Articles | Volume 17, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3237-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3237-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
28 May 2024
Research article |
| 28 May 2024
| 28 May 2024
A lightweight holographic imager for cloud microphysical studies from an untethered balloon
Thomas Edward Chambers
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Physics, Chemistry and Earth Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
Iain Murray Reid
School of Physics, Chemistry and Earth Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
ATRAD Pty. Ltd., 154 Ashley St., Underdale, SA 5032, Australia
Murray Hamilton
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Physics, Chemistry and Earth Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
Related authors
No articles found.
Jianyuan Wang, Na Li, Wen Yi, Xianghui Xue, Iain M. Reid, Jianfei Wu, Hailun Ye, Jian Li, Zonghua Ding, Jinsong Chen, Guozhu Li, Yaoyu Tian, Boyuan Chang, Jiajing Wu, and Lei Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13299–13315, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13299-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13299-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present the impact of quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) disruption events on diurnal tides over the low- and mid-latitude MLT region observed by a meteor radar chain. By using a global atmospheric model and reanalysis data, it is found that the stratospheric QBO winds can affect the mesospheric diurnal tides by modulating the subtropical ozone variability in the upper stratosphere and the interaction between tides and gravity waves in the mesosphere.
Zishun Qiao, Alan Z. Liu, Gunter Stober, Javier Fuentes, Fabio Vargas, Christian L. Adami, and Iain M. Reid
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-126, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-126, 2024
Preprint under review for AMT
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the installation of the Chilean Observation Network De MeteOr Radars (CONDOR) and its initial results. The routine winds are point-to-point comparable to the co-located lidar winds. The retrievals of spatially resolved horizontal wind fields, vertical winds, and temperatures are also facilitated benefiting from the extensive meteor detections. The successful deployment and maintenance of CONDOR provide 24/7 and state-of-the-art wind measurements to the research community.
Qingchen Xu, Iain Murray Reid, Bing Cai, Christian Adami, Zengmao Zhang, Mingliang Zhao, and Wen Li
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2957–2975, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2957-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2957-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To have better understanding of the dynamics of the lower and middle atmosphere, we installed a newly designed dual-frequency radar system that uses 53.8 MHz for near-ground to 20 km wind measurements and 35.0 MHz for 70 to 100 km wind measurements. The initial results show its good performance, along with the analysis of typical winter gravity wave activities.
Wen Yi, Jie Zeng, Xianghui Xue, Iain Reid, Wei Zhong, Jianfei Wu, Tingdi Chen, and Xiankang Dou
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2022-254, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2022-254, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
In recent years, the concept of multistatic meteor radar systems has attracted the attention of the atmospheric radar community, focusing on the MLT region. In this study, we apply a multistatic meteor radar system consisting of a monostatic meteor radar in Mengcheng (33.36° N, 116.49° E) and a remote receiver in Changfeng (31.98° N, 117.22° E) to estimate the two-dimensional horizontal wind field, and the horizontal divergence and relative vorticity of the wind field.
Joel P. Younger, Iain M. Reid, Chris L. Adami, Chris M. Hall, and Masaki Tsutsumi
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5015–5027, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5015-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5015-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A radar in Svalbard usually used to study meteor trails was used to observe a thin icy layer in the upper atmosphere. New methods used the layer to measure wind speed over short periods of time and found that the layer is most reflective within 6.8 ± 3.3° of vertical. Analysis of meteor trail radar echo durations found that the layer may shorten meteor trail echoes, but more data are needed. This study shows new uses for data collected by meteor radars for other purposes.
Wei Zhong, Xianghui Xue, Wen Yi, Iain M. Reid, Tingdi Chen, and Xiankang Dou
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3973–3988, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3973-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3973-2021, 2021
Jianyuan Wang, Wen Yi, Jianfei Wu, Tingdi Chen, Xianghui Xue, Robert A. Vincent, Iain M. Reid, Paulo P. Batista, Ricardo A. Buriti, Toshitaka Tsuda, and Xiankang Dou
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-33, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-33, 2021
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we report the climatology of migrating and non-migrating tides in mesopause winds estimated using multiyear observations from three meteor radars in the southern equatorial region. The results reveal that the climatological patterns of tidal amplitudes by meteor radars is similar to the Climatological Tidal Model of the Thermosphere (CTMT) results and the differences are mainly due to the effect of the stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) event.
Andrew John Spargo, Iain Murray Reid, and Andrew David MacKinnon
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 4791–4812, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4791-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4791-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We simulate the ability of a recently installed multistation meteor detection radar to measure characteristics of turbulence in the Earth's lower ionosphere. After verifying that it performs reasonably well, we use the radar's data to study an interaction between turbulence and tidal effects. We performed the study because no one has yet applied a multistation radar to this problem before and because multistation radars like this are becoming increasingly common worldwide.
Wen Yi, Xianghui Xue, Iain M. Reid, Damian J. Murphy, Chris M. Hall, Masaki Tsutsumi, Baiqi Ning, Guozhu Li, Robert A. Vincent, Jinsong Chen, Jianfei Wu, Tingdi Chen, and Xiankang Dou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 7567–7581, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7567-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7567-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The seasonal variations in the mesopause densities, especially with regard to its global structure, are still unclear. In this study, we report the climatology of the mesopause density estimated using multiyear observations from nine meteor radars from Arctic to Antarctic latitudes. The results reveal a significant AO and SAO in mesopause density, an asymmetry between the two polar regions and evidence of intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs), perhaps associated with the ISOs of the troposphere.
Andrew J. Spargo, Iain M. Reid, Andrew D. MacKinnon, and David A. Holdsworth
Ann. Geophys., 35, 733–750, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-733-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-733-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Measuring the momentum transport due to gravity waves in the 80–100 km region is important for improving our understanding of the middle atmosphere, but it is still difficult to do at useful spatial scales. Here, we measure it using a method that has not been applied to the problem before, involving Doppler analysis of radar beams from multiple directions. The results are pleasing, and we conclude that the measurements may also be able to be made using cheaper, single-beam radar systems.
Iain M. Reid, Andrew J. Spargo, Jonathan M. Woithe, Andrew R. Klekociuk, Joel P. Younger, and Gulamabas G. Sivjee
Ann. Geophys., 35, 567–582, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-567-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-567-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We measured temperatures in the atmosphere at heights near 90 km using nightglow emissions and compared them with satellite measurements and with measurements made with a meteor radar. We found good agreement between the techniques, which improved when we used the meteor radar and satellite data to measure densities at two heights separated by about 10 km to estimate the nightglow emission height.
Related subject area
Subject: Clouds | Technique: In Situ Measurement | Topic: Instruments and Platforms
Development and preliminary testing of a temporally controllable weather modification rocket with spatial seeding capacity
Design and evaluation of BOOGIE: a collector for the analysis of cloud composition and processes: Biological, Organics, Oxidants, soluble Gases, inorganic Ions and metal Elements
Identifying the seeding signature in cloud particles from hydrometeor residuals
Design and rocket deployment of a trackable pseudo-Lagrangian drifter-based meteorological probe into the Lawrence/Linwood EF4 tornado and mesocyclone on 28 May 2019
A comparative analysis of in situ measurements of high-altitude cirrus in the tropics
In situ ground-based mobile measurement of lightning events above central Europe
A phase separation inlet for droplets, ice residuals, and interstitial aerosol particles
Simulation and field campaign evaluation of an optical particle counter on a fixed-wing UAV
Cloud microphysical measurements at a mountain observatory: comparison between shadowgraph imaging and phase Doppler interferometry
Use of large-eddy simulations to design an adaptive sampling strategy to assess cumulus cloud heterogeneities by remotely piloted aircraft
Post-flight analysis of detailed size distributions of warm cloud droplets, as determined in situ by cloud and aerosol spectrometers
PHIPS-HALO: the airborne Particle Habit Imaging and Polar Scattering probe – Part 3: Single-particle phase discrimination and particle size distribution based on the angular-scattering function
Applicability of the VisiSize D30 shadowgraph system for cloud microphysical measurements
Characterising optical array particle imaging probes: implications for small-ice-crystal observations
The De-Icing Comparison Experiment (D-ICE): a study of broadband radiometric measurements under icing conditions in the Arctic
The Portable Ice Nucleation Experiment (PINE): a new online instrument for laboratory studies and automated long-term field observations of ice-nucleating particles
Cézeaux-Aulnat-Opme-Puy De Dôme: a multi-site for the long-term survey of the tropospheric composition and climate change
Using a holographic imager on a tethered balloon system for microphysical observations of boundary layer clouds
Evaluation of ARM tethered-balloon system instrumentation for supercooled liquid water and distributed temperature sensing in mixed-phase Arctic clouds
Revisiting particle sizing using greyscale optical array probes: evaluation using laboratory experiments and synthetic data
Cloud fraction determined by thermal infrared and visible all-sky cameras
Development and characterization of a high-efficiency, aircraft-based axial cyclone cloud water collector
Ice particle sampling from aircraft – influence of the probing position on the ice water content
PHIPS-HALO: the airborne particle habit imaging and polar scattering probe – Part 2: Characterization and first results
A tandem approach for collocated measurements of microphysical and radiative cirrus properties
HoloGondel: in situ cloud observations on a cable car in the Swiss Alps using a holographic imager
Development of a cloud particle sensor for radiosonde sounding
Thermodynamic correction of particle concentrations measured by underwing probes on fast-flying aircraft
PHIPS–HALO: the airborne Particle Habit Imaging and Polar Scattering probe – Part 1: Design and operation
Quantitative evaluation of seven optical sensors for cloud microphysical measurements at the Puy-de-Dôme Observatory, France
Schneefernerhaus as a mountain research station for clouds and turbulence
High-resolution measurement of cloud microphysics and turbulence at a mountaintop station
Dual-channel photoacoustic hygrometer for airborne measurements: background, calibration, laboratory and in-flight intercomparison tests
A comparison of ice water content measurement techniques on the FAAM BAe-146 aircraft
Cloud shadow speed sensor
The backscatter cloud probe – a compact low-profile autonomous optical spectrometer
A fiber-coupled laser hygrometer for airborne total water measurement
HOLIMO II: a digital holographic instrument for ground-based in situ observations of microphysical properties of mixed-phase clouds
Evaluating the capabilities and uncertainties of droplet measurements for the fog droplet spectrometer (FM-100)
PHOCUS radiometer
First correlated measurements of the shape and light scattering properties of cloud particles using the new Particle Habit Imaging and Polar Scattering (PHIPS) probe
Effects of ice particles shattering on the 2D-S probe
Water droplet calibration of the Cloud Droplet Probe (CDP) and in-flight performance in liquid, ice and mixed-phase clouds during ARCPAC
Development of a Bioaerosol single particle detector (BIO IN) for the Fast Ice Nucleus CHamber FINCH
Xiaobo Dong, Xiaoqing Wang, Yongde Liu, and Xiaorong Wang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5551–5559, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5551-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5551-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study develops a time-controllable weather modification rocket with space seeding capabilities. Therefore, in artificial weather modification operations, parameters such as the height, thickness, and operating temperature of the target cloud can be obtained through detection. These parameters can be used to automatically calculate the appropriate sowing time, sowing height, and sowing dosage to improve the accuracy of artificial catalytic cloud operations.
Mickael Vaitilingom, Christophe Bernard, Mickael Ribeiro, Christophe Berthod, Angelica Bianco, and Laurent Deguillaume
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-95, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-95, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for AMT
Short summary
Short summary
The new collector BOOGIE has been designed and evaluated to sample cloud droplets. Computational fluid dynamic simulations are performed to evaluate the sampling efficiency for different droplets size. In situ measurements show very good water collection rates and sampling efficiency. BOOGIE is compared to other cloud collectors and the efficiency is comparable, as well as the chemical and biological compositions.
Mahen Konwar, Benjamin Werden, Edward C. Fortner, Sudarsan Bera, Mercy Varghese, Subharthi Chowdhuri, Kurt Hibert, Philip Croteau, John Jayne, Manjula Canagaratna, Neelam Malap, Sandeep Jayakumar, Shivsai A. Dixit, Palani Murugavel, Duncan Axisa, Darrel Baumgardner, Peter F. DeCarlo, Doug R. Worsnop, and Thara Prabhakaran
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2387–2400, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2387-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2387-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In a warm cloud seeding experiment hygroscopic particles are released to alter cloud processes to induce early raindrops. During the Cloud–Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment, airborne mini aerosol mass spectrometers analyse the particles on which clouds form. The seeded clouds showed higher concentrations of chlorine and potassium, the oxidizing agents of flares. Small cloud droplet concentrations increased, and seeding particles were detected in deep cloud depths.
Reed Timmer, Mark Simpson, Sean Schofer, and Curtis Brooks
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 943–960, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-943-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-943-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work discusses a probe launched by a model rocket into an EF4 tornado and is the first time an airborne probe has directly sampled a tornado. The rocket deployed a parachuted probe recording wind speeds of 306 km h-1 in addition to temperature, humidity, and pressure deficit. Data from the probe were sent in real time to a receiver in an armored vehicle. Taking measurements directly from inside tornadoes provides new data about this violent phenomenon.
Francesco Cairo, Martina Krämer, Armin Afchine, Guido Di Donfrancesco, Luca Di Liberto, Sergey Khaykin, Lorenza Lucaferri, Valentin Mitev, Max Port, Christian Rolf, Marcel Snels, Nicole Spelten, Ralf Weigel, and Stephan Borrmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4899–4925, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4899-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4899-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Cirrus clouds have been observed over the Himalayan region between 10 km and the tropopause at 17–18 km. Data from backscattersonde, hygrometers, and particle cloud spectrometers have been compared to assess their consistency. Empirical relationships between optical parameters accessible with remote sensing lidars and cloud microphysical parameters (such as ice water content, particle number and surface area density, and particle aspherical fraction) have been established.
Jakub Kákona, Jan Mikeš, Iva Ambrožová, Ondřej Ploc, Olena Velychko, Lembit Sihver, and Martin Kákona
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 547–561, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-547-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-547-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Storm activity is sometimes associated with the generation of ionizing radiation. Our motivation for performing this research was to understand its origin. Using measuring cars fitted with new instruments, it was found that the duration of lightning is longer than generally thought. In most cases, lightning occurs only inside the cloud; however, rarely, it is also visible outside the cloud. In such cases, the course of emission over time can be used to assume what it looks like inside the cloud.
Libby Koolik, Michael Roesch, Carmen Dameto de Espana, Christopher Nathan Rapp, Lesly J. Franco Deloya, Chuanyang Shen, A. Gannet Hallar, Ian B. McCubbin, and Daniel J. Cziczo
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 3213–3222, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3213-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3213-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A new inlet for studying the small particles, droplets, and ice crystals that constitute mixed-phase clouds has been constructed and is described here. This new inlet was tested in the laboratory. We present the performance of the new inlet to demonstrate its capability of separating ice, droplets, and small particles.
Joseph Girdwood, Warren Stanley, Chris Stopford, and David Brus
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2061–2076, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2061-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2061-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
UAVs have great potential to be used for airborne measurements of cloud and aerosol properties, which are of particular importance due to the largely uncharacterised nature of such phenomena. However, since UAVs are a new tool in atmospheric physics expensive platform validation and characterisation of UAV-instrument combinations needs to be performed. This paper presents an evaluation of a fixed-wing UAV in combination with an instrument that measures cloud droplet diameter.
Moein Mohammadi, Jakub L. Nowak, Guus Bertens, Jan Moláček, Wojciech Kumala, and Szymon P. Malinowski
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 965–985, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-965-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-965-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To compare two instruments, a VisiSize D30 shadowgraph system and a phase Doppler interferometer (PDI-FPDR), we performed a series of measurements of cloud droplet size and number concentration in orographic clouds. After applying essential modifications and filters to the data, the results from the two instruments showed better agreement in droplet sizing and velocimetry than droplet number concentration or liquid water content. Discrepancies were observed for droplets smaller than 13 µm.
Nicolas Maury, Gregory C. Roberts, Fleur Couvreux, Titouan Verdu, Pierre Narvor, Najda Villefranque, Simon Lacroix, and Gautier Hattenberger
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 335–352, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-335-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-335-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The paper aims to use large-eddy simulations of cumulus clouds to design a sampling strategy that allows following cumulus clouds with remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) and documenting the cloud spatial heterogeneities. Different possible explorations by RPA are investigated, and the use of Gaussian process regression permits the reconstruction of liquid water content (LWC) distribution with only one RPA.
Sorin Nicolae Vâjâiac, Andreea Calcan, Robert Oscar David, Denisa-Elena Moacă, Gabriela Iorga, Trude Storelvmo, Viorel Vulturescu, and Valeriu Filip
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6777–6794, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6777-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6777-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Warm clouds (with liquid droplets) play an important role in modulating the amount of incoming solar radiation to Earth’s surface and thus the climate. The most efficient way to study them is by in situ optical measurements. This paper proposes a new methodology for providing more detailed and reliable structural analyses of warm clouds through post-flight processing of collected data. The impact fine aerosol incorporation in water droplets might have on such measurements is also discussed.
Fritz Waitz, Martin Schnaiter, Thomas Leisner, and Emma Järvinen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3049–3070, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3049-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3049-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A major challenge in the observations of mixed-phase clouds remains the phase discrimination and sizing of cloud droplets and ice crystals, especially for particles with diameters smaller than 0.1 mm. Here, we present a new method to derive the phase and size of single cloud particles using their angular-light-scattering information. Comparisons with other in situ instruments in three case studies show good agreement.
Jakub L. Nowak, Moein Mohammadi, and Szymon P. Malinowski
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2615–2633, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2615-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2615-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A commercial instrument that characterizes sprays via shadowgraphy imaging was applied to measure the number concentration and size distribution of cloud droplets. Laboratory and field tests were performed to verify the resolution, detection reliability and sizing accuracy. We developed a correction to the data processing method which improves the estimation of cloud microphysical properties. The paper concludes with recommendations concerning the use of the instrument in cloud physics studies.
Sebastian O'Shea, Jonathan Crosier, James Dorsey, Louis Gallagher, Waldemar Schledewitz, Keith Bower, Oliver Schlenczek, Stephan Borrmann, Richard Cotton, Christopher Westbrook, and Zbigniew Ulanowski
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1917–1939, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1917-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1917-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The number, shape, and size of ice crystals in clouds are important properties that influence the Earth's radiation budget, cloud evolution, and precipitation formation. This work suggests that one of the most widely used methods for in situ measurements of these properties has significant uncertainties and biases. We suggest methods that dramatically improve these measurements, which can be applied to past and future datasets from these instruments.
Christopher J. Cox, Sara M. Morris, Taneil Uttal, Ross Burgener, Emiel Hall, Mark Kutchenreiter, Allison McComiskey, Charles N. Long, Bryan D. Thomas, and James Wendell
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1205–1224, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1205-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1205-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Solar and infrared radiation are measured regularly for research, industry, and climate monitoring. In cold climates, icing of sensors is a poorly constrained source of uncertainty. D-ICE was carried out in Alaska to document the effectiveness of ice-mitigation technology and quantify errors associated with ice. Technology was more effective than anticipated, and while instantaneous errors were large, mean biases were small. Attributes of effective ice mitigation design were identified.
Ottmar Möhler, Michael Adams, Larissa Lacher, Franziska Vogel, Jens Nadolny, Romy Ullrich, Cristian Boffo, Tatjana Pfeuffer, Achim Hobl, Maximilian Weiß, Hemanth S. K. Vepuri, Naruki Hiranuma, and Benjamin J. Murray
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1143–1166, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1143-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1143-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth's climate is influenced by clouds, which are impacted by ice-nucleating particles (INPs), a minor fraction of atmospheric aerosols. INPs induce ice formation in clouds and thus often initiate precipitation formation. The Portable Ice Nucleation Experiment (PINE) is the first fully automated instrument to study cloud ice formation and to obtain long-term records of INPs. This is a timely development, and the capabilities it offers for research and atmospheric monitoring are significant.
Jean-Luc Baray, Laurent Deguillaume, Aurélie Colomb, Karine Sellegri, Evelyn Freney, Clémence Rose, Joël Van Baelen, Jean-Marc Pichon, David Picard, Patrick Fréville, Laëtitia Bouvier, Mickaël Ribeiro, Pierre Amato, Sandra Banson, Angelica Bianco, Agnès Borbon, Lauréline Bourcier, Yannick Bras, Marcello Brigante, Philippe Cacault, Aurélien Chauvigné, Tiffany Charbouillot, Nadine Chaumerliac, Anne-Marie Delort, Marc Delmotte, Régis Dupuy, Antoine Farah, Guy Febvre, Andrea Flossmann, Christophe Gourbeyre, Claude Hervier, Maxime Hervo, Nathalie Huret, Muriel Joly, Victor Kazan, Morgan Lopez, Gilles Mailhot, Angela Marinoni, Olivier Masson, Nadège Montoux, Marius Parazols, Frédéric Peyrin, Yves Pointin, Michel Ramonet, Manon Rocco, Martine Sancelme, Stéphane Sauvage, Martina Schmidt, Emmanuel Tison, Mickaël Vaïtilingom, Paolo Villani, Miao Wang, Camille Yver-Kwok, and Paolo Laj
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 3413–3445, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-3413-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-3413-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
CO-PDD (Cézeaux-Aulnat-Opme-puy de Dôme) is a fully instrumented platform for atmospheric research. The four sites located at different altitudes from 330 to 1465 m around Clermont-Ferrand (France) host in situ and remote sensing instruments to measure atmospheric composition, including long-term trends and variability, to study interconnected processes (microphysical, chemical, biological, chemical, and dynamical) and to provide a reference point for climate models.
Fabiola Ramelli, Alexander Beck, Jan Henneberger, and Ulrike Lohmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 925–939, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-925-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-925-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Boundary layer clouds are influenced by many physical and dynamical processes, making accurate forecasting difficult. Here we present a new measurement platform on a tethered balloon to measure cloud microphysical and meteorological profiles. The unique combination of holography and balloon-borne observations allows high-resolution measurements in a well-defined volume. Field measurements in stratus clouds over the Swiss Plateau revealed unique microphysical signatures in the cloud structure.
Darielle Dexheimer, Martin Airey, Erika Roesler, Casey Longbottom, Keri Nicoll, Stefan Kneifel, Fan Mei, R. Giles Harrison, Graeme Marlton, and Paul D. Williams
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 6845–6864, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-6845-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-6845-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A tethered-balloon system deployed supercooled liquid water content sondes and fiber optic distributed temperature sensing to collect in situ atmospheric measurements within mixed-phase Arctic clouds. These data were validated against collocated surface-based and remote sensing datasets. From these measurements and sensor evaluations, tethered-balloon flights are shown to offer an effective method of collecting data to inform numerical models and calibrate remote sensing instrumentation.
Sebastian J. O'Shea, Jonathan Crosier, James Dorsey, Waldemar Schledewitz, Ian Crawford, Stephan Borrmann, Richard Cotton, and Aaron Bansemer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 3067–3079, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3067-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3067-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Optical array probe measurements of clouds are widely used to inform and validate numerical weather and climate models. In this paper, we discuss artefacts which may bias data from these instruments. Using laboratory and synthetic datasets, we demonstrate how greyscale analysis can be used to filter data, constraining the sample volume and improving data quality particularly at small sizes where their measurements are considered unreliable.
Christine Aebi, Julian Gröbner, and Niklaus Kämpfer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 5549–5563, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5549-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5549-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
A newly developed hemispherical thermal infrared cloud camera (IRCCAM) is presented. The IRCCAM allows automatic cloud detection during the day and at night-time. The cloud fraction determined from the IRCCAM is compared with the cloud fraction determined from other instruments over a time period of 2 years. The IRCCAM has an agreement of +/- 2 oktas cloud fraction in 90 % of the data compared to other instruments. There are no significant differences between seasons or different times of day.
Ewan Crosbie, Matthew D. Brown, Michael Shook, Luke Ziemba, Richard H. Moore, Taylor Shingler, Edward Winstead, K. Lee Thornhill, Claire Robinson, Alexander B. MacDonald, Hossein Dadashazar, Armin Sorooshian, Andreas Beyersdorf, Alexis Eugene, Jeffrey Collett Jr., Derek Straub, and Bruce Anderson
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 5025–5048, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5025-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5025-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
A new aircraft-mounted probe for collecting samples of cloud water has been designed, fabricated, and extensively tested. Cloud drop composition provides valuable insight into atmospheric processes, but separating liquid samples from the airstream in a controlled way at flight speeds has proven difficult. The features of the design have been analysed with detailed numerical flow simulations and the new probe has demonstrated improved efficiency and performance through extensive flight testing.
Armin Afchine, Christian Rolf, Anja Costa, Nicole Spelten, Martin Riese, Bernhard Buchholz, Volker Ebert, Romy Heller, Stefan Kaufmann, Andreas Minikin, Christiane Voigt, Martin Zöger, Jessica Smith, Paul Lawson, Alexey Lykov, Sergey Khaykin, and Martina Krämer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 4015–4031, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4015-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4015-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The ice water content (IWC) of cirrus clouds is an essential parameter that determines their radiative properties and is thus important for climate simulations. Experimental investigations of IWCs measured on board research aircraft reveal that their accuracy is influenced by the sampling position. IWCs detected at the aircraft roof deviate significantly from wing, side or bottom IWCs. The reasons are deflections of the gas streamlines and ice particle trajectories behind the aircraft cockpit.
Martin Schnaiter, Emma Järvinen, Ahmed Abdelmonem, and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 341–357, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-341-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-341-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
PHIPS-HALO is a novel aircraft instrument for cloud research. It combines microscopic imaging of single cloud particles with the measurement of their spacial light scattering properties. The knowledge of how atmospheric ice particles in clouds scatter visible light is important for improving future climate models.
Marcus Klingebiel, André Ehrlich, Fanny Finger, Timo Röschenthaler, Suad Jakirlić, Matthias Voigt, Stefan Müller, Rolf Maser, Manfred Wendisch, Peter Hoor, Peter Spichtinger, and Stephan Borrmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 3485–3498, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3485-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3485-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Microphysical and radiation measurements were collected with the unique AIRcraft TOwed Sensor Shuttle (AIRTOSS) – Learjet tandem platform. It is a combination of a Learjet 35A research aircraft and an instrumented aerodynamic bird, which can be detached from and retracted back to the aircraft during flight.
AIRTOSS and Learjet are equipped with radiative, cloud microphysical, trace gas,
and meteorological instruments to study cirrus clouds.
Alexander Beck, Jan Henneberger, Sarah Schöpfer, Jacob Fugal, and Ulrike Lohmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 459–476, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-459-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-459-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In situ observations of cloud properties in complex alpine terrain are commonly conducted at mountain-top research stations and limited to single-point measurements. The HoloGondel platform overcomes this limitation by using a cable car to obtain vertical profiles of the microphysical and meteorological cloud parameters. In this work example measurements of the vertical profiles observed in a liquid cloud and a mixed-phase cloud at the Eggishorn in the Swiss Alps are presented.
Masatomo Fujiwara, Takuji Sugidachi, Toru Arai, Kensaku Shimizu, Mayumi Hayashi, Yasuhisa Noma, Hideaki Kawagita, Kazuo Sagara, Taro Nakagawa, Satoshi Okumura, Yoichi Inai, Takashi Shibata, Suginori Iwasaki, and Atsushi Shimizu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 5911–5931, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5911-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5911-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
A meteorological balloon-borne cloud sensor called the cloud particle sensor (CPS) has been developed. The CPS can count the number of particles per second and can obtain the cloud phase information (i.e. liquid, ice, or mixed). Twenty-five test flights have been made between 2012 and 2015 at midlatitude and tropical sites. The results from the four flights are discussed.
Ralf Weigel, Peter Spichtinger, Christoph Mahnke, Marcus Klingebiel, Armin Afchine, Andreas Petzold, Martina Krämer, Anja Costa, Sergej Molleker, Philipp Reutter, Miklós Szakáll, Max Port, Lucas Grulich, Tina Jurkat, Andreas Minikin, and Stephan Borrmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 5135–5162, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5135-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5135-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The subject of our study concerns measurements with optical array probes (OAPs) on fast-flying aircraft such as the G550 (HALO or HIAPER). At up to Mach 0.7 the effect of air compression upstream of underwing-mounted instruments and particles' inertia need consideration for determining ambient particle concentrations. Compared to conventional practices the introduced correction procedure eliminates ambiguities and exhibits consistency over flight speeds between 50 and 250 m s−.
Ahmed Abdelmonem, Emma Järvinen, Denis Duft, Edwin Hirst, Steffen Vogt, Thomas Leisner, and Martin Schnaiter
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 3131–3144, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-3131-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-3131-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The properties of ice crystals present in mixed-phase and ice clouds influence the radiation properties, precipitation occurrence and lifetime of these clouds. It is necessary to investigate the optical and microphysical properties of cloud particles particularly in situ, and to get correlation between these properties. To this end we have developed PHIPS-HALO to measure the optical properties and the corresponding microphysical parameters of individual cloud particles simultaneously.
G. Guyot, C. Gourbeyre, G. Febvre, V. Shcherbakov, F. Burnet, J.-C. Dupont, K. Sellegri, and O. Jourdan
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 4347–4367, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-4347-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-4347-2015, 2015
S. Risius, H. Xu, F. Di Lorenzo, H. Xi, H. Siebert, R. A. Shaw, and E. Bodenschatz
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 3209–3218, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3209-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3209-2015, 2015
H. Siebert, R. A. Shaw, J. Ditas, T. Schmeissner, S. P. Malinowski, E. Bodenschatz, and H. Xu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 3219–3228, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3219-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3219-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We report results from simultaneous, high-resolution and collocated measurements of cloud microphysical and turbulence properties during several warm cloud events at the Umweltforschungsstation Schneefernerhaus (UFS) on Zugspitze in the German Alps. The data gathered were found to be representative of observations made with similar instrumentation in free clouds.
D. Tátrai, Z. Bozóki, H. Smit, C. Rolf, N. Spelten, M. Krämer, A. Filges, C. Gerbig, G. Gulyás, and G. Szabó
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 33–42, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-33-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-33-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Airborne hygrometry is very important in climate research, and the interest in knowing not only water vapor concentration but (cirrus) cloud content as well is increasing. The authors provide a photoacoustic spectroscopy-based dual-channel hygrometer system that can be a good solution for such measurements. The instrument was proven to operate properly from ground level up to the lower stratosphere, giving the possibility even for cirrus cloud studies.
S. J. Abel, R. J. Cotton, P. A. Barrett, and A. K. Vance
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 3007–3022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-3007-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-3007-2014, 2014
V. Fung, J. L. Bosch, S. W. Roberts, and J. Kleissl
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 1693–1700, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-1693-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-1693-2014, 2014
K. Beswick, D. Baumgardner, M. Gallagher, A. Volz-Thomas, P. Nedelec, K.-Y. Wang, and S. Lance
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 1443–1457, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-1443-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-1443-2014, 2014
S. W. Dorsi, L. E. Kalnajs, D. W. Toohey, and L. M. Avallone
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 215–223, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-215-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-215-2014, 2014
J. Henneberger, J. P. Fugal, O. Stetzer, and U. Lohmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 2975–2987, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-2975-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-2975-2013, 2013
J. K. Spiegel, P. Zieger, N. Bukowiecki, E. Hammer, E. Weingartner, and W. Eugster
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 2237–2260, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-2237-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-2237-2012, 2012
O. Nyström, D. Murtagh, and V. Belitsky
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 1359–1373, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-1359-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-1359-2012, 2012
A. Abdelmonem, M. Schnaiter, P. Amsler, E. Hesse, J. Meyer, and T. Leisner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 2125–2142, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-2125-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-2125-2011, 2011
R. P. Lawson
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 1361–1381, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-1361-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-1361-2011, 2011
S. Lance, C. A. Brock, D. Rogers, and J. A. Gordon
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 1683–1706, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-1683-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-1683-2010, 2010
U. Bundke, B. Reimann, B. Nillius, R. Jaenicke, and H. Bingemer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 263–271, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-263-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-263-2010, 2010
Cited articles
Ahn, E., Huang, Y., Chubb, T. H., Baumgardner, D., Isaac, P., de Hoog, M., Siems, S. T., and Manton, M. J.: In situ observations of wintertime low-altitude clouds over the Southern Ocean, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143, 1381–1394, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3011, 2017. a, b, c, d
Ahn, E., Huang, Y., Siems, S. T., and Manton, M. J.: A Comparison of Cloud Microphysical Properties Derived From MODIS and CALIPSO With In Situ Measurements Over the Wintertime Southern Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 11120–11140, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028535, 2018. a
Baumgardner, D., Abel, S. J., Axisa, D., Cotton, R., Crosier, J., Field, P., Gurganus, C., Heymsfield, A., Korolev, A., Krämer, M., Lawson, P., McFarquhar, G., Ulanowski, Z., and Um, J.: Cloud Ice Properties: In Situ Measurement Challenges, Meteor. Mon., 58, 1–23, https://doi.org/10.1175/amsmonographs-d-16-0011.1, 2017. a, b
Beals, M. J., Fugal, J. P., Shaw, R. A., Lu, J., Spuler, S. M., and Stith, J. L.: Holographic measurements of inhomogeneous cloud mixing at the centimeter scale, Science, 350, 87–90, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab0751, 2015. a
Beck, A., Henneberger, J., Schöpfer, S., Fugal, J., and Lohmann, U.: HoloGondel: in situ cloud observations on a cable car in the Swiss Alps using a holographic imager, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 459–476, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-459-2017, 2017. a
Beck, A., Henneberger, J., Fugal, J. P., David, R. O., Lacher, L., and Lohmann, U.: Impact of surface and near-surface processes on ice crystal concentrations measured at mountain-top research stations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 8909–8927, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8909-2018, 2018. a
Bessho, K., Date, K., Hayashi, M., Ikeda, A., Imai, T., Inoue, H., Kumagai, Y., Miyakawa, T., Murata, H., Ohno, T., Okuyama, A., Oyama, R., Sasaki, Y., Shimazu, Y., Shimoji, K., Sumida, Y., Suzuki, M., Taniguchi, H., Tsuchiyama, H., Uesawa, D., Yokota, H., and Yoshida, R.: An introduction to Himawari-8/9 – Japan's new-generation geostationary meteorological satellites, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 94, 151–183, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2016-009, 2016. a
Boers, R., Jensen, J. B., and Krummel, P. B.: Microphysical and short-wave radiative structure of stratocumulus clouds over the Southern Ocean: Summer results and seasonal differences, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 124, 151–168, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712454507, 1998. a, b
Chambers, T.: Digital Holographic Studies of Cloud and Precipitation Microphysics, PhD thesis, University of Adelaide, https://hdl.handle.net/2440/136408 (last access: 21 May 2024), 2022. a
Chambers, T. E., Reid, I. M., and Hamilton, M.: Data from the Untethered Balloon Launch of a Holographic Imager Into Cloud Near Adelaide, South Australia in August 2020, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10297799, 2023. a
Chubb, T. H., Siems, S. T., and Manton, M. J.: On the Decline of Wintertime Precipitation in the Snowy Mountains of Southeastern Australia, J. Hydrometeorol., 12, 1483–1497, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-10-05021.1, 2011. a
Delene, D. J. and Deshler, T.: Vertical profiles of cloud condensation nuclei above Wyoming, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 12579–12588, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900800, 2001. a
Desai, N., Glienke, S., Fugal, J., and Shaw, R. A.: Search for Microphysical Signatures of Stochastic Condensation in Marine Boundary Layer Clouds Using Airborne Digital Holography, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 2739–2752, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029033, 2019. a
Forster, P., Storelvmo, T., Armour, K., Collins, W., Dufresne, J.-L., Frame, D., Lunt, D., Mauritsen, T., Palmer, M., Watanabe, M., Wild, M., and Zhang, H.: The Earth's Energy Budget, Climate Feedbacks, and Climate Sensitivity, in: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S., Pean, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J., Maycock, T., Waterfield, T., Yelekci, O., Yu, R., and Zhou, B., Chap. 7, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896, 2021. a
Garcia-Sucerquia, J., Xu, W., Jericho, S. K., Klages, P., Jericho, M. H., and Kreuzer, H. J.: Digital in-line holographic microscopy, Appl. Optics, 45, 836–850, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.45.000836, 2006. a, b
Gultepe, I., Sharman, R., WIlliams, P. D., Zhou, B., Ellrod, G., Minnis, P., Trier, S., Griffin, S., Yum, S. S., Gharabaghi, B., Feltz, W., Temimi, M., Pu, Z., Storer, L. N., Kneringer, P., Wetson, M. J., Chuang, H.-Y., Thobois, L., Dimri, A. P., Dietz, S. J., Franca, G. B., Almeida, M. V., and Albquerque Neto, F. L.: A Review of High Impact Weather for Aviation Meteorology, Pure Appl. Geophys., 176, 1869–1921, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-019-02168-6, 2019. a
Hahn, J., Reyes, R. D. L., Bernlöhr, K., Krüger, P., Lo, Y. T. E., Chadwick, P. M., Daniel, M. K., Deil, C., Gast, H., Kosack, K., and Marandon, V.: Impact of aerosols and adverse atmospheric conditions on the data quality for spectral analysis of the H.E.S.S. telescopes, Astropart. Phys., 54, 25–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2013.10.003, 2014. a
Hamann, U., Walther, A., Baum, B., Bennartz, R., Bugliaro, L., Derrien, M., Francis, P. N., Heidinger, A., Joro, S., Kniffka, A., Le Gléau, H., Lockhoff, M., Lutz, H.-J., Meirink, J. F., Minnis, P., Palikonda, R., Roebeling, R., Thoss, A., Platnick, S., Watts, P., and Wind, G.: Remote sensing of cloud top pressure/height from SEVIRI: analysis of ten current retrieval algorithms, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 2839–2867, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2839-2014, 2014. a
Hamilton, M., Alexander, S. P., Protat, A., Siems, S., and Carpentier, S.: Polarimetric backscatter sonde observations of southern ocean clouds and aerosols, Atmosphere, 11, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.3390/ATMOS11040399, 2020. a, b, c, d
Henneberger, J., Fugal, J. P., Stetzer, O., and Lohmann, U.: HOLIMO II: a digital holographic instrument for ground-based in situ observations of microphysical properties of mixed-phase clouds, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 2975–2987, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-2975-2013, 2013. a
Hogan, R. J., Illingworth, A. J., O'Connor, E. J., and Poiares Baptista, J. P.: Characteristics of mixed-phase clouds. II: A climatology from ground-based lidar, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 129, 2117–2134, https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.01.209, 2003. a
Huang, Y., Protat, A., Siems, S. T., and Manton, M. J.: A-Train Observations of Maritime Midlatitude Storm-Track Cloud Systems: Comparing the Southern Ocean against the North Atlantic, J. Climate, 28, 1920–1939, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00169.1, 2015. a
Huang, Y., Siems, S., Manton, M., Protat, A., Majewski, L., and Nguyen, H.: Evaluating Himawari-8 Cloud Products Using Shipborne and CALIPSO Observations : Cloud-Top Height and Cloud-Top Temperature, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 36, 2327–2347, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-18-0231.1, 2019. a
Ishida, H. and Nakajima, T. Y.: Development of an unbiased cloud detection algorithm for a spaceborne multispectral imager, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010710, 2009. a
Johnson, A., Lasher-Trapp, S., Bansemer, A., Ulanowski, Z., and Heymsfield, A. J.: Difficulties in early ice detection with the small ice Detector-2 HIAPER (SID-2H) in maritime cumuli, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 31, 1263–1275, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00079.1, 2014. a
Kang, L., Marchand, R., and Smith, W.: Evaluation of MODIS and Himawari-8 Low Clouds Retrievals Over the Southern Ocean With In Situ Measurements From the SOCRATES Campaign, Earth Space Sci., 8, 1–30, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020EA001397, 2021. a
Kanji, Z. A., Ladino, L. A., Wex, H., Boose, Y., Burkert-Kohn, M., Cziczo, D. J., and Krämer, M.: Overview of Ice Nucleating Particles, Meteor. Mon., 58, 1–33, https://doi.org/10.1175/amsmonographs-d-16-0006.1, 2017. a
Kawamoto, K., Nakajima, T., and Nakajima, T. Y.: A Global Determination of Cloud Microphysics with AVHRR Remote Sensing, J. Climate, 14, 2054–2068, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<2054:AGDOCM>2.0.CO;2, 2001. a
Korolev, A. and Isaac, G. A.: Shattering during sampling by OAPs and HVPS. Part I: Snow particles, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 22, 528–542, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH1720.1, 2005. a
Korolev, A. and Isaac, G. A.: Relative Humidity in Liquid, Mixed-Phase, and Ice Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 2865–2880, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3784.1, 2006. a
Kuma, P., McDonald, A. J., Morgenstern, O., Alexander, S. P., Cassano, J. J., Garrett, S., Halla, J., Hartery, S., Harvey, M. J., Parsons, S., Plank, G., Varma, V., and Williams, J.: Evaluation of Southern Ocean cloud in the HadGEM3 general circulation model and MERRA-2 reanalysis using ship-based observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 6607–6630, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6607-2020, 2020. a
Lance, S.: Coincidence Errors in a Cloud Droplet Probe (CDP) and a Cloud and Aerosol Spectrometer (CAS), and the Improved Performance of a Modified CDP, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 29, 1532–1541, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-11-00208.1, 2012. a
MacCready, P. B. and Todd, C. J.: Continuous Particle Sampler, J. Appl. Meteorol., 3, 450–460, 1964. a
Mace, G. G. and Protat, A.: Clouds over the Southern Ocean as Observed from the R/V Investigator during CAPRICORN. Part I: Cloud Occurrence and Phase Partitioning, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 57, 1783–1803, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-17-0194.1, 2018. a, b
Mace, G. G., Protat, A., Humphries, R. S., Alexander, S. P., Mcrobert, I. M., Ward, J., Selleck, P., Keywood, M., and Mcfarquhar, G. M.: Southern Ocean Cloud Properties Derived From CAPRICORN and MARCUS Data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, 1–23, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033368, 2021. a
Magee, N., Boaggio, K., Staskiewicz, S., Lynn, A., Zhao, X., Tusay, N., Schuh, T., Bandamede, M., Bancroft, L., Connelly, D., Hurler, K., Miner, B., and Khoudary, E.: Captured cirrus ice particles in high definition, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7171–7185, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7171-2021, 2021. a
McCluskey, C. S., DeMott, P. J., Ma, P.-L., and Burrows, S. M.: Numerical Representations of Marine Ice-Nucleating Particles in Remote Marine Environments Evaluated Against Observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 7838–7847, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081861, 2019. a
Mccoy, I. L., Mccoy, D. T., Wood, R., Regayre, L., Watson-parris, D., Grosvenor, D. P., Mulcahy, J. P., Hu, Y., Bender, F. A.-M., Field, P. R., Carslaw, K. S., and Gordon, H.: The hemispheric contrast in cloud microphysical properties constrains aerosol forcing, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 117, 18998–19006, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922502117, 2020. a
Mccoy, I. L., Bretherton, C. S., Wood, R., Twohy, C. H., Gettelman, A., Bardeen, C. G., and Toohey, D. W.: Influences of Recent Particle Formation on Southern Ocean Aerosol Variability and Low Cloud Properties, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, 1–27, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033529, 2021. a
McFarquhar, G. M., Bretherton, C., Marchand, R., Protat, A., DeMott, P. J., Alexander, S. P., Roberts, G. C., Twohy, C. H., Toohey, D., Siems, S., Huang, Y., Wood, R., Rauber, R. M., Lasher-Trapp, S., Jensen, J., Stith, J., Mace, J., Um, J., Järvinen, E., Schnaiter, M., Gettelman, A., Sanchez, K. J., McCluskey, C. S., Russell, L. M., McCoy, I. L., Atlas, R., Bardeen, C. G., Moore, K. A., Hill, T. C. J., Humphries, R. S., Keywood, M. D., Ristovski, Z., Cravigan, L., Schofield, R., Fairall, C., Mallet, M. D., Kreidenweis, S. M., Rainwater, B., D'Alessandro, J., Wang, Y., Wu, W., Saliba, G., Levin, E. J. T., Ding, S., Lang, F., Truong, S. C., Wolff, C., Haggerty, J., Harvey, M. J., Klekociuk, A., and McDonald, A.: Observations of clouds, aerosols, precipitation, and surface radiation over the Southern Ocean: An overview of CAPRICORN, MARCUS, MICRE and SOCRATES, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 102, E894–E928, https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-20-0132.1, 2021. a, b
Miles, N. L., Verlinde, J., and Clothiaux, E. E.: Cloud droplet size distributions in low-level stratiform clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 295–311, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<0295:CDSDIL>2.0.CO;2, 2000. a, b, c
Morrison, H., Walqui, M. V. L., Fridlind, A. M., Grabowski, W. W., Harrington, J. Y., Hoose, C., Korolev, A., Kumjian, M. R., Milbrandt, J. A., Pawlowska, H., Posselt, D. J., Prat, O. P., Reimel, K. J., Shima, S.-I., Diedenhoven, B. V., and Xue, L.: Confronting the Challenge of Modeling Cloud and Precipitation Microphysics, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sys., 12, e2019MS001689, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001689, 2020. a, b
Murakami, M. and Matsuo, T.: Development of the Hydrometeor Videosonde, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 7, 613–620, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1990)007<0613:DOTHV>2.0.CO;2, 1990. a
O, K.-T., Wood, R., and Bretherton, C. S.: Ultraclean Layers and Optically Thin Clouds in the Stratocumulus-to-Cumulus Transition. Part II: Depletion of Cloud Droplets and Cloud Condensation Nuclei through Collision – Coalescence, J. Atmos. Sci., 75, 1653–1673, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-17-0218.1, 2018. a
Pruppacher, H. R. and Klett, J. D.: Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, 2nd edn., Springer Dordrecht, Heidelberg, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48100-0, 2010. a
Ramelli, F., Beck, A., Henneberger, J., and Lohmann, U.: Using a holographic imager on a tethered balloon system for microphysical observations of boundary layer clouds, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 925–939, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-925-2020, 2020. a, b
Ratcliffe, J. A.: Some Aspects of Diffraction Theory and their Application to the Ionosphere, Rep. Prog. Phys., 19, 188–267, https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/19/1/306, 1956. a
Sassen, K., Wang, Z., Khvorostyanov, V. I., Stephens, G. L., and Bennedetti, A.: Cirrus Cloud Ice Water Content Radar Algorithm Evaluation Using an Explicit Cloud Microphysical Model, J. Appl. Meteorol., 41, 620–628, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<0620:CCIWCR>2.0.CO;2, 2002. a
Schlenczek, O., Fugal, J. P., Lloyd, G., Bower, K. N., Choularton, T. W., Flynn, M., Crosier, J., and Borrmann, S.: Microphysical Properties of Ice Crystal Precipitation and Surface-Generated Ice Crystals in a High Alpine Environment in Switzerland, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 56, 433–453, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-16-0060.1, 2017. a
Schnars, U. and Jüptner, W.: Direct recording of holograms by a CCD target and numerical reconstruction, Appl. Optics, 33, 179–181, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.33.000179, 1994. a, b
Schuyler, T. J., Gohari, S. M. I., Pundsack, G., Berchoff, D., and Guzman, M. I.: Using a Balloon-Launched Unmanned Glider to Validate Real-Time WRF Modeling, Sensors-Basel, 19, 1914, https://doi.org/10.3390/s19081914, 2019. a
Stein, A. F., Draxler, R. R., Rolph, G. D., Stunder, B. J. B., Cohen, M. D., and Ngan, F.: NOAA's HYSPLIT Atmospheric Transport and Dispersion Modeling System, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 96, 2059–2078, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00110.1, 2015. a
Takahashi, T., Sugimoto, S., Kawano, T., and Suzuki, K.: Microphysical Structure and Lightning Initiation in Hokuriku Winter Clouds, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 13156–13181, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD030227, 2019. a
Ulanowski, Z., Kaye, P. H., Hirst, E., Greenaway, R. S., Cotton, R. J., Hesse, E., and Collier, C. T.: Incidence of rough and irregular atmospheric ice particles from Small Ice Detector 3 measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1649–1662, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1649-2014, 2014. a
Um, J., McFarquhar, G. M., Hong, Y. P., Lee, S.-S., Jung, C. H., Lawson, R. P., and Mo, Q.: Dimensions and aspect ratios of natural ice crystals, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 3933–3956, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3933-2015, 2015. a
University of Wyoming: 94672 YPAD Adelaide Airport Observations at 00Z 08 Aug 2020, University of Wyoming, https://weather.uwyo.edu/cgi-bin/sounding?region=pac&TYPE=TEXT%3ALIST&YEAR=2020&MONTH=08&FROM=0800&TO=0812&STNM=94672&ICE=1&REPLOT=1 (last access: 12 March 2024), 2020. a
Vergara-Temprado, J., Miltenberger, A. K., Furtado, K., Grosvenor, D. P., Shipway, B. J., Hill, A. A., Wilkinson, J. M., Field, P. R., Murray, B. J., and Carslaw, K. S.: Strong Control of Southern Ocean Cloud Reflectivity by Ice-Nucleating Particles, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 115, 2687–2692, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721627115, 2018. a
Weitkamp, C.: Lidar; Range-Resolved Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere, Springer Science+Business Media Inc., New York, https://doi.org/10.1007/b106786, 2005. a
Westbrook, C. D., Illingworth, A. J., O'Connor, E. J., and Hogan, R. J.: Doppler lidar measurements of oriented planar ice crystals falling from supercooled and glaciated layer clouds, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 260–276, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.528, 2010. a
Winker, D. M., Pelon, J., Coakley, J. A., Ackerman, S. A., Charlson, R. J., Colarco, P. R., Flamant, P., Fu, Q., Hoff, R. M., Kittaka, C., Kubar, T. L., Le Treut, H., McCormick, M. P., Mégie, G., Poole, L., Powell, K., Trepte, K., Vaughan, M. A., and Wielicki, B. A.: The Calipso Mission: A Global 3D View of Aerosols and Clouds, B. Am. Meteor. Soc., 91, 1211–1229, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010BAMS3009.1, 2010. a
Wofsy, S. C.: HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO): fine-grained, global-scale measurements of gases and aerosols, Philos. T. Roy. Soc., 369, 2073–2086, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0313, 2011. a, b
Wood, R., O, K.-T., Bretherton, C. S., Mohrmann, J., Albrecht, B. A., Zuidema, P., Ghate, V., Schwartz, C., Eloranta, E., Glienke, S., Shaw, R. A., Fugal, J., and Minnis, P.: Ultraclean Layers and Optically Thin Clouds in the Stratocumulus-to-Cumulus Transition. Part I: Observations, J. Atmos. Sci., 75, 1631–1652, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-17-0213.1, 2018. a
Yang, P., Hioki, S., Saito, M., Kuo, C.-P., Baum, B. A., and Liou, K.-N.: A review of ice cloud optical property models for passive satellite remote sensing, Atmosphere, 9, 1–31, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9120499, 2018. a
Short summary
Clouds have been identified as the largest source of uncertainty in climate modelling. We report an untethered balloon launch of a holographic imager through clouds. This is the first time a holographic imager has been deployed in this way, enabled by the light weight and low cost of the imager. This work creates the potential to significantly increase the availability of cloud microphysical measurements required for the calibration and validation of climate models and remote sensing methods.
Clouds have been identified as the largest source of uncertainty in climate modelling. We report...
