Articles | Volume 17, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1979-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1979-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
08 Apr 2024
Research article |
| 08 Apr 2024
| 08 Apr 2024
Evaluation of Aeris mid-infrared absorption (MIRA), Picarro CRDS (cavity ring-down spectroscopy) G2307, and dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)-based sampling for long-term formaldehyde monitoring efforts
Asher P. Mouat
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
Zelda A. Siegel
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
Jennifer Kaiser
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
Related authors
Jhonathan Ramirez-Gamboa, Clare Paton-Walsh, Melita Keywood, Ruhi Humphries, Asher Mouat, Jennifer Kaiser, Malcom Possell, Jack Simmons, and Travis Naylor
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 9937–9955, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9937-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9937-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Tiny air particles (aerosols) influence clouds, sunlight, and air chemistry. Our study examined how these particles form in a plant-rich region of Southeast Australia. We found frequent new particle formation (NPF) events, often linked to pollution plumes. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from plants and other factors influence NPF and aerosol growth. Nighttime NPF requires further study. Overall, plant emissions play a key role in aerosol formation in this region.
T. Nash Skipper, Emma L. D'Ambro, Forwood C. Wiser, V. Faye McNeill, Rebecca H. Schwantes, Barron H. Henderson, Ivan R. Piletic, Colleen B. Baublitz, Jesse O. Bash, Andrew R. Whitehill, Lukas C. Valin, Asher P. Mouat, Jennifer Kaiser, Glenn M. Wolfe, Jason M. St. Clair, Thomas F. Hanisco, Alan Fried, Bryan K. Place, and Havala O.T. Pye
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12903–12924, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12903-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12903-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We develop the Community Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Multiphase Mechanism (CRACMM) version 2 to improve predictions of formaldehyde in ambient air compared to satellite-, aircraft-, and ground-based observations. With the updated chemistry, we estimate the cancer risk from inhalation exposure to ambient formaldehyde across the contiguous USA and predict that 40 % of this risk is controllable through reductions in anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen oxides and reactive organic carbon.
Asher P. Mouat, Clare Paton-Walsh, Jack B. Simmons, Jhonathan Ramirez-Gamboa, David W. T. Griffith, and Jennifer Kaiser
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11033–11047, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11033-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11033-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We examine emissions of volatile organic compounds from 2020 wildfires in forested regions of Australia (AU). We find that biomass burning in temperate regions of the US and AU emit similar species in similar proportion, both in natural and lab settings. This suggests studies of wildfires in one region may be used to help improve air quality models in other parts of the world. We observe time series of ozone and nitrogen dioxide. Last, we look at which compounds contribute most to OH reactivity.
Jhonathan Ramirez-Gamboa, Clare Paton-Walsh, Melita Keywood, Ruhi Humphries, Asher Mouat, Jennifer Kaiser, Malcom Possell, Jack Simmons, and Travis Naylor
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 9937–9955, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9937-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9937-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Tiny air particles (aerosols) influence clouds, sunlight, and air chemistry. Our study examined how these particles form in a plant-rich region of Southeast Australia. We found frequent new particle formation (NPF) events, often linked to pollution plumes. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from plants and other factors influence NPF and aerosol growth. Nighttime NPF requires further study. Overall, plant emissions play a key role in aerosol formation in this region.
T. Nash Skipper, Emma L. D'Ambro, Forwood C. Wiser, V. Faye McNeill, Rebecca H. Schwantes, Barron H. Henderson, Ivan R. Piletic, Colleen B. Baublitz, Jesse O. Bash, Andrew R. Whitehill, Lukas C. Valin, Asher P. Mouat, Jennifer Kaiser, Glenn M. Wolfe, Jason M. St. Clair, Thomas F. Hanisco, Alan Fried, Bryan K. Place, and Havala O.T. Pye
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12903–12924, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12903-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12903-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We develop the Community Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Multiphase Mechanism (CRACMM) version 2 to improve predictions of formaldehyde in ambient air compared to satellite-, aircraft-, and ground-based observations. With the updated chemistry, we estimate the cancer risk from inhalation exposure to ambient formaldehyde across the contiguous USA and predict that 40 % of this risk is controllable through reductions in anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen oxides and reactive organic carbon.
Asher P. Mouat, Clare Paton-Walsh, Jack B. Simmons, Jhonathan Ramirez-Gamboa, David W. T. Griffith, and Jennifer Kaiser
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11033–11047, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11033-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11033-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We examine emissions of volatile organic compounds from 2020 wildfires in forested regions of Australia (AU). We find that biomass burning in temperate regions of the US and AU emit similar species in similar proportion, both in natural and lab settings. This suggests studies of wildfires in one region may be used to help improve air quality models in other parts of the world. We observe time series of ozone and nitrogen dioxide. Last, we look at which compounds contribute most to OH reactivity.
Yilin Chen, Huizhong Shen, Jennifer Kaiser, Yongtao Hu, Shannon L. Capps, Shunliu Zhao, Amir Hakami, Jhih-Shyang Shih, Gertrude K. Pavur, Matthew D. Turner, Daven K. Henze, Jaroslav Resler, Athanasios Nenes, Sergey L. Napelenok, Jesse O. Bash, Kathleen M. Fahey, Gregory R. Carmichael, Tianfeng Chai, Lieven Clarisse, Pierre-François Coheur, Martin Van Damme, and Armistead G. Russell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2067–2082, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2067-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ammonia (NH3) emissions can exert adverse impacts on air quality and ecosystem well-being. NH3 emission inventories are viewed as highly uncertain. Here we optimize the NH3 emission estimates in the US using an air quality model and NH3 measurements from the IASI satellite instruments. The optimized NH3 emissions are much higher than the National Emissions Inventory estimates in April. The optimized NH3 emissions improved model performance when evaluated against independent observation.
Lei Zhu, Gonzalo González Abad, Caroline R. Nowlan, Christopher Chan Miller, Kelly Chance, Eric C. Apel, Joshua P. DiGangi, Alan Fried, Thomas F. Hanisco, Rebecca S. Hornbrook, Lu Hu, Jennifer Kaiser, Frank N. Keutsch, Wade Permar, Jason M. St. Clair, and Glenn M. Wolfe
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12329–12345, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12329-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12329-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We develop a validation platform for satellite HCHO retrievals using in situ observations from 12 aircraft campaigns. The platform offers an alternative way to quickly assess systematic biases in HCHO satellite products over large domains and long periods, facilitating optimization of retrieval settings and the minimization of retrieval biases. Application to the NASA operational HCHO product indicates that relative biases range from −44.5 % to +112.1 % depending on locations and seasons.
Cited articles
Achatz, S., Lörinci, G., Hertkorn, N., Gebefügi, I., and Kettrup, A.: Disturbance of the determination of aldehydes and ketones: Structural elucidation of degradation products derived from the reaction of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) with ozone, Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem., 364, 141–146, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002160051313, 1999.
Allan, D. W.: Statistics of atomic frequency standards, Proc. IEEE, 54, 221–230, 1966.
Alvarado, L. M. A., Richter, A., Vrekoussis, M., Hilboll, A., Kalisz Hedegaard, A. B., Schneising, O., and Burrows, J. P.: Unexpected long-range transport of glyoxal and formaldehyde observed from the Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite during the 2018 Canadian wildfires, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 2057–2072, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2057-2020, 2020.
Bent, J., Wallace, C., Lucic, G., Rella, C., Haffnagle, J., and Baumann, K.: G2307: Traceable calibration of Formaldehyde (H2CO), White Paper, Picarro, Inc., 2023.
Cardenas, L., Brassington, D., Allan, B., Coe, H., Alicke, B., Platt, U., Wilson, K., Plane, J., and Penkett, S.: Intercomparison of formaldehyde measurements in clean and polluted atmospheres, J. Atmos. Chem., 37, 53–80, 2000.
Cazorla, M., Wolfe, G. M., Bailey, S. A., Swanson, A. K., Arkinson, H. L., and Hanisco, T. F.: A new airborne laser-induced fluorescence instrument for in situ detection of formaldehyde throughout the troposphere and lower stratosphere, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 541–552, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-541-2015, 2015.
Coggon, M. M., Gkatzelis, G. I., McDonald, B. C., Gilman, J. B., Schwantes, R. H., Abuhassan, N., Aikin, K. C., Arend, M. F., Berkoff, T. A., and Brown, S. S.: Volatile chemical product emissions enhance ozone and modulate urban chemistry, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 118, e2026653118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2026653118, 2021.
Dasgupta, P. K., Li, J., Zhang, G., Luke, W. T., McClenny, W. A., Stutz, J., and Fried, A.: Summertime ambient formaldehyde in five US metropolitan areas: Nashville, Atlanta, Houston, Philadelphia, and Tampa, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 4767–4783, 2005.
Dugheri, S., Massi, D., Mucci, N., Marrubini, G., Cappelli, G., Speltini, A., Bonferoni, M. C., and Arcangeli, G.: Exposure to airborne formaldehyde: Sampling and analytical methods – A review, Trend. Environ. Anal. Chem., 29, e00116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teac.2021.e00116, 2021.
Duncan, B. N., Lamsal, L. N., Thompson, A. M., Yoshida, Y., Lu, Z., Streets, D. G., Hurwitz, M. M., and Pickering, K. E.: A space-based, high-resolution view of notable changes in urban NOx pollution around the world (2005–2014), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 976–996, 2016.
Dunne, E., Galbally, I. E., Cheng, M., Selleck, P., Molloy, S. B., and Lawson, S. J.: Comparison of VOC measurements made by PTR-MS, adsorbent tubes–GC-FID-MS and DNPH derivatization–HPLC during the Sydney Particle Study, 2012: a contribution to the assessment of uncertainty in routine atmospheric VOC measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 141–159, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-141-2018, 2018.
Fried, A., Walega, J., Weibring, P., Richter, D., Simpson, I. J., Blake, D. R., Blake, N. J., Meinardi, S., Barletta, B., and Hughes, S. C.: Airborne formaldehyde and volatile organic compound measurements over the Daesan petrochemical complex on Korea's northwest coast during the Korea-United States Air Quality studyEstimation of emission fluxes and effects on air quality, Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 8, 121, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2020.121, 2020.
Furdyna, P.: Experiences with Picarro G2307 HCHO Analyzers, New York Department of Environmental Conservation, 1–17, https://www.4cleanair.org/wp-content/uploads/Documents/NY_HCHO_Aug2020Furdyna.pdf (last access: 11 March 2024), 2020.
Glowania, M., Rohrer, F., Dorn, H.-P., Hofzumahaus, A., Holland, F., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Wahner, A., and Fuchs, H.: Comparison of formaldehyde measurements by Hantzsch, CRDS and DOAS in the SAPHIR chamber, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4239–4253, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4239-2021, 2021.
Hak, C., Pundt, I., Trick, S., Kern, C., Platt, U., Dommen, J., Ordóñez, C., Prévôt, A. S. H., Junkermann, W., Astorga-Lloréns, C., Larsen, B. R., Mellqvist, J., Strandberg, A., Yu, Y., Galle, B., Kleffmann, J., Lörzer, J. C., Braathen, G. O., and Volkamer, R.: Intercomparison of four different in-situ techniques for ambient formaldehyde measurements in urban air, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2881–2900, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-2881-2005, 2005.
Hansen, R. F., Griffith, S. M., Dusanter, S., Rickly, P. S., Stevens, P. S., Bertman, S. B., Carroll, M. A., Erickson, M. H., Flynn, J. H., Grossberg, N., Jobson, B. T., Lefer, B. L., and Wallace, H. W.: Measurements of total hydroxyl radical reactivity during CABINEX 2009 – Part 1: field measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 2923–2937, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2923-2014, 2014.
Herndon, S. C., Zahniser, M. S., Nelson Jr, D. D., Shorter, J., McManus, J. B., Jiménez, R., Warneke, C., and De Gouw, J. A.: Airborne measurements of HCHO and HCOOH during the New England Air Quality Study 2004 using a pulsed quantum cascade laser spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D10S03, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007600, 2007.
Herrington, J. S. and Hays, M. D.: Concerns regarding 24-h sampling for formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein using 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)-coated solid sorbents, Atmos. Environ., 55, 179–184, 2012.
Ho, S. S. H., Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Ip, H. S. S., Ho, K. F., Dai, W. T., and Cao, J.: Biases in ketone measurements using DNPH-coated solid sorbent cartridges, Anal. Method., 6, 967–974, 2014.
KaiserLab-GeorgiaTech: KaiserLab-GeorgiaTech/long-term-HCHO-monitoring_efforts_datasets: long-term-HCHO-monitoring-efforts-datasets, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10855090, 2023.
Karst, U., Binding, N., Cammann, K., and Witting, U.: Interferences of nitrogen dioxide in the determination of aldehydes and ketones by sampling on 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-coated solid sorbent, Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem., 345, 48–52, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00323325, 1993.
Lin, Y. C., Schwab, J. J., Demerjian, K. L., Bae, M. S., Chen, W. N., Sun, Y., Zhang, Q., Hung, H. M., and Perry, J.: Summertime formaldehyde observations in New York City: Ambient levels, sources and its contribution to HOx radicals, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, D08305, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016504, 2012.
Luecken, D., Napelenok, S., Strum, M., Scheffe, R., and Phillips, S.: Sensitivity of ambient atmospheric formaldehyde and ozone to precursor species and source types across the United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 4668–4675, 2018.
Lui, K. H., Ho, S. S. H., Louie, P. K. K., Chan, C. S., Lee, S. C., Hu, D., Chan, P. W., Lee, J. C. W., and Ho, K. F.: Seasonal behavior of carbonyls and source characterization of formaldehyde (HCHO) in ambient air, Atmos. Environ., 152, 51–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.12.004, 2017.
NASA/LARC/SD/ASDC: NARSTO EPA Supersite (SS) Atlanta 1999 Air Chemistry, Particulate Matter (PM), and Meteorological Data, NASA Langley Atmospheric Science Data Center DAAC [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/ASDCDAAC/NARSTO/0060, 2003.
Parrish, D. D., Ryerson, T. B., Mellqvist, J., Johansson, J., Fried, A., Richter, D., Walega, J. G., Washenfelder, R. A., de Gouw, J. A., Peischl, J., Aikin, K. C., McKeen, S. A., Frost, G. J., Fehsenfeld, F. C., and Herndon, S. C.: Primary and secondary sources of formaldehyde in urban atmospheres: Houston Texas region, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3273–3288, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-3273-2012, 2012.
Pei, J., Han, X., and Lu, Y.: Performance and kinetics of catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde over copper manganese oxide catalyst, Build. Environ., 84, 134–141, 2015.
Scheffe, R. D., Strum, M., Phillips, S. B., Thurman, J., Eyth, A., Fudge, S., Morris, M., Palma, T., and Cook, R.: Hybrid modeling approach to estimate exposures of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) for the national air toxics assessment (NATA), Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 12356–12364, 2016.
Shutter, J. D., Allen, N. T., Hanisco, T. F., Wolfe, G. M., St. Clair, J. M., and Keutsch, F. N.: A new laser-based and ultra-portable gas sensor for indoor and outdoor formaldehyde (HCHO) monitoring, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 6079–6089, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-6079-2019, 2019.
Solomon, P. A., Chameides, W., Weber, R., Middlebrook, A., Kiang, C., Russell, A. G., Butler, A., Turpin, B., Mikel, D., and Scheffe, R.: Overview of the 1999 Atlanta supersite project, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 8413, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001458, 2003.
Souza, M. d. O., Sánchez, B., Fuentes, M., Gilaranz, J., and Canela, M. C.: Analytical validation using a gas mixing system for the determination of gaseous formaldehyde, Anal. Method., 12, 5247–5256, 2020.
Spinei, E., Whitehill, A., Fried, A., Tiefengraber, M., Knepp, T. N., Herndon, S., Herman, J. R., Müller, M., Abuhassan, N., Cede, A., Richter, D., Walega, J., Crawford, J., Szykman, J., Valin, L., Williams, D. J., Long, R., Swap, R. J., Lee, Y., Nowak, N., and Poche, B.: The first evaluation of formaldehyde column observations by improved Pandora spectrometers during the KORUS-AQ field study, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 4943–4961, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4943-2018, 2018.
St. Clair, J. M., Swanson, A. K., Bailey, S. A., and Hanisco, T. F.: CAFE: a new, improved nonresonant laser-induced fluorescence instrument for airborne in situ measurement of formaldehyde, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 4581–4590, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4581-2019, 2019.
Strum, M. and Scheffe, R.: National review of ambient air toxics observations, J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc., 66, 120–133, 2016.
Tang, S., Graham, L., Shen, L., Zhou, X., and Lanni, T.: Simultaneous determination of carbonyls and NO2 in exhausts of heavy-duty diesel trucks and transit buses by HPLC following 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine cartridge collection, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 5968–5976, 2004.
Tonnesen, G. S. and Dennis, R. L.: Analysis of radical propagation efficiency to assess ozone sensitivity to hydrocarbons and NOx: 1. Local indicators of instantaneous odd oxygen production sensitivity, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 9213–9225, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900371, 2000.
Travis, K. R., Jacob, D. J., Fisher, J. A., Kim, P. S., Marais, E. A., Zhu, L., Yu, K., Miller, C. C., Yantosca, R. M., Sulprizio, M. P., Thompson, A. M., Wennberg, P. O., Crounse, J. D., St. Clair, J. M., Cohen, R. C., Laughner, J. L., Dibb, J. E., Hall, S. R., Ullmann, K., Wolfe, G. M., Pollack, I. B., Peischl, J., Neuman, J. A., and Zhou, X.: Why do models overestimate surface ozone in the Southeast United States?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 13561–13577, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13561-2016, 2016.
U.S. EPA: Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air, EPA/625/R-96/010b, 56 pp., https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2019-11/documents/to-11ar.pdf (last access: 11 March 2024), 1999.
Uchiyama, S., Naito, S., Matsumoto, M., Inaba, Y., and Kunugita, N.: Improved measurement of ozone and carbonyls using a dual-bed sampling cartridge containing trans-1, 2-bis (2-pyridyl) ethylene and 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-impregnated silica, Anal. Chem., 81, 6552–6557, 2009.
Vairavamurthy, A., Roberts, J. M., and Newman, L.: Methods for determination of low molecular weight carbonyl compounds in the atmosphere: a review, Atmos. Environ. A, 26, 1965–1993, 1992.
Valin, L., Fiore, A., Chance, K., and González Abad, G.: The role of OH production in interpreting the variability of CH2O columns in the southeast US, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 478–493, 2016.
Wang, P., Holloway, T., Bindl, M., Harkey, M., and De Smedt, I.: Ambient Formaldehyde over the United States from Ground-Based (AQS) and Satellite (OMI) Observations, Remote Sens., 14, 2191, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14092191, 2022.
Warneke, C., de Gouw, J. A., Edwards, P. M., Holloway, J. S., Gilman, J. B., Kuster, W. C., Graus, M., Atlas, E., Blake, D., Gentner, D. R., Goldstein, A. H., Harley, R. A., Alvarez, S., Rappenglueck, B., Trainer, M., and Parrish, D. D.: Photochemical aging of volatile organic compounds in the Los Angeles basin: Weekday-weekend effect, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 5018–5028, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50423, 2013.
Whitehill, A. R., Long, R., Kaushik, S., Szykman, J., Williams, D., Valin, L., Furdyna, P., and Felton, D.: Evaluation of Continuous Formaldehyde Measurements in Ambient Air, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, Abstract #A33G-3207, 2018.
Wisthaler, A., Apel, E. C., Bossmeyer, J., Hansel, A., Junkermann, W., Koppmann, R., Meier, R., Müller, K., Solomon, S. J., Steinbrecher, R., Tillmann, R., and Brauers, T.: Technical Note: Intercomparison of formaldehyde measurements at the atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2189–2200, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2189-2008, 2008.
Wolfe, G. M., Nicely, J. M., St. Clair, J. M., Hanisco, T. F., Liao, J., Oman, L. D., Brune, W. B., Miller, D., Thames, A., and González Abad, G.: Mapping hydroxyl variability throughout the global remote troposphere via synthesis of airborne and satellite formaldehyde observations, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 11171–11180, 2019.
Wu, Y., Nehrir, A. R., Ren, X., Dickerson, R. R., Huang, J., Stratton, P. R., Gronoff, G., Kooi, S. A., Collins, J. E., and Berkoff, T. A.: Synergistic aircraft and ground observations of transported wildfire smoke and its impact on air quality in New York City during the summer 2018 LISTOS campaign, Sci. Total Environ., 773, 145030, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145030, 2021.
Yang, X., Lu, K., Ma, X., Liu, Y., Wang, H., Hu, R., Li, X., Lou, S., Chen, S., and Dong, H.: Observations and modeling of OH and HO2 radicals in Chengdu, China in summer 2019, Sci. Total Environ., 772, 144829, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144829, 2021.
Yokelson, R. J., Goode, J. G., Ward, D. E., Susott, R. A., Babbitt, R. E., Wade, D. D., Bertschi, I., Griffith, D. W., and Hao, W. M.: Emissions of formaldehyde, acetic acid, methanol, and other trace gases from biomass fires in North Carolina measured by airborne Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 30109–30125, 1999.
York, D., Evensen, N. M., Martı́nez, M. L., and De Basabe Delgado, J.: Unified equations for the slope, intercept, and standard errors of the best straight line, Am. J. Phys., 72, 367–375, https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1632486, 2004.
Zeng, P., Lyu, X., Guo, H., Cheng, H., Wang, Z., Liu, X., and Zhang, W.: Spatial variation of sources and photochemistry of formaldehyde in Wuhan, Central China, Atmos. Environ., 214, 116826, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.116826, 2019.
Zhang, H., Li, J., Ying, Q., Guven, B. B., and Olaguer, E. P.: Source apportionment of formaldehyde during TexAQS 2006 using a source-oriented chemical transport model, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 1525–1535, 2013.
Zhu, L., Jacob, D. J., Mickley, L. J., Marais, E. A., Cohan, D. S., Yoshida, Y., Duncan, B. N., Abad, G. G., and Chance, K. V.: Anthropogenic emissions of highly reactive volatile organic compounds in eastern Texas inferred from oversampling of satellite (OMI) measurements of HCHO columns, Environ. Res. Lett., 9, 114004, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/11/114004, 2014.
Zhu, L., Mickley, L. J., Jacob, D. J., Marais, E. A., Sheng, J., Hu, L., Abad, G. G., and Chance, K.: Long-term (2005–2014) trends in formaldehyde (HCHO) columns across North America as seen by the OMI satellite instrument: Evidence of changing emissions of volatile organic compounds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 7079–7086, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073859, 2017a.
Zhu, L., Jacob, D. J., Keutsch, F. N., Mickley, L. J., Scheffe, R., Strum, M., González Abad, G., Chance, K., Yang, K., and Rappenglu'ck, B.: Formaldehyde (HCHO) as a hazardous air pollutant: Mapping surface air concentrations from satellite and inferring cancer risks in the United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 5650–5657, 2017b.
Short summary
Three fast-measurement formaldehyde monitors were deployed at two field sites in Atlanta, GA, over 1 year. Four different zeroing methods were tested to develop an optimal field setup as well as procedures for instrument calibration. Observations agreed well after calibration but were much higher compared to the TO-11A monitoring method, which is the golden standard. Historical HCHO concentrations were compared with measurements in this work, showing a 22 % reduction in midday HCHO since 1999.
Three fast-measurement formaldehyde monitors were deployed at two field sites in Atlanta, GA,...
