Articles | Volume 15, issue 14
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4373-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4373-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
29 Jul 2022
Research article |
| 29 Jul 2022
| 29 Jul 2022
Development and testing of a novel sulfur dioxide sonde
Subin Yoon
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of
Houston, Houston, TX, 77004, USA
Alexander Kotsakis
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of
Houston, Houston, TX, 77004, USA
now at: ERT, Inc., Laurel, MD, 20707, USA
Sergio L. Alvarez
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of
Houston, Houston, TX, 77004, USA
Mark G. Spychala
School of Natural Sciences, St. Edward's University, Austin, TX, 78704, USA
now at: Hamelmann Communications, Pagosa Springs, CO, 81147, USA
Elizabeth Klovenski
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of
Houston, Houston, TX, 77004, USA
Paul Walter
School of Natural Sciences, St. Edward's University, Austin, TX, 78704, USA
Gary Morris
School of Natural Sciences, St. Edward's University, Austin, TX, 78704, USA
now at: NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
Ernesto Corrales
GasLAB, CICANUM, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa
Rica
Alfredo Alan
GasLAB, CICANUM, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa
Rica
Jorge A. Diaz
GasLAB, CICANUM, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa
Rica
now at: INFICON, East Syracuse, NY, 13057, USA
James H. Flynn
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of
Houston, Houston, TX, 77004, USA
Related authors
Sujan Shrestha, Shan Zhou, Manisha Mehra, Meghan Guagenti, Subin Yoon, Sergio L. Alvarez, Fangzhou Guo, Chun-Ying Chao, James H. Flynn III, Yuxuan Wang, Robert J. Griffin, Sascha Usenko, and Rebecca J. Sheesley
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10845–10867, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10845-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10845-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated different methods for assessing the influence of long-range transport of biomass burning (BB) plumes at a coastal site in Texas, USA. We show that the aerosol composition and optical properties exhibited good agreement, while CO and acetonitrile trends were less specific for assessing BB source influence. Our results demonstrate that the network of aerosol optical measurements can be useful for identifying the influence of aged BB plumes in anthropogenically influenced areas.
Miguel Ricardo A. Hilario, Ewan Crosbie, Michael Shook, Jeffrey S. Reid, Maria Obiminda L. Cambaliza, James Bernard B. Simpas, Luke Ziemba, Joshua P. DiGangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Phu Nguyen, F. Joseph Turk, Edward Winstead, Claire E. Robinson, Jian Wang, Jiaoshi Zhang, Yang Wang, Subin Yoon, James Flynn, Sergio L. Alvarez, Ali Behrangi, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3777–3802, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3777-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3777-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study characterizes long-range transport from major Asian pollution sources into the tropical northwest Pacific and the impact of scavenging on these air masses. We combined aircraft observations, HYSPLIT trajectories, reanalysis, and satellite retrievals to reveal distinct composition and size distribution profiles associated with specific emission sources and wet scavenging. The results of this work have implications for international policymaking related to climate and health.
Laura M. D. Heinlein, Junwei He, Michael Oluwatoyin Sunday, Fangzhou Guo, James Campbell, Allison Moon, Sukriti Kapur, Ting Fang, Kasey Edwards, Meeta Cesler-Maloney, Alyssa J. Burns, Jack Dibb, William Simpson, Manabu Shiraiwa, Becky Alexander, Jingqiu Mao, James H. Flynn III, Jochen Stutz, and Cort Anastasio
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 9561–9581, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9561-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9561-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
High-latitude cities like Fairbanks, Alaska, experience severe wintertime pollution episodes. While conventional wisdom holds that oxidation is slow under these conditions, field measurements find oxidized products in particles. To explore this, we measured oxidants in aqueous extracts of winter particles from Fairbanks. We find high concentrations of oxidants during illumination experiments, indicating that particle photochemistry can be significant even in high latitudes during winter.
Michael Oluwatoyin Sunday, Laura Marie Dahler Heinlein, Junwei He, Allison Moon, Sukriti Kapur, Ting Fang, Kasey C. Edwards, Fangzhou Guo, Jack Dibb, James H. Flynn III, Becky Alexander, Manabu Shiraiwa, and Cort Anastasio
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 5087–5100, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5087-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5087-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrogen peroxide (HOOH) is an important oxidant that forms atmospheric sulfate. We demonstrate that the illumination of brown carbon can rapidly form HOOH within particles, even under the low-sunlight conditions of Fairbanks, Alaska, during winter. This in-particle formation of HOOH is fast enough that it forms sulfate at significant rates. In contrast, the formation of HOOH in the gas phase during the campaign is expected to be negligible because of high NOx levels.
Meghan Guagenti, Darielle Dexheimer, Alexandra Ulinksi, Paul Walter, James H. Flynn III, and Sascha Usenko
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 2125–2136, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2125-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2125-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A robust, automatic volatile organic compound (VOC) collection system was developed for vertical VOC sampling associated with the 2022 DOE ARM-program-led TRACER in Houston, Texas. This modular sampler has been developed to measure vertical profiles of VOCs to improve near-surface characterization. This article helps fill the current lack of commercially available options for aerial VOC sampling and serves to support and encourage researchers to build and develop custom samplers.
Joshua P. DiGangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Subin Yoon, Sergio L. Alvarez, James H. Flynn, Claire E. Robinson, Michael A. Shook, K. Lee Thornhill, Edward L. Winstead, Luke D. Ziemba, Maria Obiminda L. Cambaliza, James B. Simpas, Miguel Ricardo A. Hilario, and Armin Sorooshian
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1454, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1454, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Both fire and urban emissions are major contributors to air pollution in Southeast Asia. Relative increases in measurements of methane and carbon monoxide gases during an aircraft campaign near the Philippines in 2019 were used to isolate pollution emissions from fires vs urban sources. Results were compared to atmospheric transport models to determine the sources' regional origins, and relationships between pollution indicators relevant to poor air quality were investigated for each source.
Jin Liao, Glenn M. Wolfe, Alexander E. Kotsakis, Julie M. Nicely, Jason M. St. Clair, Thomas F. Hanisco, Gonzalo González Abad, Caroline R. Nowlan, Zolal Ayazpour, Isabelle De Smedt, Eric C. Apel, and Rebecca S. Hornbrook
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Validation of satellite HCHO over the remote marine regions is relatively low, and modeled HCHO in these regions is usually added as a global satellite HCHO background. This paper intercompares three satellite HCHO retrievals and validates them against in situ observations from the NASA ATom mission. All retrievals are correlated with ATom-integrated columns over remote oceans, with OMI SAO (v004) showing the best agreement. A persistent low bias is found in all retrievals at high latitudes.
Lee Tiszenkel, James H. Flynn, and Shan-Hu Lee
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11351–11363, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11351-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11351-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ammonia and amines are important ingredients for aerosol formation in urban environments, but the measurements of these compounds are extremely challenging. Our observations show that urban ammonia and amines in Houston are emitted from urban sources, and diurnal variations in their concentrations are likely governed by gas-to-particle conversion and emissions.
Akinleye Folorunsho, Jimy Dudhia, John Sullivan, Paul Walter, James Flynn, Travis Griggs, Rebecca Sheesley, Sascha Usenko, Guillaume Gronoff, Mark Estes, and Yang Li
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1190, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1190, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Our study investigates the factors driving high ozone levels over the Houston urban area. Using advanced modeling techniques and real-world measurements, we found vehicle and industrial emissions especially of highly reactive organic compounds play a key role in ozone formation. Our study highlights spatial and temporal changes in ozone sensitivity and variability of atmosphere's self-cleaning capacity to emissions, signifying effective ways of controlling emissions to mitigate urban ozone.
Kai-Lan Chang, Owen R. Cooper, Audrey Gaudel, Irina Petropavlovskikh, Peter Effertz, Gary Morris, and Brian C. McDonald
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6197–6218, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6197-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6197-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A great majority of observational trend studies of free tropospheric ozone use sparsely sampled ozonesonde and aircraft measurements as reference data sets. A ubiquitous assumption is that trends are accurate and reliable so long as long-term records are available. We show that sampling bias due to sparse samples can persistently reduce the trend accuracy, and we highlight the importance of maintaining adequate frequency and continuity of observations.
Wei Li, Yuxuan Wang, Xueying Liu, Ehsan Soleimanian, Travis Griggs, James Flynn, and Paul Walter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13685–13699, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13685-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13685-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study examined high offshore ozone events in Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico, using boat data and WRF–CAMx modeling during the TRACER-AQ 2021 field campaign. On average, high ozone is caused by chemistry due to the regional transport of volatile organic compounds and downwind advection of NOx from the ship channel. Two case studies show advection of ozone can be another process leading to high ozone, and accurate wind prediction is crucial for air quality forecasting in coastal areas.
Sujan Shrestha, Shan Zhou, Manisha Mehra, Meghan Guagenti, Subin Yoon, Sergio L. Alvarez, Fangzhou Guo, Chun-Ying Chao, James H. Flynn III, Yuxuan Wang, Robert J. Griffin, Sascha Usenko, and Rebecca J. Sheesley
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10845–10867, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10845-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10845-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated different methods for assessing the influence of long-range transport of biomass burning (BB) plumes at a coastal site in Texas, USA. We show that the aerosol composition and optical properties exhibited good agreement, while CO and acetonitrile trends were less specific for assessing BB source influence. Our results demonstrate that the network of aerosol optical measurements can be useful for identifying the influence of aged BB plumes in anthropogenically influenced areas.
Xueying Liu, Yuxuan Wang, Shailaja Wasti, Wei Li, Ehsan Soleimanian, James Flynn, Travis Griggs, Sergio Alvarez, John T. Sullivan, Maurice Roots, Laurence Twigg, Guillaume Gronoff, Timothy Berkoff, Paul Walter, Mark Estes, Johnathan W. Hair, Taylor Shingler, Amy Jo Scarino, Marta Fenn, and Laura Judd
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5493–5514, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5493-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5493-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
With a comprehensive suite of ground-based and airborne remote sensing measurements during the 2021 TRacking Aerosol Convection ExpeRiment – Air Quality (TRACER-AQ) campaign in Houston, this study evaluates the simulation of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) height and the ozone vertical profile by a high-resolution (1.33 km) 3-D photochemical model Weather Research and Forecasting-driven GEOS-Chem (WRF-GC).
Brandon Bottorff, Michelle M. Lew, Youngjun Woo, Pamela Rickly, Matthew D. Rollings, Benjamin Deming, Daniel C. Anderson, Ezra Wood, Hariprasad D. Alwe, Dylan B. Millet, Andrew Weinheimer, Geoff Tyndall, John Ortega, Sebastien Dusanter, Thierry Leonardis, James Flynn, Matt Erickson, Sergio Alvarez, Jean C. Rivera-Rios, Joshua D. Shutter, Frank Keutsch, Detlev Helmig, Wei Wang, Hannah M. Allen, Johnathan H. Slade, Paul B. Shepson, Steven Bertman, and Philip S. Stevens
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10287–10311, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10287-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10287-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The hydroxyl (OH), hydroperoxy (HO2), and organic peroxy (RO2) radicals play important roles in atmospheric chemistry and have significant air quality implications. Here, we compare measurements of OH, HO2, and total peroxy radicals (XO2) made in a remote forest in Michigan, USA, to predictions from a series of chemical models. Lower measured radical concentrations suggest that the models may be missing an important radical sink and overestimating the rate of ozone production in this forest.
Bryan J. Johnson, Patrick Cullis, John Booth, Irina Petropavlovskikh, Glen McConville, Birgit Hassler, Gary A. Morris, Chance Sterling, and Samuel Oltmans
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3133–3146, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3133-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3133-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In 1986, soon after the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole, NOAA began year-round ozonesonde observations at South Pole Station to measure vertical profiles of ozone and temperature from the surface to 35 km. Balloon-borne ozonesondes launched at this unique site allow for tracking all phases of the yearly springtime ozone hole beginning in late winter and after sunrise, when rapid ozone depletion begins over the South Pole throughout the month of September.
Alexander A. T. Bui, Henry W. Wallace, Sarah Kavassalis, Hariprasad D. Alwe, James H. Flynn, Matt H. Erickson, Sergio Alvarez, Dylan B. Millet, Allison L. Steiner, and Robert J. Griffin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17031–17050, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17031-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17031-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Differences in atmospheric species above and below a forest canopy provide insight into the relative importance of local mixing, long-range transport, and chemical processes in determining vertical gradients in atmospheric particles in a forested environment. This helps in understanding the flux of climate-relevant material out of the forest to the atmosphere. We studied this in a remote forest using vertically resolved measurements of gases and particles.
Candice L. Sirmollo, Don R. Collins, Jordan M. McCormick, Cassandra F. Milan, Matthew H. Erickson, James H. Flynn, Rebecca J. Sheesley, Sascha Usenko, Henry W. Wallace, Alexander A. T. Bui, Robert J. Griffin, Matthew Tezak, Sean M. Kinahan, and Joshua L. Santarpia
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3351–3370, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3351-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3351-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The newly developed portable 1 m3 CAGE chamber systems were characterized using data acquired during a 2-month field study in 2016 in a forested area north of Houston, TX, USA. Concentrations of several oxidant and organic compounds measured in the chamber were found to closely agree with those calculated with a zero-dimensional model. By tracking the modes of injected monodisperse particles, a pattern change was observed for hourly averaged growth rates between late summer and early fall.
Miguel Ricardo A. Hilario, Ewan Crosbie, Michael Shook, Jeffrey S. Reid, Maria Obiminda L. Cambaliza, James Bernard B. Simpas, Luke Ziemba, Joshua P. DiGangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Phu Nguyen, F. Joseph Turk, Edward Winstead, Claire E. Robinson, Jian Wang, Jiaoshi Zhang, Yang Wang, Subin Yoon, James Flynn, Sergio L. Alvarez, Ali Behrangi, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3777–3802, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3777-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3777-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study characterizes long-range transport from major Asian pollution sources into the tropical northwest Pacific and the impact of scavenging on these air masses. We combined aircraft observations, HYSPLIT trajectories, reanalysis, and satellite retrievals to reveal distinct composition and size distribution profiles associated with specific emission sources and wet scavenging. The results of this work have implications for international policymaking related to climate and health.
Elena Spinei, Martin Tiefengraber, Moritz Müller, Manuel Gebetsberger, Alexander Cede, Luke Valin, James Szykman, Andrew Whitehill, Alexander Kotsakis, Fernando Santos, Nader Abbuhasan, Xiaoyi Zhao, Vitali Fioletov, Sum Chi Lee, and Robert Swap
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 647–663, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-647-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-647-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Plastics are widely used in everyday life and scientific equipment. This paper presents Delrin plastic off-gassing as a function of temperature on the atmospheric measurements of formaldehyde by Pandora spectroscopic instruments. The sealed telescope assembly containing Delrin components emitted large amounts of formaldehyde at 30–45 °C, interfering with the Pandora measurements. These results have a broader implication since electronic products often experience the same temperature.
Cited articles
Anderson, K. R., Johanson, I. A., Patrick, M. R., Gu, M., Segall, P.,
Poland, M. P., Montgomery-Brown, E. K., and Miklius, A.: Magma reservoir
failure and the onset of caldera collapse at Kīlauea Volcano in 2018,
Science, 366, eaaz1822, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz1822, 2019.
Bari, M. A., Kindzierski, W. B., and Roy, P.: Identification of ambient SO2
sources in industrial areas in the lower Athabasca oil sands region of
Alberta, Canada, Atmos. Environ., 231, 117505, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117505, 2020.
Bluth, G. J., Doiron, S. D., Schnetzler, C. C., Krueger, A. J., and Walter,
L. S.: Global tracking of the SO2 clouds from the June, 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruptions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 151–154, 1992.
Carmichael, G. R. and Peters, L. K.: Some aspects of SO2 absorption by
water-generalized treatment, Atmos. Environ., 13, 1505–1513, 1979.
Carn, S., Fioletov, V., McLinden, C., Li, C., and Krotkov, N.: A decade of
global volcanic SO2 emissions measured from space, Scientific Reports, 7,
44095, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44095, 2017.
Chen, T.-M., Kuschner, W. G., Gokhale, J., and Shofer, S.: Outdoor air
pollution: nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide health
effects, Am. J. Med. Sci., 333, 249–256, 2007.
Delmelle, P., Stix, J., Baxter, P., Garcia-Alvarez, J., and Barquero, J.:
Atmospheric dispersion, environmental effects and potential health hazard
associated with the low-altitude gas plume of Masaya volcano, Nicaragua,
B. Volcanol., 64, 423–434, 2002.
de Moor, J. M., Aiuppa, A., Avard, G., Wehrmann, H., Dunbar, N., Muller, C.,
Tamburello, G., Giudice, G., Liuzzo, M., and Moretti, R.: Turmoil at
Turrialba Volcano (Costa Rica): Degassing and eruptive processes inferred
from high-frequency gas monitoring, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 121, 5761–5775, 2016.
Diaz, J. A., Pieri, D., Wright, K., Sorensen, P., Kline-Shoder, R., Arkin,
C. R., Fladeland, M., Bland, G., Buongiorno, M. F., and Ramirez, C.:
Unmanned aerial mass spectrometer systems for in-situ volcanic plume
analysis, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectr., 26, 292–304, 2015.
Elias, T., Kern, C., Horton, K. A., Sutton, A. J., and Garbeil, H.:
Measuring SO2 emission rates at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii, using an array of upward-looking UV spectrometers, 2014–2017, Front. Earth Sci., 6, 214, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00214, 2018.
US EPA: National air quality and emissions trends, 1998, United States Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-454/R-00-003, 2000.
Flynn, J. and Morris, G. A.: A method for directly measuring SO2 and other trace gases by electrochemical cell (ECC) sonde, Patent, United States Patent 11,150,2171, https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/4e/b7/eb/6c08e69823abfa/US11150217.pdf (last access: 28 February 2022), 2021.
Galle, B., Johansson, M., Rivera, C., Zhang, Y., Kihlman, M., Kern, C.,
Lehmann, T., Platt, U., Arellano, S., and Hidalgo, S.: Network for
Observation of Volcanic and Atmospheric Change (NOVAC)–A global network
for volcanic gas monitoring: Network layout and instrument description,
J. Geophys. Res., 115, D05304, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD011823, 2010.
Gansecki, C., Lee, R. L., Shea, T., Lundblad, S. P., Hon, K., and Parcheta,
C.: The tangled tale of Kīlauea's 2018 eruption as told by geochemical
monitoring, Science, 366, eaaz0147, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz0147, 2019.
Kern, C., Sutton, J., Elias, T., Lee, L., Kamibayashi, K., Antolik, L., and
Werner, C.: An automated SO2 camera system for continuous, real-time
monitoring of gas emissions from Kīlauea Volcano's summit Overlook
Crater, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 300, 81–94, 2015.
Kern, C., Lerner, A. H., Elias, T., Nadeau, P. A., Holland, L., Kelly, P.
J., Werner, C. A., Clor, L. E., and Cappos, M.: Quantifying gas emissions
associated with the 2018 rift eruption of Kīlauea Volcano using
ground-based DOAS measurements, B. Volcanol., 82, 1–24, 2020.
Kiehl, J. and Briegleb, B.: The relative roles of sulfate aerosols and
greenhouse gases in climate forcing, Science, 260, 311–314, 1993.
Komhyr, W.: Electrical concentration cells for gas analysis, Ann. Geophys.,
25, 203–210, 1969.
Krug, E. C. and Frink, C. R.: Acid rain on acid soil: a new perspective,
Science, 221, 520–525, 1983.
Liu, T., Chan, A. W., and Abbatt, J. P.: Multiphase Oxidation of Sulfur
Dioxide in Aerosol Particles: Implications for Sulfate Formation in Polluted
Environments, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 4227–4242, 2021.
McLinden, C. A., Fioletov, V., Krotkov, N. A., Li, C., Boersma, K. F., and
Adams, C.: A decade of change in NO2 and SO2 over the Canadian oil sands as seen from space, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 331–337, 2016.
Morris, G. A., Komhyr, W. D., Hirokawa, J., Flynn, J., Lefer, B., Krotkov,
N., and Ngan, F.: A balloon sounding technique for measuring SO2 plumes,
J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 27, 1318–1330, 2010.
Nadeau, P. A., Werner, C. A., Waite, G. P., Carn, S. A., Brewer, I. D.,
Elias, T., Sutton, A. J., and Kern, C.: Using SO2 camera imagery and
seismicity to examine degassing and gas accumulation at Kīlauea
Volcano, May 2010, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 300, 70–80, 2015.
Parker, D. E., Wilson, H., Jones, P. D., Christy, J., and Folland, C. K.:
The impact of Mount Pinatubo on world-wide temperatures, Int.
J. Climatatol., 16, 487–497, 1996.
Patrick, M., Orr, T., Anderson, K., and Swanson, D.: Eruptions in sync:
Improved constraints on Kīlauea Volcano's hydraulic connection, Earth
Planet. Sc. Lett., 507, 50–61, 2019.
Patrick, M., Johanson, I., Shea, T., and Waite, G.: The historic events at
Kīlauea Volcano in 2018: summit collapse, rift zone eruption, and Mw 6.9 earthquake: preface to the special issue, B. Volcanol., 82, 46, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-020-01377-5, 2020.
Pieri, D., Diaz, J. A., Bland, G., Fladeland, M., Madrigal, Y., Corrales,
E., Alegria, O., Alan, A., Realmuto, V., and Miles, T.: In situ observations
and sampling of volcanic emissions with NASA and UCR unmanned aircraft,
including a case study at Turrialba Volcano, Costa Rica, Geological Society,
London, Special Publications, 380, 321–352, 2013.
Schmidt, A., Carslaw, K. S., Mann, G. W., Wilson, M., Breider, T. J., Pickering, S. J., and Thordarson, T.: The impact of the 1783–1784 AD Laki eruption on global aerosol formation processes and cloud condensation nuclei, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6025–6041, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-6025-2010, 2010.
Shannon, J. D.: Regional trends in wet deposition of sulfate in the United
States and SO2 emissions from 1980 through 1995, Atmos. Environ., 33, 807–816, 1999.
Simpson, I. J., Blake, N. J., Barletta, B., Diskin, G. S., Fuelberg, H. E., Gorham, K., Huey, L. G., Meinardi, S., Rowland, F. S., Vay, S. A., Weinheimer, A. J., Yang, M., and Blake, D. R.: Characterization of trace gases measured over Alberta oil sands mining operations: 76 speciated C2–C10 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), CO2, CH4, CO, NO, NO2, NOy, O3 and SO2, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11931–11954, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11931-2010, 2010.
Stein, A. F., Draxler, R. R., Rolph, G. D., Stunder, B. J., Cohen, M. D., and
Ngan, F.: NOAA's HYSPLIT atmospheric transport and dispersion modeling
system, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 96, 2059–2077, 2015.
Sunyer, J., Atkinson, R., Ballester, F., Le Tertre, A., Ayres, J. G.,
Forastiere, F., Forsberg, B., Vonk, J., Bisanti, L., and Anderson, R.:
Respiratory effects of sulphur dioxide: a hierarchical multicity analysis in
the APHEA 2 study, Occup. Environ. Med., 60, e2, https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.60.8.e2,
2003.
Tang, Y., Tong, D. Q., Yang, K., Lee, P., Baker, B., Crawford, A., Luke, W.,
Stein, A., Campbell, P. C., and Ring, A.: Air quality impacts of the 2018
Mt. Kilauea Volcano eruption in Hawaii: A regional chemical transport model
study with satellite-constrained emissions, Atmos. Environ., 237,
117648, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117648, 2020.
Terraglio, F. P. and Manganelli, R. M.: The absorption of atmospheric sulfur
dioxide by water solutions, Journal of the Air Pollution Control
Association, 17, 403–406, 1967.
Tortini, R., van Manen, S., Parkes, B., and Carn, S.: The impact of
persistent volcanic degassing on vegetation: A case study at Turrialba
volcano, Costa Rica, Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs., 59, 92–103, 2017.
Tzortziou, M., Herman, J. R., Cede, A., Loughner, C. P., Abuhassan, N., and
Naik, S.: Spatial and temporal variability of ozone and nitrogen dioxide
over a major urban estuarine ecosystem, J. Atmos. Chem., 72, 287–309, 2015.
Tzortziou, M., Parker, O., Lamb, B., Herman, J. R., Lamsal, L., Stauffer,
R., and Abuhassan, N.: Atmospheric Trace Gas (NO2 and O3) variability in South Korean coastal waters, and implications for remote sensing of coastal ocean color dynamics, Remote Sensing, 10, 1587, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101587, 2018.
Xi, X., Johnson, M. S., Jeong, S., Fladeland, M., Pieri, D., Diaz, J. A.,
and Bland, G. L.: Constraining the sulfur dioxide degassing flux from
Turrialba volcano, Costa Rica using unmanned aerial system measurements,
J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 325, 110–118, 2016.
Zhang, Q., Tie, X., Lin, W., Cao, J., Quan, J., Ran, L., and Xu, W.:
Variability of SO2 in an intensive fog in North China Plain: Evidence of
high solubility of SO2, Particuology, 11, 41–47, 2013.
Zhang, R., Wang, G., Guo, S., Zamora, M. L., Ying, Q., Lin, Y., Wang, W.,
Hu, M., and Wang, Y.: Formation of urban fine particulate matter, Chem. Rev., 115, 3803–3855, 2015.
Zhang, X. and Schreifels, J.: Continuous emission monitoring systems at
power plants in China: Improving SO2 emission measurement, Energ. Policy,
39, 7432–7438, 2011.
Short summary
SO2 is adverse to human health and the environment. A single SO2 sonde was developed to provide direct SO2 measurement with a greater vertical extent, a lower limit of detection, and less uncertainty relative to the previous dual-sonde method. The single sonde was tested in the field near volcanoes and anthropogenic sources where the sonde measured SO2 ranging from 0.5 to 940 ppb. This lighter-weight payload can be a great candidate to attach to small drones and unmanned aerial vehicles.
SO2 is adverse to human health and the environment. A single SO2 sonde was developed to provide...
