to reduce cost while maintaining high performance comparable to more expensive instruments. Performance was assessed with intercomparisons between commercially available instruments outdoors. The design's simplicity, performance, and price point allow it to be accessible to a variety of users.
Pedro Henrique Herig Coimbra, Benjamin Loubet, Olivier Laurent, Laura Bignotti, Mathis Lozano, and Michel Ramonet
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 6625–6645, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6625-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6625-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents direct flux measurements in tall towers using existing slow-response analysers and adding 3D sonic anemometers. This way, we can significantly improve greenhouse gas monitoring with little extra instrumental effort. Slow-response analysers may be used here as the relevant frequency ranges depend on measuring height. Tall towers offer a large footprint, amplifying spatial coverage. The presented concept is a valuable bridge between atmospheric and ecosystem communities.
Kristen Okorn and Laura T. Iraci
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 6425–6457, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6425-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6425-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We reviewed 60 sensor networks and 17 related efforts (sensor review papers and data accessibility projects) to better understand the landscape of stationary low-cost gas-phase sensor networks deployed in outdoor environments worldwide. Gaps in monitoring efforts include the availability of gas-phase measurements compared to particulate matter (PM) and geographic coverage gaps (the Global South, rural areas). We conclude with a summary of cross-network unification and quality control efforts.
Henning Finkenzeller, Jyri Mikkilä, Cecilia Righi, Paxton Juuti, Mikko Sipilä, Matti Rissanen, Douglas Worsnop, Aleksei Shcherbinin, Nina Sarnela, and Juha Kangasluoma
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5989–6001, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5989-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5989-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Chemical ionisation mass spectrometry is used in the atmospheric sciences to measure trace gas concentrations. Neutral gases require charging in inlets before the mass-to-charge ratio of the resulting ions can be analysed. This study uses multiphysics modelling to investigate how the MION2 and Eisele type inlets work and shows the effect of tuning parameters and their current limitations. The findings are helpful for inlet users and are expected to aid in developing improved inlets.
Steven A. Bailey, Reem A. Hannun, Andrew K. Swanson, and Thomas F. Hanisco
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5903–5910, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5903-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5903-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed a portable, optically based instrument that measures NO2. It consumes less than 6 W of power, so it can easily run off a small battery. This instrument has made both balloon and UAV flights. NO2 measurement results compare favorably with other known NO2 instruments. We find this instrument to be stable with repeatable results compared with calibration sources. Material cost to build a single instrument is around USD 4000. This could be lowered with economies of scale.
Jinghui Lian, Olivier Laurent, Mali Chariot, Luc Lienhardt, Michel Ramonet, Hervé Utard, Thomas Lauvaux, François-Marie Bréon, Grégoire Broquet, Karina Cucchi, Laurent Millair, and Philippe Ciais
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5821–5839, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5821-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5821-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We have designed and deployed a mid-cost medium-precision CO2 sensor monitoring network in Paris since July 2020. The data are automatically calibrated by a newly implemented data processing system. The accuracies of the mid-cost instruments vary from 1.0 to 2.4 ppm for hourly afternoon measurements. Our model–data analyses highlight prospects for integrating mid-cost instrument data with high-precision measurements to improve fine-scale CO2 emission quantification in urban areas.
Abdullah Bolek, Martin Heimann, and Mathias Göckede
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5619–5636, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5619-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5619-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study describes the development of a new UAV platform to measure atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) mole fractions, 2D wind speed, air temperature, humidity, and pressure. Understanding GHG flux processes and controls across various ecosystems is essential for estimating the current and future state of climate change. It was shown that using the UAV platform for such measurements is beneficial for improving our understanding of GHG processes over complex landscapes.
Hendrik Fuchs, Aaron Stainsby, Florian Berg, René Dubus, Michelle Färber, Andreas Hofzumahaus, Frank Holland, Kelvin H. Bates, Steven S. Brown, Matthew M. Coggon, Glenn S. Diskin, Georgios I. Gkatzelis, Christopher M. Jernigan, Jeff Peischl, Michael A. Robinson, Andrew W. Rollins, Nell B. Schafer, Rebecca H. Schwantes, Chelsea E. Stockwell, Patrick R. Veres, Carsten Warneke, Eleanor M. Waxman, Lu Xu, Kristen Zuraski, Andreas Wahner, and Anna Novelli
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2752, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2752, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Significant improvements have been made to the instruments used to measure OH reactivity, which is equivalent to the sum of air pollutant concentrations. Accurate and precise measurements with a high time resolution have been achieved, allowing use on aircraft, as demonstrated during flights in the USA.
Jonathan F. Dooley, Kenneth Minschwaner, Manvendra K. Dubey, Sahar H. El Abbadi, Evan D. Sherwin, Aaron G. Meyer, Emily Follansbee, and James E. Lee
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5091–5111, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5091-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5091-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas originating from both natural and human activities. We describe a new uncrewed aerial system (UAS) designed to measure methane emission rates over a wide range of scales. This system has been used for direct quantification of point sources and distributed emitters over scales of up to 1 km. The system uses simultaneous measurements of methane and ethane to distinguish between different kinds of natural and human-related emission sources.
John Ericksen, Tobias P. Fischer, G. Matthew Fricke, Scott Nowicki, Nemesio M. Pérez, Pedro Hernández Pérez, Eleazar Padrón González, and Melanie E. Moses
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4725–4736, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4725-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4725-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Volcanic eruptions emit significant quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere. We present a new method for directly determining the CO2 emission from a volcanic eruption on the island of La Palma, Spain, using an unpiloted aerial vehicle (UAV). We also collected samples of the emitted CO2 and analyzed their isotopic composition. Together with the emission rate the isotopic data provide valuable information on the state of volcanic activity and the potential evolution of the eruption.
László Haszpra
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4629–4647, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4629-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4629-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The paper evaluates a 30-year-long atmospheric CO2 data series from a mid-continental central European site, Hegyhátsál (HUN). It presents the site-specific features observed in the long-term evolution of the atmospheric CO2 concentration. Since the measurement data are widely used in atmospheric inverse models and budget calculations all around the world, the paper provides potentially valuable information for model tuning and interpretation of the model results.
Mathieu Casado, Amaelle Landais, Tim Stoltmann, Justin Chaillot, Mathieu Daëron, Fréderic Prié, Baptiste Bordet, and Samir Kassi
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4599–4612, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4599-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4599-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Measuring water isotopic composition in Antarctica is difficult because of the extremely cold temperature in winter. Here, we designed a new infrared spectrometer able to measure the vapour isotopic composition during more than 95 % of the year in the coldest locations of Antarctica, whereas current commercial instruments are only able to measure during the warm summer months in the interior.
Jean-Louis Bonne, Ludovic Donnat, Grégory Albora, Jérémie Burgalat, Nicolas Chauvin, Delphine Combaz, Julien Cousin, Thomas Decarpenterie, Olivier Duclaux, Nicolas Dumelié, Nicolas Galas, Catherine Juery, Florian Parent, Florent Pineau, Abel Maunoury, Olivier Ventre, Marie-France Bénassy, and Lilian Joly
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4471–4491, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4471-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4471-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a top-down approach to quantify CO2 and CH4 emissions at the scale of an industrial site, based on a mass balance model relying on atmospheric concentrations measurements from a new sensor embarked on board uncrewed aircraft vehicles (UAVs). We present a laboratory characterization of our sensor and a field validation of our quantification method, together with field application to the monitoring of two real-world offshore oil and gas platforms.
Cort L. Zang and Megan D. Willis
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1738, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1738, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric chemistry of the diverse pool of reactive organic carbon (ROC; all organic species excluding methane) controls air quality, both indoor and outdoors, and influences Earth's climate. However, many important ROC compounds in the atmosphere are difficult to measure. We demonstrate measurement of diverse ROC compounds in a single instrument at a forested site. This approach can improve our ability to measure a broad range of atmospheric ROC.
Rodrigo Rivera-Martinez, Pramod Kumar, Olivier Laurent, Gregoire Broquet, Christopher Caldow, Ford Cropley, Diego Santaren, Adil Shah, Cécile Mallet, Michel Ramonet, Leonard Rivier, Catherine Juery, Olivier Duclaux, Caroline Bouchet, Elisa Allegrini, Hervé Utard, and Philippe Ciais
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4257–4290, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4257-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4257-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We explore the use of metal oxide semiconductors (MOSs) as a low-cost alternative for detecting and measuring CH4 emissions from industrial facilities. MOSs were exposed to several controlled releases to test their accuracy in detecting and quantifying emissions. Two reconstruction models were compared, and emission estimates were computed using a Gaussian dispersion model. Findings show that MOSs can provide accurate emission estimates with a 25 % emission rate error and a 9.5 m location error.
Inge Wiekenkamp, Anna Katharina Lehmann, Alexander Bütow, Jörg Hartmann, Stefan Metzger, Thomas Ruhtz, Christian Wille, Mathias Zöllner, and Torsten Sachs
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1586, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1586, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Airborne eddy covariance platforms are crucial, as they measure the three-dimension wind, and turbulent transport of matter and energy between the surface and the atmosphere at larger scales. In this study we introduce the new ASK-16 eddy covariance platform that is able to accurately measure turbulent fluxes and wind vectors. Data from this platform can help to build bridges between local tower measurements and regional remote sensing fluxes or inversion products.
Zihan Zhu, Javier González-Rocha, Yifan Ding, Isis Frausto-Vicencio, Sajjan Heerah, Akula Venkatram, Manvendra Dubey, Don Collins, and Francesca M. Hopkins
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3883–3895, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3883-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3883-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Increases in agriculture, oil and gas, and waste management activities have contributed to the increase in atmospheric methane levels and resultant climate warming. In this paper, we explore the use of small uncrewed aircraft systems (sUASs) and AirCore technology to detect and quantify methane emissions. Results from field experiments demonstrate that sUASs and AirCore technology can be effective for detecting and quantifying methane emissions in near real time.
Sebastian Diez, Stuart Lacy, Hugh Coe, Josefina Urquiza, Max Priestman, Michael Flynn, Nicholas Marsden, Nicholas A. Martin, Stefan Gillott, Thomas Bannan, and Pete M. Edwards
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3809–3827, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3809-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3809-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we present an overview of the QUANT project, which to our knowledge is one of the largest evaluations of commercial sensors to date. The objective was to evaluate the performance of a range of commercial products and also to nourish the different applications in which these technologies can offer relevant information.
Linda Ort, Lenard Lukas Röder, Uwe Parchatka, Rainer Königstedt, Daniel Crowley, Frank Kunz, Ralf Wittkowski, Jos Lelieveld, and Horst Fischer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3553–3565, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3553-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3553-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Airborne in situ measurements are of great importance to collect valuable data to improve our knowledge of the atmosphere but also present challenges which demand specific designs. This study presents an IR spectrometer for airborne trace-gas measurements with high data efficiency and a simple, compact design. Its in-flight performance is characterized with the help of a test flight and a comparison with another spectrometer. Moreover, results from its first campaign highlight its benefits.
Roger Curcoll, Claudia Grossi, Stefan Röttger, and Arturo Vargas
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3047–3065, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3047-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3047-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a new user-friendly version of the Atmospheric Radon MONitor (ARMON). The efficiency of the instrument is of 0.0057 s-1, obtained using different techniques at Spanish and German chambers. The total calculated uncertainty of the ARMON for hourly radon concentrations above 5 Bq m-3 is lower than 10 % (k = 1). Results confirm that the ARMON is suitable to measure low-level radon activity concentrations and to be used as a transfer standard to calibrate in situ radon monitors.
Josie K. Radtke, Benjamin N. Kies, Whitney A. Mottishaw, Sydney M. Zeuli, Aidan T. H. Voon, Kelly L. Koerber, Grant W. Petty, Michael P. Vermeuel, Timothy H. Bertram, Ankur R. Desai, Joseph P. Hupy, R. Bradley Pierce, Timothy J. Wagner, and Patricia A. Cleary
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2833–2847, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2833-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2833-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The use of uncrewed aircraft systems (UASs) to conduct a vertical profiling of ozone and meteorological variables was evaluated using comparisons between tower or ground observations and UAS-based measurements. Changes to the UAS profiler showed an improvement in performance. The profiler was used to see the impact of Chicago pollution plumes on a shoreline area near Lake Michigan.
Takuji Sugidachi, Masatomo Fujiwara, Kensaku Shimizu, Shin-Ya Ogino, Junko Suzuki, and Ruud J. Dirksen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-635, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-635, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A Peltier-based chilled-mirror hygrometer, SKYDEW, has been developed to measure tropospheric and stratospheric water vapor. Continuous accurate measurements of water vapor are essential for climate monitoring. More than 40 soundings with SKYDEW have been conducted since 2011 to evaluate the performance. The result of soundings at tropical and mid-latitudes demonstrated that SKYDEW is able to measure up to an altitude of 20–25 km for daytime soundings and above 25 km for nighttime soundings.
Chen-Wei Liang and Chang-Hung Shen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2671–2686, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2671-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2671-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In the present study, a UAV platform with sensing and sampling systems was developed for 3D air pollutant concentration measurements. The sensing system of this platform contains multiple microsensors and IoT technologies for obtaining the real-time 3D distributions of critical air pollutants. The sampling system contains gas sampling sets and a 1 L Tedlar bag instead of a canister for the 3D measurement of VOC concentrations in accordance with the TO-15 method of the US EPA.
Daniel Furuta, Bruce Wilson, Albert A. Presto, and Jiayu Li
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2103–2121, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2103-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2103-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Methane is an important driver of climate change and is challenging to inexpensively sense in low atmospheric concentrations. We developed a low-cost sensor to monitor methane and tested it in indoor and outdoor settings. Our device shows promise for monitoring low levels of methane. We characterize its limitations and suggest future research directions for further development.
Audrey J. Dang, Nathan M. Kreisberg, Tyler L. Cargill, Jhao-Hong Chen, Sydney Hornitschek, Remy Hutheesing, Jay R. Turner, and Brent J. Williams
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2067–2087, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2067-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2067-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Multichannel Organics In situ enviRonmental Analyzer (MOIRA) is a new instrument for measuring speciated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air and has been developed for mapping concentrations from a hybrid car. MOIRA is characterized in the lab and pilot field studies of indoor air in a single-family residence and outdoor air during a mobile deployment. Future applications include indoor, outdoor, and lab measurements to grasp the impact of VOCs on air quality, health, and climate.
Asher P. Mouat, Zelda A. Siegel, and Jennifer Kaiser
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1979–1994, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1979-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1979-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Three fast-measurement formaldehyde monitors were deployed at two field sites in Atlanta, GA, over 1 year. Four different zeroing methods were tested to develop an optimal field setup as well as procedures for instrument calibration. Observations agreed well after calibration but were much higher compared to the TO-11A monitoring method, which is the golden standard. Historical HCHO concentrations were compared with measurements in this work, showing a 22 % reduction in midday HCHO since 1999.
Da Yang, Margarita Reza, Roy Mauldin, Rainer Volkamer, and Suresh Dhaniyala
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1463–1474, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1463-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1463-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper evaluates the performance of an aircraft gas inlet. Here, we use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and experiments to demonstrate the role of turbulence in determining sampling performance of a gas inlet and identify ideal conditions for inlet operation to minimize gas loss. Experiments conducted in a high-speed wind tunnel under near-aircraft speeds validated numerical results. We believe that the results obtained from this work will greatly inform future gas inlet studies.
Reena Macagga, Michael Asante, Geoffroy Sossa, Danica Antonijević, Maren Dubbert, and Mathias Hoffmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1317–1332, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1317-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1317-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using only low-cost microcontrollers and sensors, we constructed a measurement device to accurately and precisely obtain atmospheric carbon dioxide and water fluxes. The device was tested against known concentration increases and high-cost, commercial sensors during a laboratory and field experiment. We additionally tested the device over a longer period in a field study in Ghana during which the net ecosystem carbon balance and water use efficiency of maize cultivation were studied.
Matthew M. Coggon, Chelsea E. Stockwell, Megan S. Claflin, Eva Y. Pfannerstill, Lu Xu, Jessica B. Gilman, Julia Marcantonio, Cong Cao, Kelvin Bates, Georgios I. Gkatzelis, Aaron Lamplugh, Erin F. Katz, Caleb Arata, Eric C. Apel, Rebecca S. Hornbrook, Felix Piel, Francesca Majluf, Donald R. Blake, Armin Wisthaler, Manjula Canagaratna, Brian M. Lerner, Allen H. Goldstein, John E. Mak, and Carsten Warneke
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 801–825, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-801-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-801-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mass spectrometry is a tool commonly used to measure air pollutants. This study evaluates measurement artifacts produced in the proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer. We provide methods to correct these biases and better measure compounds that degrade air quality.
Tianran Han, Conghui Xie, Yayong Liu, Yanrong Yang, Yuheng Zhang, Yufei Huang, Xiangyu Gao, Xiaohua Zhang, Fangmin Bao, and Shao-Meng Li
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 677–691, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-677-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-677-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study reported an integrated UAV measurement platform for GHG monitoring and its application for emission quantification from a coking plant. The key element of this system is a newly designed air sampler, consisting of a 150 m long tube with remote-controlled time stamping. When comparing the top-down results to those derived from the bottom-up inventory method, the present findings indicate that the use of IPCC emission factors for emission calculations can lead to overestimation.
Yuening Li, Faqiang Zhan, Yushan Su, Ying Duan Lei, Chubashini Shunthirasingham, Zilin Zhou, Jonathan P. D. Abbatt, Hayley Hung, and Frank Wania
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 715–729, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-715-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-715-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A simple device for sampling gases from the atmosphere without the help of pumps was calibrated for an important group of hazardous air pollutants called polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). While the sampler appeared to perform well when used for relatively short periods of up to several months, some PACs were lost from the sampler during longer deployments. Sampling rates that can be used to quantitatively interpret the quantities of PACs taken up in the device have been derived.
Jiaxin Li, Kunpeng Zang, Yi Lin, Yuanyuan Chen, Shuo Liu, Shanshan Qiu, Kai Jiang, Xuemei Qing, Haoyu Xiong, Haixiang Hong, Shuangxi Fang, Honghui Xu, and Yujun Jiang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4757–4768, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4757-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4757-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Based on observed data of CO2 and CH4 and meteorological parameters over the Yellow Sea in November 2012 and June 2013, a data process and quality control method was optimized and established to filter the data influenced by multiple factors. Spatial and seasonal variations in CO2 and CH4 mixing ratios were mainly controlled by the East Asian Monsoon, while the influence of air–sea exchange was slight.
Zaneta Hamryszczak, Antonia Hartmann, Dirk Dienhart, Sascha Hafermann, Bettina Brendel, Rainer Königstedt, Uwe Parchatka, Jos Lelieveld, and Horst Fischer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4741–4756, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4741-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4741-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Hydroperoxide measurements improve the understanding of atmospheric oxidation processes. We introduce an instrumental setup for airborne measurements. The aim of the work is the characterization of the measurement method with emphasis on interferences impacting instrumental uncertainty. Technical and physical challenges do not critically impact the instrumental performance. The instrument resolves dynamic processes, such as convective transport, as shown based on the CAFE-Brazil campaign.
James F. Hurley, Alejandra Caceres, Deborah F. McGlynn, Mary E. Tovillo, Suzanne Pinar, Roger Schürch, Ksenia Onufrieva, and Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4681–4692, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4681-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4681-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have a wide range of sources and impacts on environments and human health that make them spatially, temporally, and chemically varied. Current methods lack the ability to collect samples in ways that provide spatial and chemical resolution without complex, costly instrumentation. We describe and validate a low-cost, portable VOC sampler and demonstrate its utility in collecting distributed coordinated samples.
Simone Brunamonti, Manuel Graf, Tobias Bühlmann, Céline Pascale, Ivan Ilak, Lukas Emmenegger, and Béla Tuzson
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4391–4407, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4391-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4391-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The abundance of water vapor (H2O) in the upper atmosphere has a significant impact on the rate of global warming. We developed a new lightweight spectrometer (ALBATROSS) for H2O measurements aboard meteorological balloons. Here, we assess the accuracy and precision of ALBATROSS using metrology-grade reference gases. The results demonstrate the exceptional potential of mid-infrared laser absorption spectroscopy as a new reference method for in situ measurements of H2O in the upper atmosphere.
Roubina Papaconstantinou, Marios Demosthenous, Spyros Bezantakos, Neoclis Hadjigeorgiou, Marinos Costi, Melina Stylianou, Elli Symeou, Chrysanthos Savvides, and George Biskos
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 3313–3329, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3313-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3313-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we investigate the performance of low-cost electrochemical gas sensors. We carried out yearlong measurements at a traffic air quality monitoring station, where the low-cost sensors were collocated with reference instruments and exposed to highly variable environmental conditions with extremely high temperatures and low relative humidity (RH). Sensors provide measurements that exhibit increasing errors and decreasing correlations as temperature increases and RH decreases.
Jianghanyang Li, Bianca C. Baier, Fred Moore, Tim Newberger, Sonja Wolter, Jack Higgs, Geoff Dutton, Eric Hintsa, Bradley Hall, and Colm Sweeney
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 2851–2863, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2851-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2851-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring a suite of trace gases in the stratosphere will help us better understand the stratospheric circulation and its impact on the earth's radiation balance. However, such measurements are rare and usually expensive. We developed an instrument that can measure stratospheric trace gases using a low-cost sampling platform (AirCore). The results showed expected agreement with aircraft measurements, demonstrating this technique provides a low-cost and robust way to observe the stratosphere.
Tara I. Yacovitch, Christoph Dyroff, Joseph R. Roscioli, Conner Daube, J. Barry McManus, and Scott C. Herndon
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1915–1921, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1915-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1915-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ethylene oxide is a toxic, carcinogenic compound used in the medical and bulk sterilization industry. Here we describe a precise and fast laser-based ethylene oxide monitor. We report months-long concentrations at a Massachusetts site, and we show how they suggest a potential emission source 35 km away. This source, and another, is confirmed by driving the instrument downwind of the sites, where concentrations were tens to tens of thousands of times greater than background levels.
Tatsumi Nakano and Takashi Morofuji
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1583–1595, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1583-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1583-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed a system that can automatically measure the pump efficiency of the ECC-type ozonesonde. Operational measurement for 13 years by this system revealed that the efficiency fluctuates in each and slightly increases over time. Those can affect the estimation of total ozone amount by up to 4 %. This result indicates that it is necessary to understand the tendency of the pump correction factor of each ozonesonde in order to detect the actual atmospheric change with high accuracy.
Benjamin Birner, Eric Morgan, and Ralph F. Keeling
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1551–1561, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1551-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1551-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric variations of helium (He) and CO2 are strongly linked due to the co-release of both gases from natural-gas burning. This implies that atmospheric He measurements may be a potentially powerful tool for verifying reported anthropogenic natural-gas usage. Here, we present the development and initial results of a novel measurement system of atmospheric He that paves the way for establishing a global monitoring network in the future.
John W. Halfacre, Jordan Stewart, Scott C. Herndon, Joseph R. Roscioli, Christoph Dyroff, Tara I. Yacovitch, Michael Flynn, Stephen J. Andrews, Steven S. Brown, Patrick R. Veres, and Pete M. Edwards
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1407–1429, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1407-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1407-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study details a new sampling method for the optical detection of hydrogen chloride (HCl). HCl is an important atmospheric reservoir for chlorine atoms, which can affect nitrogen oxide cycling and the lifetimes of volatile organic compounds and ozone. However, HCl has a high affinity for interacting with surfaces, thereby preventing fast, quantitative measurements. The sampling technique in this study minimizes these surface interactions and provides a high-quality measurement of HCl.
Henning Finkenzeller, Denis Pöhler, Martin Horbanski, Johannes Lampel, and Ulrich Platt
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1343–1356, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1343-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1343-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Optical resonators enhance the light path in compact instruments, thereby improving their sensitivity. Determining the established path length in the instrument is a prerequisite for the accurate determination of trace gas concentrations but can be a significant complication in the use of such resonators. Here we show two calibration techniques which are relatively simple and free of consumables but still provide accurate calibrations. This facilitates the use of optical resonators.
Andrew W. Seidl, Harald Sodemann, and Hans Christian Steen-Larsen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 769–790, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-769-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-769-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
It is challenging to make field measurements of stable water isotopes in the Arctic. To this end, we present a modular stable-water-isotope analyzer profiling system. The system operated for a 2-week field campaign on Svalbard during the Arctic winter. We evaluate the system’s performance and analyze any potential impact that the field conditions might have had on the isotopic measurements and the system's ability to resolve isotope gradients in the lowermost layer of the atmosphere.
Daan Swart, Jun Zhang, Shelley van der Graaf, Susanna Rutledge-Jonker, Arjan Hensen, Stijn Berkhout, Pascal Wintjen, René van der Hoff, Marty Haaima, Arnoud Frumau, Pim van den Bulk, Ruben Schulte, Margreet van Zanten, and Thomas van Goethem
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 529–546, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-529-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-529-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
During a 5-week comparison campaign, we tested two set-ups to measure half hourly ammonia fluxes. The eddy covariance and flux gradient systems showed very similar results when the upwind terrain was both homogeneous and free of obstacles. We discuss the technical performance and practical limitations of both systems. Measurements from these instruments can facilitate the study of processes behind ammonia deposition, an important contributor to eutrophication and acidificationin natural areas.
Suding Yang, Xin Li, Limin Zeng, Xuena Yu, Ying Liu, Sihua Lu, Xiaofeng Huang, Dongmei Zhang, Haibin Xu, Shuchen Lin, Hefan Liu, Miao Feng, Danlin Song, Qinwen Tan, Jinhui Cui, Lifan Wang, Ying Chen, Wenjie Wang, Haijiong Sun, Mengdi Song, Liuwei Kong, Yi Liu, Linhui Wei, Xianwu Zhu, and Yuanhang Zhang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 501–512, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-501-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-501-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Vertical observation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is essential to study the spatial distribution and evolution patterns of VOCs in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). This paper describes multi-channel whole-air sampling equipment onboard an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for near-continuous VOC vertical observation. Vertical profiles of VOCs and trace gases during the evolution of the PBL in south-western China have been successfully obtained by deploying the newly developed UAV system.
Tobias Schuldt, Georgios I. Gkatzelis, Christian Wesolek, Franz Rohrer, Benjamin Winter, Thomas A. J. Kuhlbusch, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, and Ralf Tillmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 373–386, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-373-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-373-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We report in situ measurements of air pollutant concentrations within the planetary boundary layer on board a Zeppelin NT in Germany. We highlight the in-flight evaluation of electrochemical sensors that were installed inside a hatch box located on the bottom of the Zeppelin. Results from this work emphasize the potential of these sensors for other in situ airborne applications, e.g., on board unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).
Leigh S. Fleming, Andrew C. Manning, Penelope A. Pickers, Grant L. Forster, and Alex J. Etchells
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 387–401, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-387-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-387-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of atmospheric O2 can help constrain the carbon cycle processes and quantify fossil fuel CO2 emissions; however, measurement of atmospheric O2 is very challenging, and existing analysers are complex systems to build and maintain. We have tested a new O2 analyser (Picarro Inc. G2207-i) in the laboratory and at Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory. We have found that the G2207-i does not perform as well as an existing O2 analyser from Sable Systems Inc.
Siegfried Schobesberger, Emma L. D'Ambro, Lejish Vettikkat, Ben H. Lee, Qiaoyun Peng, David M. Bell, John E. Shilling, Manish Shrivastava, Mikhail Pekour, Jerome Fast, and Joel A. Thornton
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 247–271, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-247-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-247-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new, highly sensitive technique for measuring atmospheric ammonia, an important trace gas that is emitted mainly by agriculture. We deployed the instrument on an aircraft during research flights over rural Oklahoma. Due to its fast response, we could analyze correlations with turbulent winds and calculate ammonia emissions from nearby areas at 1 to 2 km resolution. We observed high spatial variability and point sources that are not resolved in the US National Emissions Inventory.
Birger Bohn and Insa Lohse
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 209–233, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-209-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-209-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Optical receivers for solar spectral actinic radiation are designed for angle-independent sensitivities within a hemisphere. Remaining imperfections can be compensated for by receiver-specific corrections based on laboratory characterizations and radiative transfer calculations of spectral radiance distributions. The corrections cover a wide range of realistic atmospheric conditions and were applied to ground-based and airborne measurements in a wavelength range 280–660 nm.
Teles C. Furlani, RenXi Ye, Jordan Stewart, Leigh R. Crilley, Peter M. Edwards, Tara F. Kahan, and Cora J. Young
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 181–193, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-181-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-181-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study describes a new technique to measure total gaseous chlorine, which is the sum of gas-phase chlorine-containing chemicals. The method converts any chlorine-containing molecule to hydrogen chloride that can be detected in real time using a cavity ring-down spectrometer. The new method was validated through laboratory experiments, as well as by making measurements of ambient outdoor air and indoor air during cleaning with a chlorine-based cleaner.
Cited articles
Baldocchi, D.: Measuring fluxes of trace gases and energy between ecosystems
and the atmosphere – the state and future of the eddy covariance method,
Global Change Biol., 20, 3600–3609, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12649, 2014.
Bland, M. J. and Altman, D. G.: Statistical method for assessing agreement
between two methods of clinical measurement, The Lancet, 327, 307–310,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90837-8, 1986.
Bouwman, A. F., Boumans, L. J. M., and Batjes, N. H.: Emissions of N2O
and NO from fertilized fields: Summary of available measurement data, Global
Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 6–1, 2002.
Brümmer, C., Lyshede, B., Lempio, D., Delorme, J.-P., Rüffer, J. J., Fuß, R., Moffat, A. M., Hurkuck, M., Ibrom, A., Ambus, P., Flessa, H., and Kutsch, W. L.: Gas chromatography vs. quantum cascade laser-based N2O flux measurements using a novel chamber design, Biogeosciences, 14, 1365–1381, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1365-2017, 2017.
Butterbach-Bahl, K., Baggs, E. M., Dannenmann, M., Kiese, R., and
Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S.: Nitrous oxide emissions from soils: how well do
we understand the processes and their controls?, Philos. Trans.
Roy. Soc. London B, 368,
20130122, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0122, 2013.
Cardenas, L. M., Bhogal, A., Chadwick, D. R., McGeough, K., Misselbrook, T.,
Rees, R. M., Thorman, R. E., Watson, C. J., Williams, J. R., Smith, K. A.,
and Calvet, S.: Nitrogen use efficiency and nitrous oxide emissions from five UK fertilised grasslands. Sci. Total Environ. 661, 696–710,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.082, 2019.
Chadwick, D. R., Cardenas, L., Misselbrook, T. H., Smith, K. A., Rees, R.
M., Watson, C. J., McGeough, K. L., Williams, J. R., Cloy, J. M., Thorman,
R. E., and Dhanoa, M. S.: Optimizing chamber methods for measuring nitrous
oxide emissions from plot-based agricultural experiments, Eur. J. Soil Sci.,
65, 295–307, https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12117, 2014.
Christiansen, J. R., Korhonen, J. F. J., Juszczak, R., Giebels, M., and
Pihlatie, M.: Assessing the effects of chamber placement, manual sampling
and headspace mixing on CH4 fluxes in a laboratory experiment, Plant
Soil, 343, 171–185, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0701-y, 2011.
Christiansen, J. R., Outhwaite, J., and Smukler, S. M.: Comparison of
CO2, CH4 and N2O soil-atmosphere exchange measured in static
chambers with cavity ring-down spectroscopy and gas chromatography, Agr.
Forest Meteorol., 211–212, 48–57,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.06.004, 2015.
Cowan, N., Levy, P., Maire, J., Coyle, M., Leeson, S. R., Famulari, D.,
Carozzi, M., Nemitz, E., and Skiba, U.: An evaluation of four years of
nitrous oxide fluxes after application of ammonium nitrate and urea
fertilisers measured using the eddy covariance method, Agr. Forest
Meteorol., 280, 107812, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.107812,
2020.
Cowan, N. J., Famulari, D., Levy, P. E., Anderson, M., Bell, M. J., Rees, R.
M., Reay, D. S., and Skiba, U. M.: An improved method for measuring soil
N2O fluxes using a quantum cascade laser with a dynamic chamber, Eur.
J. Soil Sci., 65, 643–652, https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12168, 2014.
Curl, R. F., Capasso, F., Gmachl, C., Kosterev, A. A., McManus, B., Lewicki,
R., Pusharsky, M., Wysocki, G., and Tittel, F. K.: Quantum cascade lasers in
chemical physics, Chem. Phys. Lett., 487, 1–18,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2009.12.073, 2010.
de Klein, C. A. M., Barton, L., Sherlock, R. R., Li, Z., and Littlejohn, R.
P.: Estimating a nitrous oxide emission factor for animal urine from some
New Zealand pastoral soils, Aust. J. Soil Res., 41, 381–399,
https://doi.org/10.1071/SR02128, 2003.
de Klein, C. A. M., Harvey, M. J., Clough, T., Rochette, P., Kelliher, F.,
Venetera, R., Alfaro, M., and Chadwick, D.: Nitrous Oxide Chamber
Methodology Guidelines. Version 1.1, Ministry of Primary Industries,
Wellington, 146, 2015.
Denmead, O.: Approaches to measuring fluxes of methane and nitrous oxide
between landscapes and the atmosphere, Plant Soil, 309, 5–24,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-008-9599-z, 2008.
Erisman, J. W., Galloway, J. N., Seitzinger, S., Bleeker, A., Dise, N. B.,
Petrescu, A. M. R., Leach, A. M., and de Vries, W.: Consequences of human modification of the global nitrogen cycle, Philos. Trans.
Roy. Soc. B, 368, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0116, 2013.
Faust, D. R. and Liebig, M. A.: Effects of storage time and temperature on
greenhouse gas samples in Exetainer vials with chlorobutyl septa caps,
MethodsX, 5, 857–864, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2018.06.016, 2018.
Firestone, M. K. and Davidson, E. A.: Microbiological Basis of NO and
N2O Production and Consumption in Soil, in: Exchange of Trace Gases
between Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Atmosphere, edited by: Andreae, M.
O., and Schmimmel, D. S., John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 7–21, 1989.
Flechard, C. R., Ambus, P., Skiba, U., Rees, R. M., Hensen, A., van Amstel,
A., van Den Pol-van Dasselaar, A., Soussana, J. F., Jones, M.,
Clifton-Brown, J., Raschi, A., Horvath, L., Neftel, A., Jocher, M., Ammann,
C., Leifeld, J., Fuhrer, J., Calanca, P., Thalman, E., Pilegaard, K., Di
Marco, C., Campbell, C., Nemitz, E., Hargreaves, K. J., Levy, P. E., Ball,
B. C., Jones, S. K., van de Bulk, W. C. M., Groot, T., Blom, M., Domingues,
R., Kasper, G., Allard, V., Ceschia, E., Cellier, P., Laville, P., Henault,
C., Bizouard, F., Abdalla, M., Williams, M., Baronti, S., Berretti, F., and
Grosz, B.: Effects of climate and management intensity on nitrous oxide
emissions in grassland systems across Europe, Agr. Ecosyst.
Environ., 121, 135–152, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.024, 2007.
Giavarina, D.: Understanding Bland Altman analysis, Biochem. Medica, 25,
141–151, https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2015.015, 2015.
Hewitt, A. E.: New Zealand Soil Classification, 2nd Edn.,
Manaaki-Whenua Press, Lincoln, New Zealand, 2010.
Hutchinson, G. L. and Mosier, A. R.: Improved Soil Cover Method for Field
Measurement of Nitrous Oxide Fluxes1, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 45, 311–316,
https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1981.03615995004500020017x, 1981.
IPCC: Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing, in: Climate Change 2013:
The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth
Assessment Report of the Intergovenmental Panel on Climate Change., edited
by: Myhre, G., Shindell, D., Breon, F.-M., Collins, W., Fuglestvedt, J.,
Huang, J., Koch, D., Lamarque, J.-F., Lee, D., Mendoza, B., Nakajima, T.,
Robock, A., Stephens, G., Takemura, T., Zhang, H., Jacob, D., Ravishankara,
A. R., and Shine, K. P., Cambidge UK and New York, NY, USA, 659–740, 2013.
Jones, S. K., Famulari, D., Di Marco, C. F., Nemitz, E., Skiba, U. M., Rees, R. M., and Sutton, M. A.: Nitrous oxide emissions from managed grassland: a comparison of eddy covariance and static chamber measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 2179–2194, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-2179-2011, 2011.
Jones, S. K., Rees, R. M., Skiba, U. M., and Ball, B. C.: Influence of
organic and mineral N fertiliser on N2O fluxes from a temperate
grassland, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 121, 74–83,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.006, 2007.
Kroon, P., Hensen, A., Bulk, W., Jongejan, P., and Vermeulen, A.: The
importance of reducing the systematic error due to non-linearity in N2O
flux measurements by static chambers, Nutr. Cycling Agroecosyst., 82,
175–186, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-008-9179-x, 2008.
Lammirato, C., Lebender, U., Tierling, J., and Lammel, J.: Analysis of
uncertainty for N2O fluxes measured with the closed-chamber method
under field conditions: Calculation method, detection limit, and spatial
variability, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 181, 78–89, https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201600499,
2018.
Lebegue, B., Schmidt, M., Ramonet, M., Wastine, B., Yver Kwok, C., Laurent, O., Belviso, S., Guemri, A., Philippon, C., Smith, J., and Conil, S.: Comparison of nitrous oxide (N2O) analyzers for high-precision measurements of atmospheric mole fractions, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 1221–1238, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-1221-2016, 2016.
Liáng, L. L., Campbell, D. I., Wall, A. M., and Schipper, L. A.: Nitrous
oxide fluxes determined by continuous eddy covariance measurements from
intensively grazed pastures: Temporal patterns and environmental controls,
Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 268, 171–180,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2018.09.010, 2018.
Lundegard, H.: Carbon dioxide evolution of soil and crop growth, Soil
Sci., 23, 417–453, 1927.
Luo, J., Ledgard, S. F., and Lindsey, S. B.: Nitrous oxide emissions from
application of urea on New Zealand pasture, N. Z. J. Agric. Res., 50, 1–11,
https://doi.org/10.1080/00288230709510277, 2007.
Luo, J., Ledgard, S., Klein, C., Lindsey, S., and Kear, M.: Effects of dairy
farming intensification on nitrous oxide emissions, Plant Soil, 309,
227–237, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-007-9444-9, 2008a.
Luo, J., Lindsey, S., and Ledgard, S.: Nitrous oxide emissions from animal
urine application on a New Zealand pasture, Biol. Fertil. Soils, 44,
463–470, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-007-0228-4, 2008b.
Luo, J., Wyatt, J., van der Weerden, T. J., Thomas, S. M., de Klein, C. A.
M., Li, Y., Rollo, M., Lindsey, S., Ledgard, S. F., Li, J., Ding, W., Qin,
S., Zhang, N., Bolan, N. S., Kirkham, M. B., Bai, Z., Ma, L., Zhang, X.,
Wang, H., Liu, H., and Rys, G.: Potential Hotspot Areas of Nitrous Oxide
Emissions From Grazed Pastoral Dairy Farm Systems, Adv. Agro.,
145, 205–268, https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2017.05.006, 2017.
Mulvaney, R. L.: Extraction of exchangeable ammonium, nitrate and nitrite,
in: Methods of soil analysis Part 3: chemical methods, edited by: Sparks, D.
L., Page, A. L., Helmke, P. A., and Loeppert, R. H., 5.3, Soil Sci.
Soc. Am., American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, 1129–1131,
1996.
Neftel, A., Flechard, C., Ammann, C., Conen, F., Emmenegger, L., and Zeyer,
K.: Experimental assessment of N2O background fluxes in grassland
systems, Tellus B, 59, 470–482,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00273.x, 2007.
Nelson, D. D., McManus, B., Urbanski, S., Herndon, S., and Zahniser, M. S.:
High precision measurements of atmospheric nitrous oxide and methane using
thermoelectrically cooled mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers and detectors,
Spectrochim. Acta, Part A, 60, 3325–3335,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2004.01.033, 2004.
Nemitz, E., Mammarella, I., Ibrom, A., Aurela, M., Burba, G., Dengel, S.,
Gielen, B., Grelle, A., Heinesch, B., Herbst, M., Hörtnagl, L.,
Klemedtsson, L., Lindroth, A., Lohila, A., McDermitt, K. D., Meier, P.,
Merbold, L., Nelson, D., Nicolini, G., and Zahniser, M.: Standardisation of
eddy-covariance flux measurements of methane and nitrous oxide, Int. Agrophys., 32, 517–549,
https://doi.org/10.1515/intag-2017-0042, 2018.
Nicolini, G., Castaldi, S., Fratini, G., and Valentini, R.: A literature
overview of micrometeorological CH4 and N2O flux measurements in
terrestrial ecosystems, Atmos. Environ., 81, 311–319,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.09.030, 2013.
NIWA: National Climate Database, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric
Research, available at: http://cliflo.niwa.co.nz/ (last access: 4 September 2020), 2018.
Parkin, T. B. and Venterea, R. T.: USDA-ARS GRACEnet Project Protocols Sampling Protocols. Chamber-Based Trace Gas Flux Measurements, in: Sampling Protocols, edited by: Follett, R. F., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Laboratory for Agriculture & the Environment, Ames, IA, St. Paul, MN, 3.1–3.39, chapter 3, available at: https://www.ars.usda.gov/natural-resources-and-sustainable-agricultural-systems/soil-and-air/docs/gracenet-sampling-protocols/, last access: 28 October 2010.
Parkin, T. B., Venterea, R. T., and Hargreaves, S. K.: Calculating the
Detection Limits of Chamber-based Soil Greenhouse Gas Flux Measurements, J.
Environ. Qual., 41, 705–715, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0394, 2012.
Patterson, S. and Jones, B.: Interdisciplinary statistics. Bioequivalence
and statistics in clinical pharmacology, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca
Raton, FL, 2006.
Pavelka, M., Acosta, M., Kiese, R., Altimir, N., Bruemmer, C., Crill, P.,
Darenova, E., Fuß, R., Gielen, B., Graf, A., Klemedtsson, L., Lohila,
A., Longdoz, B., Lindroth, A., Nilsson, M., Marañón-Jiménez, S.,
Merbold, L., Montagnani, L., Peichl, M., and Kutsch, W. L.: Standardisation
of chamber technique for CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes measurements
from terrestrial ecosystems, Int. Agrophys., 32, 569–587,
https://doi.org/10.1515/intag-2017-0045, 2018.
Rani, S. and Pargal, A.: Bioequivalence: An overview of statistical
concepts, Indian J. Pharm., 36, 209–216, 2004.
Rannik, Ü., Haapanala, S., Shurpali, N. J., Mammarella, I., Lind, S., Hyvönen, N., Peltola, O., Zahniser, M., Martikainen, P. J., and Vesala, T.: Intercomparison of fast response commercial gas analysers for nitrous oxide flux measurements under field conditions, Biogeosciences, 12, 415–432, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-415-2015, 2015.
Rapson, T. D. and Dacres, H.: Analytical techniques for measuring nitrous
oxide, “TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem.”, 54, 65–74,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2013.11.004, 2014.
Ravishankara, J. S., Daniel, R. W., and Portmann, R. W.: Nitrous oxide
(N2O): The dominant ozone-depleting substance emitted in the 21st century,
Science, 326, 123–125, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1176985, 2009.
Reay, D. S., Davidson, E. A., Smith, K. A., Smith, P., Melillo, J. M.,
Dentener, F., and Crutzen, P. J.: Global agriculture and nitrous oxide
emissions, Nat. Clim. Change, 2, 410–416, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1458,
2012.
Rees, R. M., Augustin, J., Alberti, G., Ball, B. C., Boeckx, P., Cantarel, A., Castaldi, S., Chirinda, N., Chojnicki, B., Giebels, M., Gordon, H., Grosz, B., Horvath, L., Juszczak, R., Kasimir Klemedtsson, Å., Klemedtsson, L., Medinets, S., Machon, A., Mapanda, F., Nyamangara, J., Olesen, J. E., Reay, D. S., Sanchez, L., Sanz Cobena, A., Smith, K. A., Sowerby, A., Sommer, M., Soussana, J. F., Stenberg, M., Topp, C. F. E., van Cleemput, O., Vallejo, A., Watson, C. A., and Wuta, M.: Nitrous oxide emissions from European agriculture – an analysis of variability and drivers of emissions from field experiments, Biogeosciences, 10, 2671–2682, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2671-2013, 2013.
Ring, A., Lang, B., Kazaroho, C., Labes, D., Schall, R., and Schütz, H.:
Sample size determination in bioequivalence studies using statistical
assurance, Brit. J. Clin. Pharmaco., 85, 2369–2377,
https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.14055, 2019.
Rochette, P. and Bertrand, N.: Soil air sample storage and handling using
polypropylene syringes and glass vials, Can. J. Soil Sci., 83, 631–637,
https://doi.org/10.4141/S03-015, 2003.
Rochette, P. and Eriksen-Hamel, N.: Chamber Measurements of Soil Nitrous
Oxide Flux: Are Absolute Values Reliable?, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 72,
331–342, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2007.0215, 2008.
Rochette, P.: Towards a standard non-steady-state chamber methodology for
measuring soil N2O emissions, Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 166, 141–146,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.063, 2011.
Rosenstock, T. S., Diaz-Pines, E., Zuazo, P., Jordan, G., Predotova, M.,
Mutuo, P., Abwanda, S., Thiong'o, M., Buerkert, A., Rufino, M. C., Kiese,
R., Neufeldt, H., and Butterbach-Bahl, K.: Accuracy and precision of
photoacoustic spectroscopy not guaranteed, Global Change Biol., 19,
3565–3567, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12332, 2013.
Savage, K., Phillips, R., and Davidson, E.: High temporal frequency measurements of greenhouse gas emissions from soils, Biogeosciences, 11, 2709–2720, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2709-2014, 2014.
Selbie, D. R., Buckthought, L. E., and Shepherd, M. A.: Chapter Four – The
Challenge of the Urine Patch for Managing Nitrogen in Grazed Pasture
Systems, Adv. Agron., 129, 229–292,
https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2014.09.004, 2015.
Tallec, T., Brut, A., Joly, L., Dumelié, N., Serça, D., Mordelet,
P., Claverie, N., Legain, D., Barrié, J., Decarpenterie, T., Cousin, J.,
Zawilski, B., Ceschia, E., Guérin, F., and Le Dantec, V.: N2O flux
measurements over an irrigated maize crop: A comparison of three methods,
Agr. Forest. Meteorol., 264, 56–72,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.09.017, 2019.
Thompson, R. L., Lassaletta, L., Patra, P. K., Wilson, C., Wells, K. C.,
Gressent, A., Koffi, E. N., Chipperfield, M. P., Winiwarter, W., Davidson,
E. A., Tian, H., and Canadell, J. G.: Acceleration of global N2O
emissions seen from two decades of atmospheric inversion, Nat. Clim.
Change, 9, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0613-7, 2019.
van der Laan, S., Neubert, R. E. M., and Meijer, H. A. J.: A single gas chromatograph for accurate atmospheric mixing ratio measurements of CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6 and CO, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2, 549–559, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2-549-2009, 2009.
van der Weerden, T. J., Luo, J., de Klein, C. A. M., Hoogendoorn, C. J.,
Littlejohn, R. P., and Rys, G. J.: Disaggregating nitrous oxide emission
factors for ruminant urine and dung deposited onto pastoral soils,
Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 141, 426–436,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.04.007, 2011.
van der Weerden, T. J., Clough, T. J., and Styles, T. M.: Using
near-continuous measurements of N2O emission from urine-affected soil
to guide manual gas sampling regimes, N. Z. J. Agric. Res., 56, 60–76,
https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2012.747548, 2013.
Velthof, G. L., Jarvis, S. C., Stein, A., Allen, A. G., and Oenema, O.:
Spatial variability of nitrous oxide fluxes in mown and grazed grasslands on
a poorly drained clay soil, Soil Biol. Biochem., 28, 1215–1225,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(96)00129-0, 1996.
Wecking, A. R., Wall, A. M., Liáng, L. L., Lindsey, S. B., Luo, J.,
Campbell, D. I., and Schipper, L. A.: Reconciling annual nitrous oxide
emissions of an intensively grazed dairy pasture determined by eddy
covariance and emission factors, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ.,
287, 106646, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2019.106646, 2020a.
Wecking, A. R., Cave, V. M., Liáng, L. L., Wall, A. M., Luo, J., Campbell, D. I., and Schipper, L. A.: Dataset for “A novel injection
technique: using a field-based quantum cascade laser for the analysis of gas
samples derived from static chamber”, University of Waikato, available at: https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/handle/10289/13539, last access: 4 September 2020b.
Westlake, W. J.: Bioavailability and bioequivalence of pharmaceutical
formulations, in: Biopharmaceutical Statistics for Drug Development, edited
by: Peace, K. E., Marcel Dekker, New York, 329–352, 1988.
Zellweger, C., Steinbrecher, R., Laurent, O., Lee, H., Kim, S., Emmenegger, L., Steinbacher, M., and Buchmann, B.: Recent advances in measurement techniques for atmospheric carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide observations, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 5863–5878, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-5863-2019, 2019.
Short summary
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a relevant greenhouse gas emitted from soils to the atmosphere. Human activities, e.g. intensive farming, have contributed to the increase in atmospheric N2O concentrations with time. Therefore, measurements of N2O are crucial to understanding climate change. Our study developed a new technique that enables N2O measurement at small (point) and large (paddock) scales by using a single analyser. Using this new method will accelerate and advance N2O measurements in future.
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a relevant greenhouse gas emitted from soils to the atmosphere. Human...
