Articles | Volume 16, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2167-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2167-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
25 Apr 2023
Research article |
| 25 Apr 2023
| 25 Apr 2023
Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research/Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía version 8 retrieval of nitric oxide and lower-thermospheric temperature
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, CSIC, Granada, Spain
Maya García-Comas
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, CSIC, Granada, Spain
Norbert Glatthor
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of
Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe, Germany
Udo Grabowski
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of
Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe, Germany
Sylvia Kellmann
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of
Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe, Germany
Michael Kiefer
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of
Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe, Germany
Andrea Linden
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of
Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe, Germany
Manuel López-Puertas
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, CSIC, Granada, Spain
Gabriele P. Stiller
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of
Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe, Germany
Thomas von Clarmann
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of
Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe, Germany
Related authors
Bernd Funke, Michael Höpfner, Stefan Bender, Quentin Errera, Udo Grabowski, Alex Hoffmann, Han-Li Liu, Nick M. Pedatella, Piera Raspollini, Jörn Ungermann, and Björn-Martin Sinnhuber
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3881, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3881, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce two performance modeling tools, the Linear Performance Estimator (LPE) and the Fast L2 Simulator (FL2S), developed for CAIRT, a proposed ESA Earth Explorer mission. CAIRT aims to observe the middle atmosphere using an Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer. LPE quantifies spatial resolution and tomographic retrieval uncertainties, while FL2S generates synthetic data products that mimic the retrieval chain. Together, they demonstrate CAIRT's ability to meet scientific requirements.
Mona Kosary, Pasquale Sellitto, Michael Höpfner, Bernd Funke, Alex Hoffmann, Jörn Ungermann, Quentin Errera, Simone Tilmes, and Björn-Martin Sinnhuber
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4654, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4654, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated whether future satellites could track changes in the ozone layer if reflective particles were deliberately added high in the atmosphere to cool the planet. Using climate model simulations, we created virtual satellite measurements and compared them with the original data. The method captured the key changes, especially stronger ozone loss and delayed recovery over Antarctica, while showing low artificial distortion. This suggests such satellites could provide important oversight.
Gabriele P. Stiller, Thomas von Clarmann, Stefan Bender, Bernd Funke, Maya García-Comas, Norbert Glatthor, Udo Grabowski, Sylvia Kellmann, Michael Kiefer, Alexandra Laeng, Andrea Linden, and Manuel López-Puertas
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4116, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4116, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
Short summary
Short summary
We present the global distributions of the trace gases HNO3, ClONO2, HNO4, N2O5, and NOy, the total reactive nitrogen (constructed from [HNO3] + [ClONO2] + [HNO4] + 2x[N2O5] + [NO] + [NO2]), all derived from the latest spectral version, V8.03, of MIPAS/Envisat spectra. The data set covers the period of July 2002 to April 2012, with global day and night coverage from 6 to 60 km altitude. An additional data product, made for immediate comparison to atmospheric model simulations, is also presented.
Monika E. Szelag, Viktoria F. Sofieva, Edward Malina, Pekka T. Verronen, Michelle L. Santee, Manuel López-Puertas, Bernd Funke, Gabriele Stiller, Alexandra Laeng, Kaley A. Walker, Patrick E. Sheese, Mark E. Hervig, and Benjamin T. Marshall
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 7503–7522, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-7503-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-7503-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new global dataset of ozone profiles in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, created by combining several satellite measurements covering more than three decades. Our results show that ozone is recovering in the stratosphere but decreasing in the mesosphere, with the strongest declines near the mesopause. This dataset provides a valuable resource for investigating long-term changes, improving model performance, and addressing an observational gap in the upper atmosphere.
Pasquale Sellitto, Mona Kosary, Michael Höpfner, Bernd Funke, Alex Hoffmann, Jörn Ungermann, Quentin Errera, Simone Tilmes, and Björn-Martin Sinnhuber
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-919, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-919, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
To counterbalance human-caused global warming, highly controversial geoengineering techniques, based on stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI), have been proposed as a complement to climate change mitigation. Unilateral or illegal SAI deployments or tests are a risk. We show that existing satellite instruments do not have the capability to detect possible illegal SAI experiments and we propose a future satellite technique, infrared limb emission sounding, that can provide this missing capability.
Quentin Errera, Marc Op de beeck, Stefan Bender, Johannes Flemming, Bernd Funke, Alex Hoffmann, Michael Höpfner, Nathaniel Livesey, Gabriele Poli, Didier Pieroux, Piera Raspollini, and Björn-Martin Sinnhuber
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 19, 2601–2620, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-2601-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-2601-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The Changing Atmosphere Infra-Red Tomography Explorer (CAIRT) is a satellite mission concept developed to observe, among other, the gradient of ozone and water vapour in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere where these species have their largest radiative impact. By simulating CAIRT observations and measuring their constrain on an atmospheric model using data assimilation, this study shows that CAIRT specifications are adequate to fulfil this objective.
Norbert Glatthor, Thomas von Clarmann, Udo Grabowski, Sylvia Kellmann, Michael Kiefer, Alexandra Laeng, Andrea Linden, Gabriele P. Stiller, Bernd Funke, Maya García-Comas, Manuel López-Puertas, Oliver Kirner, and Michelle L. Santee
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 19, 629–657, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-629-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-629-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We present a global climatology of Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) version 8 chlorine monoxide (ClO), retrieved from spaceborne observations between 2002 and 2012. Due to an improved retrieval setup, the high bias and poor vertical resolution of upper stratospheric ClO, which had affected the previous V5 data set, has been removed. Comparisons with ClO observations of the Microwave Limb Sounder generally show good agreement. Differences can be explained by simulations with an atmospheric chemistry model.
Miriam Sinnhuber, Christina Arras, Stefan Bender, Bernd Funke, Hanli Liu, Daniel R. Marsh, Thomas Reddmann, Eugene Rozanov, Timofei Sukhodolov, Monika E. Szelag, and Jan Maik Wissing
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 14719–14734, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14719-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14719-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Nitric oxide in the upper atmosphere varies with solar activity. Observations show that this starts a chain of processes affecting the ozone layer and climate system. This is often underestimated in models. We compare five models which show large differences in simulated NO. Analysis of these discrepancies identify two processes which interact with each other: the balance between atomic and molecular oxygen in the thermosphere, and a poleward - downward transport in the winter thermosphere.
Maryam Ramezani Ziarani, Miriam Sinnhuber, Thomas Reddmann, Bernd Funke, Stefan Bender, and Michael Prather
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 7891–7905, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-7891-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-7891-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study aims to present a new method for incorporating top-down solar forcing into stratospheric ozone relying on linearized ozone scheme. The addition of geomagnetic forcing led to significant ozone losses in the polar upper stratosphere of both hemispheres due to the catalytic cycles involving NOy. In addition to the particle precipitation effect, accounting for solar UV variability in the ICON-ART model leads to the changes in ozone in the tropical stratosphere.
Cecilia Tirelli, Simone Ceccherini, Samuele Del Bianco, Bernd Funke, Michael Höpfner, Ugo Cortesi, and Piera Raspollini
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 5619–5636, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-5619-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-5619-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Complete Data Fusion is an a posteriori method used to combine remote sensing products from independent observations of the same or proximate air masses. In this study, we extend the algorithm’s applicability to two-dimensional products, testing it with simulated ozone datasets from nadir and limb measurements. Our results show that the exploitation of the tomographic capabilities of future atmospheric sensors maximizes the information extracted from complementary datasets.
Florian Voet, Felix Ploeger, Johannes Laube, Peter Preusse, Paul Konopka, Jens-Uwe Grooß, Jörn Ungermann, Björn-Martin Sinnhuber, Michael Höpfner, Bernd Funke, Gerald Wetzel, Sören Johansson, Gabriele Stiller, Eric Ray, and Michaela I. Hegglin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3541–3565, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3541-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3541-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study refines estimates of the stratospheric “age of air”, a measure of how long air circulates in the stratosphere. By analyzing correlations between trace gases measurable by satellites, the research introduces a method that reduces uncertainties and detects small-scale atmospheric features. This improved understanding of stratospheric circulation is crucial for better climate models and predictions, enhancing our ability to assess the impacts of climate change on the atmosphere.
Norbert Glatthor, Gabriele P. Stiller, Thomas von Clarmann, Bernd Funke, Sylvia Kellmann, and Andrea Linden
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1175–1208, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1175-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1175-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present global upper-tropospheric distributions of the pollutants HCN, CO, C2H2, C2H6, PAN, and HCOOH, observed between 2002 and 2012 by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on the Environmental Satellite (Envisat). By comparing the spatial distributions of their volume mixing ratios and by global correlation and regression analyses, we draw conclusions on their sources, such as biomass burning, anthropogenic sources, and biogenic release.
Manuel López-Puertas, Federico Fabiano, Victor Fomichev, Bernd Funke, and Daniel R. Marsh
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4401–4432, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4401-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4401-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The radiative infrared cooling of CO2 in the middle atmosphere is crucial for computing its thermal structure. It requires one however to include non-local thermodynamic equilibrium processes which are computationally very expensive, which cannot be afforded by climate models. In this work, we present an updated, efficient, accurate and very fast (~50 µs) parameterization of that cooling able to cope with CO2 abundances from half the pre-industrial values to 10 times the current abundance.
Norbert Glatthor, Thomas von Clarmann, Bernd Funke, Maya García-Comas, Udo Grabowski, Michael Höpfner, Sylvia Kellmann, Michael Kiefer, Alexandra Laeng, Andrea Linden, Manuel López-Puertas, and Gabriele P. Stiller
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2849–2871, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2849-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2849-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present global atmospheric methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) distributions retrieved from measurements of the MIPAS instrument on board the Environmental Satellite (Envisat) during 2002 to 2012. Monitoring of these gases is of scientific interest because both of them are strong greenhouse gases. We analyze the latest, improved version of calibrated MIPAS measurements. Further, we apply a new retrieval scheme leading to an improved CH4 and N2O data product .
Gabriele P. Stiller, Thomas von Clarmann, Norbert Glatthor, Udo Grabowski, Sylvia Kellmann, Michael Kiefer, Alexandra Laeng, Andrea Linden, Bernd Funke, Maya García-Comas, and Manuel López-Puertas
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1759–1789, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1759-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1759-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
CFC-11, CFC-12, and HCFC-22 contribute to the depletion of ozone and are potent greenhouse gases. They have been banned by the Montreal protocol. With MIPAS on Envisat the atmospheric composition could be observed between 2002 and 2012. We present here the retrieval of their atmospheric distributions for the final data version 8. We characterise the derived data by their error budget and their spatial resolution. An additional representation for direct comparison to models is also provided.
Bernd Funke, Thierry Dudok de Wit, Ilaria Ermolli, Margit Haberreiter, Doug Kinnison, Daniel Marsh, Hilde Nesse, Annika Seppälä, Miriam Sinnhuber, and Ilya Usoskin
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1217–1227, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1217-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1217-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We outline a road map for the preparation of a solar forcing dataset for the upcoming Phase 7 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP7), considering the latest scientific advances made in the reconstruction of solar forcing and in the understanding of climate response while also addressing the issues that were raised during CMIP6.
Manuel López-Puertas, Maya García-Comas, Bernd Funke, Thomas von Clarmann, Norbert Glatthor, Udo Grabowski, Sylvia Kellmann, Michael Kiefer, Alexandra Laeng, Andrea Linden, and Gabriele P. Stiller
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5609–5645, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5609-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5609-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes a new version (V8) of ozone data from MIPAS middle-atmosphere spectra. The dataset comprises high-quality ozone profiles from 20 to 100 km, with pole-to-pole latitude coverage for the day- and nighttime, spanning 2005 until 2012. An exhaustive treatment of errors has been performed. Compared to other satellite instruments, MIPAS ozone shows a positive bias of 5 %–8 % below 70 km. In the upper mesosphere, this new version agrees much better than previous ones (within 10 %).
Maya García-Comas, Bernd Funke, Manuel López-Puertas, Norbert Glatthor, Udo Grabowski, Sylvia Kellmann, Michael Kiefer, Andrea Linden, Belén Martínez-Mondéjar, Gabriele P. Stiller, and Thomas von Clarmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5357–5386, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5357-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5357-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We have released version 8 of MIPAS IMK–IAA temperatures and pointing information retrieved from MIPAS Middle and Upper Atmosphere mode version 8.03 calibrated spectra, covering 20–115 km altitude. We considered non-local thermodynamic equilibrium emission explicitly for each limb scan, essential to retrieve accurate temperatures above the mid-mesosphere. Comparisons of this temperature dataset with SABER measurements show excellent agreement, improving those of previous MIPAS versions.
Monali Borthakur, Miriam Sinnhuber, Alexandra Laeng, Thomas Reddmann, Peter Braesicke, Gabriele Stiller, Thomas von Clarmann, Bernd Funke, Ilya Usoskin, Jan Maik Wissing, and Olesya Yakovchuk
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12985–13013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12985-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12985-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Reduced ozone levels resulting from ozone depletion mean more exposure to UV radiation, which has various effects on human health. We analysed solar events to see what influence it has on the chemistry of Earth's atmosphere and how this atmospheric chemistry change can affect the ozone. To do this, we used an atmospheric model considering only chemistry and compared it with satellite data. The focus was mainly on the contribution of chlorine, and we found about 10 %–20 % ozone loss due to that.
Michael Kiefer, Thomas von Clarmann, Bernd Funke, Maya García-Comas, Norbert Glatthor, Udo Grabowski, Michael Höpfner, Sylvia Kellmann, Alexandra Laeng, Andrea Linden, Manuel López-Puertas, and Gabriele P. Stiller
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1443–1460, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1443-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1443-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A new ozone data set, derived from radiation measurements of the space-borne instrument MIPAS, is presented. It consists of more than 2 million single ozone profiles from 2002–2012, covering virtually all latitudes and altitudes between 5 and 70 km. Progress in data calibration and processing methods allowed for significant improvement of the data quality, compared to previous data versions. Hence, the data set will help to better understand e.g. the time evolution of ozone in the stratosphere.
Thomas von Clarmann, Norbert Glatthor, Udo Grabowski, Bernd Funke, Michael Kiefer, Anne Kleinert, Gabriele P. Stiller, Andrea Linden, and Sylvia Kellmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 6991–7018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6991-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6991-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Errors of profiles of temperature and mixing ratios retrieved from spectra recorded with the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding are estimated. All known and quantified sources of uncertainty are considered. Some ongoing uncertaities contribute to both the random and to the systematic errors. In some cases, one source of uncertainty propagates onto the error budget via multiple pathways. Problems arise when the correlations of errors to be propagated are unknown.
Irina Mironova, Miriam Sinnhuber, Galina Bazilevskaya, Mark Clilverd, Bernd Funke, Vladimir Makhmutov, Eugene Rozanov, Michelle L. Santee, Timofei Sukhodolov, and Thomas Ulich
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6703–6716, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6703-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6703-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
From balloon measurements, we detected unprecedented, extremely powerful, electron precipitation over the middle latitudes. The robustness of this event is confirmed by satellite observations of electron fluxes and chemical composition, as well as by ground-based observations of the radio signal propagation. The applied chemistry–climate model shows the almost complete destruction of ozone in the mesosphere over the region where high-energy electrons were observed.
Bernd Funke, Michael Höpfner, Stefan Bender, Quentin Errera, Udo Grabowski, Alex Hoffmann, Han-Li Liu, Nick M. Pedatella, Piera Raspollini, Jörn Ungermann, and Björn-Martin Sinnhuber
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3881, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3881, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce two performance modeling tools, the Linear Performance Estimator (LPE) and the Fast L2 Simulator (FL2S), developed for CAIRT, a proposed ESA Earth Explorer mission. CAIRT aims to observe the middle atmosphere using an Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer. LPE quantifies spatial resolution and tomographic retrieval uncertainties, while FL2S generates synthetic data products that mimic the retrieval chain. Together, they demonstrate CAIRT's ability to meet scientific requirements.
Mona Kosary, Pasquale Sellitto, Michael Höpfner, Bernd Funke, Alex Hoffmann, Jörn Ungermann, Quentin Errera, Simone Tilmes, and Björn-Martin Sinnhuber
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4654, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4654, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated whether future satellites could track changes in the ozone layer if reflective particles were deliberately added high in the atmosphere to cool the planet. Using climate model simulations, we created virtual satellite measurements and compared them with the original data. The method captured the key changes, especially stronger ozone loss and delayed recovery over Antarctica, while showing low artificial distortion. This suggests such satellites could provide important oversight.
Laura N. Saunders, Kaley A. Walker, Gabriele P. Stiller, Piera Raspollini, Luis F. Millán, Marco Gai, Chris D. Boone, John Gille, Norbert Glatthor, Armin Kleinboehl, Anne Kleinert, Alyn Lambert, Donal Murtaugh, Patrick E. Sheese, Geoffrey C. Toon, and Gerald Wetzel
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4651, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4651, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
Short summary
Short summary
We present a comprehensive evaluation of nitrous oxide (N2O) measurements taken during the 2002–2024 period from five limb-viewing satellite instruments: ACE-FTS, HIRDLS, MIPAS, Aura-MLS, and SMR. Coincident measurements are compared between satellite instruments and with independent reference data from balloon-borne instruments. We show that ACE-FTS, MIPAS, and SMR constitute an excellent 23-year record of N2O measurements that could be used to create an ESA-funded merged dataset in future.
Wolfgang Woiwode, Bärbel Vogel, Valentin Lauther, Jens-Uwe Grooß, Jeremy Harrison, Sören Johansson, Jörn Ungermann, Peter Braesicke, Markus Dick, Andreas Engel, Felix Friedl-Vallon, Norbert Glatthor, Thomas Gulde, Michael Höpfner, Markus Jesswein, Jan Kaumanns, Timo Keber, Anne Kleinert, Erik Kretschmer, Guido Maucher, Tom Neubert, Hans Nordmeyer, Christof Piesch, Felix Plöger, Peter Preusse, Markus Retzlaff, Sebastian Rhode, Heinz Rongen, Georg Schardt, Tanja Schuck, Björn-Martin Sinnhuber, Johannes Strobel, Franziska Trinkl, Ronja Van Luijt, Stefan Versick, C. Michael Volk, Gerald Wetzel, Peter Hoor, and Martin Riese
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3271, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3271, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Filaments of CH2Cl2-rich air are revealed by airborne infrared limb-imaging observations in late summer 2023 above the North Pacific, Canada and Alaska and traced back to the Asian Summer Monsoon region. Involving new spectroscopic data, high CH2Cl2 levels were retrieved in the troposphere and moderate enhancements also in air masses with characteristics of the lowermost stratosphere. Mesoscale filaments are shown to transport substantial amounts of CH2Cl2 across the North Pacific.
Gabriele P. Stiller, Thomas von Clarmann, Stefan Bender, Bernd Funke, Maya García-Comas, Norbert Glatthor, Udo Grabowski, Sylvia Kellmann, Michael Kiefer, Alexandra Laeng, Andrea Linden, and Manuel López-Puertas
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4116, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4116, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
Short summary
Short summary
We present the global distributions of the trace gases HNO3, ClONO2, HNO4, N2O5, and NOy, the total reactive nitrogen (constructed from [HNO3] + [ClONO2] + [HNO4] + 2x[N2O5] + [NO] + [NO2]), all derived from the latest spectral version, V8.03, of MIPAS/Envisat spectra. The data set covers the period of July 2002 to April 2012, with global day and night coverage from 6 to 60 km altitude. An additional data product, made for immediate comparison to atmospheric model simulations, is also presented.
Monika E. Szelag, Viktoria F. Sofieva, Edward Malina, Pekka T. Verronen, Michelle L. Santee, Manuel López-Puertas, Bernd Funke, Gabriele Stiller, Alexandra Laeng, Kaley A. Walker, Patrick E. Sheese, Mark E. Hervig, and Benjamin T. Marshall
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 7503–7522, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-7503-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-7503-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new global dataset of ozone profiles in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, created by combining several satellite measurements covering more than three decades. Our results show that ozone is recovering in the stratosphere but decreasing in the mesosphere, with the strongest declines near the mesopause. This dataset provides a valuable resource for investigating long-term changes, improving model performance, and addressing an observational gap in the upper atmosphere.
Pasquale Sellitto, Mona Kosary, Michael Höpfner, Bernd Funke, Alex Hoffmann, Jörn Ungermann, Quentin Errera, Simone Tilmes, and Björn-Martin Sinnhuber
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-919, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-919, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
To counterbalance human-caused global warming, highly controversial geoengineering techniques, based on stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI), have been proposed as a complement to climate change mitigation. Unilateral or illegal SAI deployments or tests are a risk. We show that existing satellite instruments do not have the capability to detect possible illegal SAI experiments and we propose a future satellite technique, infrared limb emission sounding, that can provide this missing capability.
Marta Abalos, Thomas Birner, Andreas Chrysanthou, Sean Davis, Alvaro de la Cámara, Sandip Dhomse, Hella Garny, Michaela I. Hegglin, Daan Hubert, Oksana Ivaniha, James Keeble, Marianna Linz, Daniele Minganti, Jessica Neu, David Plummer, Laura Saunders, Kasturi Shah, Gabriele Stiller, Kleareti Tourpali, Darryn Waugh, Nathan Luke Abraham, Hideharu Akiyoshi, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Patrick Jöckel, Béatrice Josse, Marion Marchand, Patrick Martineau, Olaf Morgenstern, Timofei Sukhodolov, Shingo Watanabe, and Yousuke Yamashita
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 5249–5291, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-5249-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-5249-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate representation of stratospheric transport in Chemistry-Climate Models is essential for reliable climate projections. This study evaluates three generations of models using observational data and reanalyses, identifying persistent biases and their potential causes. Some biases persist or even worsen in newer models. These findings highlight key limitations and inform efforts to improve models and advance understanding through process-based studies and enhanced observations.
Quentin Errera, Marc Op de beeck, Stefan Bender, Johannes Flemming, Bernd Funke, Alex Hoffmann, Michael Höpfner, Nathaniel Livesey, Gabriele Poli, Didier Pieroux, Piera Raspollini, and Björn-Martin Sinnhuber
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 19, 2601–2620, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-2601-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-2601-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The Changing Atmosphere Infra-Red Tomography Explorer (CAIRT) is a satellite mission concept developed to observe, among other, the gradient of ozone and water vapour in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere where these species have their largest radiative impact. By simulating CAIRT observations and measuring their constrain on an atmospheric model using data assimilation, this study shows that CAIRT specifications are adequate to fulfil this objective.
Ariana Elena Castillo, Marianna Linz, Eric Ray, Laura N. Saunders, Kaley A. Walker, Gabriele P. Stiller, Todd A. Mooring, and Stephen Bourguet
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1236, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1236, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
In the stratosphere, transport strongly impacts the distribution of long-lived trace gases, and age of air is a measure of transport times in the stratosphere. We present two datasets that capture the structure and seasonality of stratospheric transport in both hemispheres: (1) latitude-varying empirical relationships of tracers to calculate a (2) 7-year timeseries of age of air. We lay groundwork for a multidecade timeseries of age to understand long-term transport in a warming climate.
Meghan Brehon, Susann Tegtmeier, Adam Bourassa, Sean M. Davis, Udo Grabowski, Tobias Kerzenmacher, and Gabriele Stiller
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 3743–3764, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-3743-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-3743-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We used observations of water vapour to estimate vertical transport rates in the tropical stratosphere for 1995-2020 and analyze stratospheric variability. Our results find good agreement between our observation-based estimates and reanalysis upwelling and reveal that the variability is mainly driven by the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) with a clear signal in the upwelling time series coinciding with the recent QBO disruptions of 2015/16 and 2019/20.
Viktoria F. Sofieva, Alexandra Laeng, Thomas von Clarmann, Gabriele Stiller, Michael Kiefer, Johanna Tamminen, Alexey Rozanov, Carlo Arosio, Nathaniel Livesey, Robert Damadeo, Patrick Sheese, Kaley A. Walker, Doug Degenstein, Daniel Zawada, Natalya A. Kramarova, and Arno Keppens
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 19, 1837–1852, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-1837-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-1837-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
For satellite measurements of atmospheric composition, the random uncertainty estimates provided by retrieval algorithms might be imperfect due to various approximations used in the retrievals or presence of unknown error sources. This paper presents an overview of the methods used for validation of random uncertainty estimates. All methods discussed in this study are categorized, and assumptions and limitations of each method are discussed.
Norbert Glatthor, Thomas von Clarmann, Udo Grabowski, Sylvia Kellmann, Michael Kiefer, Alexandra Laeng, Andrea Linden, Gabriele P. Stiller, Bernd Funke, Maya García-Comas, Manuel López-Puertas, Oliver Kirner, and Michelle L. Santee
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 19, 629–657, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-629-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-629-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We present a global climatology of Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) version 8 chlorine monoxide (ClO), retrieved from spaceborne observations between 2002 and 2012. Due to an improved retrieval setup, the high bias and poor vertical resolution of upper stratospheric ClO, which had affected the previous V5 data set, has been removed. Comparisons with ClO observations of the Microwave Limb Sounder generally show good agreement. Differences can be explained by simulations with an atmospheric chemistry model.
Sarah Vervalcke, Quentin Errera, Roland Eichinger, Thomas Reddmann, Simon Chabrillat, Marc Op de beeck, Gabriele Stiller, and Emmanuel Mahieu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 391–409, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-391-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-391-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents three simulations of atmospheric chemistry with the Belgian Assimilation System for Chemical Observations chemistry transport model, driven by different meteorological data sets. Newly implemented SF6 chemistry enables stratospheric transport studies. Results agree with satellite observations. The derived lifetimes of six trace gases agree with the literature, but SF6 shows larger sensitivity to the choice of meteorology. The lifetime of SF6 ranges from 1900 to 2600 years.
Miriam Sinnhuber, Christina Arras, Stefan Bender, Bernd Funke, Hanli Liu, Daniel R. Marsh, Thomas Reddmann, Eugene Rozanov, Timofei Sukhodolov, Monika E. Szelag, and Jan Maik Wissing
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 14719–14734, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14719-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14719-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Nitric oxide in the upper atmosphere varies with solar activity. Observations show that this starts a chain of processes affecting the ozone layer and climate system. This is often underestimated in models. We compare five models which show large differences in simulated NO. Analysis of these discrepancies identify two processes which interact with each other: the balance between atomic and molecular oxygen in the thermosphere, and a poleward - downward transport in the winter thermosphere.
Maryam Ramezani Ziarani, Miriam Sinnhuber, Thomas Reddmann, Bernd Funke, Stefan Bender, and Michael Prather
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 7891–7905, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-7891-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-7891-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study aims to present a new method for incorporating top-down solar forcing into stratospheric ozone relying on linearized ozone scheme. The addition of geomagnetic forcing led to significant ozone losses in the polar upper stratosphere of both hemispheres due to the catalytic cycles involving NOy. In addition to the particle precipitation effect, accounting for solar UV variability in the ICON-ART model leads to the changes in ozone in the tropical stratosphere.
Cecilia Tirelli, Simone Ceccherini, Samuele Del Bianco, Bernd Funke, Michael Höpfner, Ugo Cortesi, and Piera Raspollini
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 5619–5636, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-5619-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-5619-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Complete Data Fusion is an a posteriori method used to combine remote sensing products from independent observations of the same or proximate air masses. In this study, we extend the algorithm’s applicability to two-dimensional products, testing it with simulated ozone datasets from nadir and limb measurements. Our results show that the exploitation of the tomographic capabilities of future atmospheric sensors maximizes the information extracted from complementary datasets.
Laura N. Saunders, Kaley A. Walker, Gabriele P. Stiller, Thomas von Clarmann, Florian Haenel, Hella Garny, Harald Bönisch, Chris D. Boone, Ariana E. Castillo, Andreas Engel, Johannes C. Laube, Marianna Linz, Felix Ploeger, David A. Plummer, Eric A. Ray, and Patrick E. Sheese
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4185–4209, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4185-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4185-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present a 17-year stratospheric age-of-air dataset derived from ACE-FTS satellite measurements of sulfur hexafluoride. This is the longest continuous, global, and vertically resolved age of air time series available to date. In this paper, we show that this dataset agrees well with age-of-air datasets based on measurements from other instruments. We also present trends in the midlatitude lower stratosphere that indicate changes in the global circulation that are predicted by climate models.
Florian Voet, Felix Ploeger, Johannes Laube, Peter Preusse, Paul Konopka, Jens-Uwe Grooß, Jörn Ungermann, Björn-Martin Sinnhuber, Michael Höpfner, Bernd Funke, Gerald Wetzel, Sören Johansson, Gabriele Stiller, Eric Ray, and Michaela I. Hegglin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3541–3565, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3541-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3541-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study refines estimates of the stratospheric “age of air”, a measure of how long air circulates in the stratosphere. By analyzing correlations between trace gases measurable by satellites, the research introduces a method that reduces uncertainties and detects small-scale atmospheric features. This improved understanding of stratospheric circulation is crucial for better climate models and predictions, enhancing our ability to assess the impacts of climate change on the atmosphere.
Norbert Glatthor, Gabriele P. Stiller, Thomas von Clarmann, Bernd Funke, Sylvia Kellmann, and Andrea Linden
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1175–1208, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1175-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1175-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present global upper-tropospheric distributions of the pollutants HCN, CO, C2H2, C2H6, PAN, and HCOOH, observed between 2002 and 2012 by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on the Environmental Satellite (Envisat). By comparing the spatial distributions of their volume mixing ratios and by global correlation and regression analyses, we draw conclusions on their sources, such as biomass burning, anthropogenic sources, and biogenic release.
Sören Johansson, Michael Höpfner, Felix Friedl-Vallon, Norbert Glatthor, Thomas Gulde, Vincent Huijnen, Anne Kleinert, Erik Kretschmer, Guido Maucher, Tom Neubert, Hans Nordmeyer, Christof Piesch, Peter Preusse, Martin Riese, Björn-Martin Sinnhuber, Jörn Ungermann, Gerald Wetzel, and Wolfgang Woiwode
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8125–8138, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8125-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8125-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present airborne infrared limb sounding GLORIA measurements of ammonia (NH3) in the upper troposphere of air masses within the Asian monsoon and of those connected with biomass burning. Comparing CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) model data, we find that the model reproduces the measured enhanced NH3 within the Asian monsoon well but not that within biomass burning plumes, where no enhanced NH3 is measured in the upper troposphere but considerable amounts are simulated by CAMS.
Karen De Los Ríos, Paulina Ordoñez, Gabriele P. Stiller, Piera Raspollini, Marco Gai, Kaley A. Walker, Cristina Peña-Ortiz, and Luis Acosta
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3401–3418, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3401-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3401-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines newer versions of H2O and HDO retrievals from Envisat/MIPAS and SCISAT/ACE-FTS. Results reveal a better agreement in stratospheric H2O profiles than in HDO profiles. The H2O tape recorder signal is consistent across databases, but δD tape recorder composites show differences that impact the interpretation of water vapour transport. These findings enhance the need for intercomparisons to refine our insights.
Manuel López-Puertas, Federico Fabiano, Victor Fomichev, Bernd Funke, and Daniel R. Marsh
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4401–4432, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4401-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4401-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The radiative infrared cooling of CO2 in the middle atmosphere is crucial for computing its thermal structure. It requires one however to include non-local thermodynamic equilibrium processes which are computationally very expensive, which cannot be afforded by climate models. In this work, we present an updated, efficient, accurate and very fast (~50 µs) parameterization of that cooling able to cope with CO2 abundances from half the pre-industrial values to 10 times the current abundance.
Jin Ma, Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Norbert Glatthor, Stephen A. Montzka, Marc von Hobe, Thomas Röckmann, and Maarten C. Krol
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6047–6070, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6047-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6047-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The global budget of atmospheric COS can be optimised by inverse modelling using TM5-4DVAR, with the co-constraints of NOAA surface observations and MIPAS satellite data. We found reduced COS biosphere uptake from inversions and improved land and ocean separation using MIPAS satellite data assimilation. Further improvements are expected from better quantification of COS ocean and biosphere fluxes.
Norbert Glatthor, Thomas von Clarmann, Bernd Funke, Maya García-Comas, Udo Grabowski, Michael Höpfner, Sylvia Kellmann, Michael Kiefer, Alexandra Laeng, Andrea Linden, Manuel López-Puertas, and Gabriele P. Stiller
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2849–2871, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2849-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2849-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present global atmospheric methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) distributions retrieved from measurements of the MIPAS instrument on board the Environmental Satellite (Envisat) during 2002 to 2012. Monitoring of these gases is of scientific interest because both of them are strong greenhouse gases. We analyze the latest, improved version of calibrated MIPAS measurements. Further, we apply a new retrieval scheme leading to an improved CH4 and N2O data product .
Felicia Kolonjari, Patrick E. Sheese, Kaley A. Walker, Chris D. Boone, David A. Plummer, Andreas Engel, Stephen A. Montzka, David E. Oram, Tanja Schuck, Gabriele P. Stiller, and Geoffrey C. Toon
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2429–2449, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2429-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2429-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Canadian Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier transform spectrometer (ACE-FTS) satellite instrument is currently providing the only vertically resolved chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22) measurements from space. This study assesses the most current ACE-FTS HCFC-22 data product in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, as well as modelled HCFC-22 from a 39-year run of the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM39) in the same region.
Hella Garny, Roland Eichinger, Johannes C. Laube, Eric A. Ray, Gabriele P. Stiller, Harald Bönisch, Laura Saunders, and Marianna Linz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4193–4215, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4193-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4193-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Transport circulation in the stratosphere is important for the distribution of tracers, but its strength is hard to measure. Mean transport times can be inferred from observations of trace gases with certain properties, such as sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). However, this gas has a chemical sink in the high atmosphere, which can lead to substantial biases in inferred transport times. In this paper we present a method to correct mean transport times derived from SF6 for the effects of chemical sinks.
Gabriele P. Stiller, Thomas von Clarmann, Norbert Glatthor, Udo Grabowski, Sylvia Kellmann, Michael Kiefer, Alexandra Laeng, Andrea Linden, Bernd Funke, Maya García-Comas, and Manuel López-Puertas
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1759–1789, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1759-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1759-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
CFC-11, CFC-12, and HCFC-22 contribute to the depletion of ozone and are potent greenhouse gases. They have been banned by the Montreal protocol. With MIPAS on Envisat the atmospheric composition could be observed between 2002 and 2012. We present here the retrieval of their atmospheric distributions for the final data version 8. We characterise the derived data by their error budget and their spatial resolution. An additional representation for direct comparison to models is also provided.
Bernd Funke, Thierry Dudok de Wit, Ilaria Ermolli, Margit Haberreiter, Doug Kinnison, Daniel Marsh, Hilde Nesse, Annika Seppälä, Miriam Sinnhuber, and Ilya Usoskin
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1217–1227, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1217-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1217-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We outline a road map for the preparation of a solar forcing dataset for the upcoming Phase 7 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP7), considering the latest scientific advances made in the reconstruction of solar forcing and in the understanding of climate response while also addressing the issues that were raised during CMIP6.
Manuel López-Puertas, Maya García-Comas, Bernd Funke, Thomas von Clarmann, Norbert Glatthor, Udo Grabowski, Sylvia Kellmann, Michael Kiefer, Alexandra Laeng, Andrea Linden, and Gabriele P. Stiller
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5609–5645, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5609-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5609-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes a new version (V8) of ozone data from MIPAS middle-atmosphere spectra. The dataset comprises high-quality ozone profiles from 20 to 100 km, with pole-to-pole latitude coverage for the day- and nighttime, spanning 2005 until 2012. An exhaustive treatment of errors has been performed. Compared to other satellite instruments, MIPAS ozone shows a positive bias of 5 %–8 % below 70 km. In the upper mesosphere, this new version agrees much better than previous ones (within 10 %).
Maya García-Comas, Bernd Funke, Manuel López-Puertas, Norbert Glatthor, Udo Grabowski, Sylvia Kellmann, Michael Kiefer, Andrea Linden, Belén Martínez-Mondéjar, Gabriele P. Stiller, and Thomas von Clarmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5357–5386, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5357-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5357-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We have released version 8 of MIPAS IMK–IAA temperatures and pointing information retrieved from MIPAS Middle and Upper Atmosphere mode version 8.03 calibrated spectra, covering 20–115 km altitude. We considered non-local thermodynamic equilibrium emission explicitly for each limb scan, essential to retrieve accurate temperatures above the mid-mesosphere. Comparisons of this temperature dataset with SABER measurements show excellent agreement, improving those of previous MIPAS versions.
Monali Borthakur, Miriam Sinnhuber, Alexandra Laeng, Thomas Reddmann, Peter Braesicke, Gabriele Stiller, Thomas von Clarmann, Bernd Funke, Ilya Usoskin, Jan Maik Wissing, and Olesya Yakovchuk
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12985–13013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12985-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12985-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Reduced ozone levels resulting from ozone depletion mean more exposure to UV radiation, which has various effects on human health. We analysed solar events to see what influence it has on the chemistry of Earth's atmosphere and how this atmospheric chemistry change can affect the ozone. To do this, we used an atmospheric model considering only chemistry and compared it with satellite data. The focus was mainly on the contribution of chlorine, and we found about 10 %–20 % ozone loss due to that.
Michael Kiefer, Dale F. Hurst, Gabriele P. Stiller, Stefan Lossow, Holger Vömel, John Anderson, Faiza Azam, Jean-Loup Bertaux, Laurent Blanot, Klaus Bramstedt, John P. Burrows, Robert Damadeo, Bianca Maria Dinelli, Patrick Eriksson, Maya García-Comas, John C. Gille, Mark Hervig, Yasuko Kasai, Farahnaz Khosrawi, Donal Murtagh, Gerald E. Nedoluha, Stefan Noël, Piera Raspollini, William G. Read, Karen H. Rosenlof, Alexei Rozanov, Christopher E. Sioris, Takafumi Sugita, Thomas von Clarmann, Kaley A. Walker, and Katja Weigel
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4589–4642, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4589-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4589-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify biases and drifts (and their uncertainties) between the stratospheric water vapor measurement records of 15 satellite-based instruments (SATs, with 31 different retrievals) and balloon-borne frost point hygrometers (FPs) launched at 27 globally distributed stations. These comparisons of measurements during the period 2000–2016 are made using robust, consistent statistical methods. With some exceptions, the biases and drifts determined for most SAT–FP pairs are < 10 % and < 1 % yr−1.
Viktoria F. Sofieva, Monika Szelag, Johanna Tamminen, Carlo Arosio, Alexei Rozanov, Mark Weber, Doug Degenstein, Adam Bourassa, Daniel Zawada, Michael Kiefer, Alexandra Laeng, Kaley A. Walker, Patrick Sheese, Daan Hubert, Michel van Roozendael, Christian Retscher, Robert Damadeo, and Jerry D. Lumpe
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1881–1899, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1881-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1881-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents the updated SAGE-CCI-OMPS+ climate data record of monthly zonal mean ozone profiles. This dataset covers the stratosphere and combines measurements by nine limb and occultation satellite instruments (SAGE II, OSIRIS, MIPAS, SCIAMACHY, GOMOS, ACE-FTS, OMPS-LP, POAM III, and SAGE III/ISS). The update includes new versions of MIPAS, ACE-FTS, and OSIRIS datasets and introduces data from additional sensors (POAM III and SAGE III/ISS) and retrieval processors (OMPS-LP).
Michael Kiefer, Thomas von Clarmann, Bernd Funke, Maya García-Comas, Norbert Glatthor, Udo Grabowski, Michael Höpfner, Sylvia Kellmann, Alexandra Laeng, Andrea Linden, Manuel López-Puertas, and Gabriele P. Stiller
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1443–1460, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1443-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1443-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A new ozone data set, derived from radiation measurements of the space-borne instrument MIPAS, is presented. It consists of more than 2 million single ozone profiles from 2002–2012, covering virtually all latitudes and altitudes between 5 and 70 km. Progress in data calibration and processing methods allowed for significant improvement of the data quality, compared to previous data versions. Hence, the data set will help to better understand e.g. the time evolution of ozone in the stratosphere.
Thomas von Clarmann, Norbert Glatthor, Udo Grabowski, Bernd Funke, Michael Kiefer, Anne Kleinert, Gabriele P. Stiller, Andrea Linden, and Sylvia Kellmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 6991–7018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6991-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6991-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Errors of profiles of temperature and mixing ratios retrieved from spectra recorded with the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding are estimated. All known and quantified sources of uncertainty are considered. Some ongoing uncertaities contribute to both the random and to the systematic errors. In some cases, one source of uncertainty propagates onto the error budget via multiple pathways. Problems arise when the correlations of errors to be propagated are unknown.
William G. Read, Gabriele Stiller, Stefan Lossow, Michael Kiefer, Farahnaz Khosrawi, Dale Hurst, Holger Vömel, Karen Rosenlof, Bianca M. Dinelli, Piera Raspollini, Gerald E. Nedoluha, John C. Gille, Yasuko Kasai, Patrick Eriksson, Christopher E. Sioris, Kaley A. Walker, Katja Weigel, John P. Burrows, and Alexei Rozanov
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 3377–3400, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3377-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3377-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper attempts to provide an assessment of the accuracy of 21 satellite-based instruments that remotely measure atmospheric humidity in the upper troposphere of the Earth's atmosphere. The instruments made their measurements from 1984 to the present time; however, most of these instruments began operations after 2000, and only a few are still operational. The objective of this study is to quantify the accuracy of each satellite humidity data set.
Irina Mironova, Miriam Sinnhuber, Galina Bazilevskaya, Mark Clilverd, Bernd Funke, Vladimir Makhmutov, Eugene Rozanov, Michelle L. Santee, Timofei Sukhodolov, and Thomas Ulich
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6703–6716, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6703-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6703-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
From balloon measurements, we detected unprecedented, extremely powerful, electron precipitation over the middle latitudes. The robustness of this event is confirmed by satellite observations of electron fluxes and chemical composition, as well as by ground-based observations of the radio signal propagation. The applied chemistry–climate model shows the almost complete destruction of ozone in the mesosphere over the region where high-energy electrons were observed.
Alexandra Laeng, Thomas von Clarmann, Quentin Errera, Udo Grabowski, and Shawn Honomichl
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2407–2416, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2407-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2407-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In validation exercises, a universal excuse used to explain the residual discrepancy between the data is the natural atmospheric variability due to imperfect co-locations. This work is the first attempt to quantify this atmospheric variability for a large sample of atmospheric constituents and to provide the user with a tool to substract the natural atmospheric variability portion from the residual variability.
Piera Raspollini, Enrico Arnone, Flavio Barbara, Massimo Bianchini, Bruno Carli, Simone Ceccherini, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Angelika Dehn, Stefano Della Fera, Bianca Maria Dinelli, Anu Dudhia, Jean-Marie Flaud, Marco Gai, Michael Kiefer, Manuel López-Puertas, David P. Moore, Alessandro Piro, John J. Remedios, Marco Ridolfi, Harjinder Sembhi, Luca Sgheri, and Nicola Zoppetti
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 1871–1901, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1871-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1871-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The MIPAS instrument onboard the ENVISAT satellite provided 10 years of measurements of the atmospheric emission al limb that allow for the retrieval of latitude- and altitude-resolved atmospheric composition. We describe the improvements implemented in the retrieval algorithm used for the full mission reanalysis, which allows for the generation of the global distributions of 21 atmospheric constituents plus temperature with increased accuracy with respect to previously generated data.
Sören Johansson, Gerald Wetzel, Felix Friedl-Vallon, Norbert Glatthor, Michael Höpfner, Anne Kleinert, Tom Neubert, Björn-Martin Sinnhuber, and Jörn Ungermann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3675–3691, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3675-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3675-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present GLORIA airborne cross sections of PAN, C2H6, HCOOH, CH3OH, and C2H4 in the South Atlantic UTLS in September/October 2019. Filamentary structures and a large plume were observed. Backward trajectories indicate that measured pollutants come from South America and central Africa. Comparisons to CAMS show structural agreement of the measured distributions. PAN absolute VMRs agree with the GLORIA measurements, C2H6 and HCOOH are simulated too low, and CH3OH and C2H4 are too high.
Thomas von Clarmann, Steven Compernolle, and Frank Hase
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 1145–1157, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1145-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1145-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Contrary to the claims put forward in
Evaluation of measurement data – Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurementissued by the JCGM, the error concept and the uncertainty concept are the same. Arguments in favor of the contrary were found not to be compelling. Neither was any evidence presented that
errorsand
uncertaintiesdefine a different relation between the measured and true values, nor is a Bayesian concept beyond the mere subjective probability referred to.
Michael T. Kiefer, Warren E. Heilman, Shiyuan Zhong, Joseph J. Charney, Xindi Bian, Nicholas S. Skowronski, Kenneth L. Clark, Michael R. Gallagher, John L. Hom, and Matthew Patterson
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1713–1734, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1713-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1713-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We examine methods used to represent wildland fire sensible heat release in atmospheric models. A set of simulations are evaluated using observations from a low-intensity prescribed fire in the New Jersey Pine Barrens. The comparison is motivated by the need for guidance regarding the representation of low-intensity fire sensible heating in atmospheric models. Such fires are prevalent during prescribed fire operations and can impact the health and safety of fire personnel and the public.
Sheena Loeffel, Roland Eichinger, Hella Garny, Thomas Reddmann, Frauke Fritsch, Stefan Versick, Gabriele Stiller, and Florian Haenel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1175–1193, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1175-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1175-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
SF6-derived trends of stratospheric AoA from observations and model simulations disagree in sign. SF6 experiences chemical degradation, which we explicitly integrate in a global climate model. In our simulations, the AoA trend changes sign when SF6 sinks are considered; thus, the process has the potential to reconcile simulated with observed AoA trends. We show that the positive AoA trend is due to the SF6 sinks themselves and provide a first approach for a correction to account for SF6 loss.
Bianca Maria Dinelli, Piera Raspollini, Marco Gai, Luca Sgheri, Marco Ridolfi, Simone Ceccherini, Flavio Barbara, Nicola Zoppetti, Elisa Castelli, Enzo Papandrea, Paolo Pettinari, Angelika Dehn, Anu Dudhia, Michael Kiefer, Alessandro Piro, Jean-Marie Flaud, Manuel López-Puertas, David Moore, John Remedios, and Massimo Bianchini
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7975–7998, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7975-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7975-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The level-2 v8 database from the measurements of the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS), aboard the European Space Agency Envisat satellite, containing atmospheric fields of pressure, temperature, and volume mixing ratio of 21 trace gases, is described in this paper. The database covers all the measurements acquired by MIPAS (from July 2002 to April 2012). The number of species included makes it of particular importance for the studies of stratospheric chemistry.
Michael Höpfner, Oliver Kirner, Gerald Wetzel, Björn-Martin Sinnhuber, Florian Haenel, Sören Johansson, Johannes Orphal, Roland Ruhnke, Gabriele Stiller, and Thomas von Clarmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 18433–18464, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18433-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18433-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
BrONO2 is an important reservoir gas for inorganic stratospheric bromine linked to the chemical cycles of stratospheric ozone depletion. Presently infrared limb sounding is the only way to measure BrONO2 in the atmosphere. We provide global distributions of BrONO2 derived from MIPAS observations 2002–2012. Comparisons with EMAC atmospheric modelling show an overall agreement and enable us to derive an independent estimate of stratospheric bromine of 21.2±1.4pptv based on the BrONO2 measurements.
Cited articles
Bailey, S. M., Thurairajah, B., Randall, C. E., Holt, L., Siskind, D. E.,
Harvey, V. L., Venkataramani, K., Hervig, M. E., Rong, P., and Russell,
J. M.: A multi tracer analysis of thermosphere to stratosphere descent
triggered by the 2013 Stratospheric Sudden Warming, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41,
5216–5222, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059860, 2014. a
Barth, C. A.: Rocket Measurement of the Nitric Oxide Dayglow, J. Geophys. Res.,
69, 3301–3303, https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ069i015p03301, 1964. a
Barth, C. A., Tobiska, W. K., Siskind, D. E., and Cleary, D. D.:
Solar–terrestrial coupling: Low–latitude thermospheric nitric oxide,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 92–94, 1988. a
Barth, C. A., Mankoff, K., Bailey, S. M., and Solomon, S.: Global observations
of nitric oxide in the thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res.,
108, 1027, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JA009458,
2003. a
Bender, S., Sinnhuber, M., Burrows, J. P., Langowski, M., Funke, B., and López-Puertas, M.: Retrieval of nitric oxide in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere from SCIAMACHY limb spectra, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 2521–2531, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-2521-2013, 2013. a
Bender, S., Sinnhuber, M., von Clarmann, T., Stiller, G., Funke, B., López-Puertas, M., Urban, J., Pérot, K., Walker, K. A., and Burrows, J. P.: Comparison of nitric oxide measurements in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere from ACE-FTS, MIPAS, SCIAMACHY, and SMR, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 4171–4195, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-4171-2015, 2015. a, b
Bermejo-Pantaleón, D., Funke, B., López-Puertas, M., García-Comas, M.,
Stiller, G. P., von Clarmann, T., Linden, A., Grabowski, U., Höpfner, M.,
Kiefer, M., Glatthor, N., Kellmann, S., and Lu, G.: Global Observations of
Thermospheric Temperature and Nitric Oxide from MIPAS spectra at 5.3 µm,
J. Geophys. Res., 116, A10313, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA016752, 2011. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i
Bernath, P. F., McElroy, C. T., Abrams, M. C., Boone, C. D., Butler, M.,
Camy-Peyret, C., Carleer, M., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P.-F., Colin, R., DeCola,
P., De Mazière, M., Drummond, J. R., Dufour, D., Evans, W. F. J., Fast,
H., Fussen, D., Gilbert, K., Jennings, D. E., Llewellyn, E. J., Lowe, R. P.,
Mahieu, E., McConnell, J. C., McHugh, M., McLeod, S. D., Michaud, R.,
Midwinter, C., Nassar, R., Nichitiu, F., Nowlan, C., Rinsland, C. P., Rochon,
Y. J., Rowlands, N., Semeniuk, K., Simon, P., Skelton, R., Sloan, J. J.,
Soucy, M.-A., Strong, K., Tremblay, P., Turnbull, D., Walker, K. A., Walkty,
I., Wardle, D. A., Wehrle, V., Zander, R., and Zou, J.: Atmospheric
Chemistry Experiment (ACE): Mission overview, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
32, L15S01, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022386, 2005. a
Brasseur, G. and Solomon, S.: Aeronomy of the Middle
Atmosphere–Chemistry and Physics of the Stratosphere and
Mesosphere, Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences Library 32, Springer, P.
O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands, third edn., ISBN
978-1-4020-3824-2,
2005. a
Caridade, P. J. S. B., Mota, V. C., Mohallem, J. R., and Varandas, A. J. C.: A
Theoretical Study of Rate Coefficients for the O + NO Vibrational Relaxation,
J. Phys. Chem., 112, 960–965, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp075419r, 2008. a
Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi,
S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P.,
Beljaars, A. C. M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C.,
Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S. B.,
Hersbach, H., Hólm, E. V., Isaksen, L., Kållberg, P., Köhler, M.,
Matricardi, M., McNally, A. P., Monge-Sanz, B. M., Morcrette, J.-J., Park,
B.-K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Thépaut, J.-N., and Vitart,
F.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data
assimilation system, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553–597,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828, 2011. a
Duff, J. W., Bien, F., and Paulsen, D. E.: Classical dynamics of
N(4S)+O2(X
Emmert, J. T., Drob, D. P., Picone, J. M., Siskind, D. E., Jones, M., Mlynczak,
M. G., Bernath, P. F., Chu, X., Doornbos, E., Funke, B., Goncharenko, L. P.,
Hervig, M. E., Schwartz, M. J., Sheese, P. E., Vargas, F., Williams, B. P.,
and Yuan, T.: NRLMSIS 2.0: A Whole-Atmosphere Empirical Model of Temperature
and Neutral Species Densities, Earth Space Sci., 8, e2020EA001321,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020ea001321, 2021. a, b, c, d
Eparvier, F. and Barth, C.: Self-Absorption Theory Applied to Rocket
Measurements of the Nitric Oxide (1, 0) γ Band in the Daytime
Thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 13723–13731,
https://doi.org/10.1029/92JA00993, 1992. a
Fesen, C. G., Gérard, J.-C., and Rusch, D. W.: Rapid Deactivation of
N(2D) by O: Impact on Thermospheric and Mesospheric Odd Nitrogen, J.
Geophys. Res., 94, 5419–5426, 1989. a
Fischer, H., Birk, M., Blom, C., Carli, B., Carlotti, M., von Clarmann, T., Delbouille, L., Dudhia, A., Ehhalt, D., Endemann, M., Flaud, J. M., Gessner, R., Kleinert, A., Koopman, R., Langen, J., López-Puertas, M., Mosner, P., Nett, H., Oelhaf, H., Perron, G., Remedios, J., Ridolfi, M., Stiller, G., and Zander, R.: MIPAS: an instrument for atmospheric and climate research, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2151–2188, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2151-2008, 2008. a
Flaud, J.-M., Piccolo, C., Carli, B., Perrin, A., Coudert, L. H., Teffo, J.-L.,
and Brown, L. R.: Molecular line parameters for the MIPAS (Michelson
Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding) experiment, Atmos.
Oceanic Opt., 16, 172–182, 2003. a
Funke, B. and López-Puertas, M.: Nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium
vibrational, rotational, and spin state distribution of NO(ν=0,1,2)
under quiescent atmospheric conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 4409–4426,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900822, 2000. a
Funke, B. and von Clarmann, T.: How to average logarithmic retrievals?, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 831–841, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-831-2012, 2012. a
Funke, B., López-Puertas, M., Stiller, G. P., von Clarmann, T., and
Höpfner, M.: A new non–LTE Retrieval Method for Atmospheric Parameters
From MIPAS–ENVISAT Emission Spectra, Adv. Space Res., 27, 1099–1104,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1177(01)00169-7, 2001. a
Funke, B., López-Puertas, M., von Clarmann, T., Stiller, G. P., Fischer,
H., Glatthor, N., Grabowski, U., Höpfner, M., Kellmann, S., Kiefer, M.,
Linden, A., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Milz, M., Steck, T., and Wang, D. Y.:
Retrieval of stratospheric NOx from 5.3 and 6.2 µm nonlocal
thermodynamic equilibrium emissions measured by Michelson Interferometer
for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on Envisat, J. Geophys.
Res., 110, D09302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005225, 2005. a, b, c, d, e, f
Funke, B., López-Puertas, M., Bermejo-Pantaleón, D., García-Comas, M.,
Stiller, G. P., von Clarmann, T., Kiefer, M., and Linden, A.: Evidence for
dynamical coupling from the lower atmosphere to the thermosphere during a
major stratospheric warming, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L13803,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL043619, 2010. a
Funke, B., Baumgaertner, A., Calisto, M., Egorova, T., Jackman, C. H., Kieser, J., Krivolutsky, A., López-Puertas, M., Marsh, D. R., Reddmann, T., Rozanov, E., Salmi, S.-M., Sinnhuber, M., Stiller, G. P., Verronen, P. T., Versick, S., von Clarmann, T., Vyushkova, T. Y., Wieters, N., and Wissing, J. M.: Composition changes after the ”Halloween” solar proton event: the High Energy Particle Precipitation in the Atmosphere (HEPPA) model versus MIPAS data intercomparison study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 9089–9139, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-9089-2011, 2011. a
Funke, B., López-Puertas, M., García-Comas, M., Kaufmann, M., Höpfner,
M., and Stiller, G. P.: GRANADA: a Generic RAdiative traNsfer AnD non-LTE
population Algorithm, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 113,
1771–1817, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2012.05.001, 2012. a, b, c
Funke, B., López-Puertas, M., Stiller, G. P., and von Clarmann, T.:
Mesospheric and stratospheric NOy produced by energetic particle
precipitation during 2002–2012, J. Geophys. Res., 119, 4429–4446,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021404, 2014. a, b
Funke, B., von Clarmann, T., García-Comas, M., Glatthor, N., Grabowski, U., Höpfner, M., Kellmann, Kiefer, M., S., Laeng, A., Linden, A., López-Puertas, M., and Stiller, G. P.:
MIPAS IMK/IAA version 8 retrieval of nitric oxide and lower thermospheric temperature, KITopen [data set], https://doi.org/10.5445/IR/1000156457, 2023. a
Garcia, R., Smith, A., Kinnison, D., de la Camara, A., and Murphy, D.:
Modification of the gravity wave parameterization in the Whole Atmosphere
Community Climate Model: Motivation and results, J. Atmos.
Sci., 74, 275–291, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-16-0104.1, 2017. a
Garcia, R. R.: A Numerical Model of the Zonally Averaged Dynamical and Chemical
Structure of the Middle Atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 1379–1400, 1983. a
García-Comas, M., González-Galindo, F., Funke, B., Gardini, A., Jurado-Navarro, A., López-Puertas, M., and Ward, W. E.: MIPAS observations of longitudinal oscillations in the mesosphere and the lower thermosphere: climatology of odd-parity daily frequency modes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11019–11041, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11019-2016, 2016. a
Gordon, I. E., Rothman, L. S., Hill, C., Kochanov, R. V., Tan, Y., Bernath,
P. F., Birk, M., Boudon, V., Campargue, A., Chance, K. V., Drouin, B. J.,
Flaud, J.-M., Gamache, R. R., Hodges, J. T., Jacquemart, D., Perevalov,
V. I., Perrin, A., Shine, K. P., Smith, M.-A. H., Tennyson, J., Toon, G. C.,
Tran, H., Tyuterev, V. G., Barbe, A., Császár, A. G., Devi, V. M.,
Furtenbacher, T., Harrison, J. J., Hartmann, J.-M., Jolly, A., Johnson,
T. J., Karman, T., Kleiner, I., Kyuberis, A. A., Loos, J., Lyulin, O. M.,
Massie, S. T., Mikhailenko, S. N., Moazzen-Ahmadi, N., Müller, H. S. P.,
Naumenko, O. V., Nikitin, A. V., Polyansky, O. L., Rey, M., Rotger, M.,
Sharpe, S. W., Sung, K., Starikova, E., Tashkun, S. A., Vander Auwera, J.,
Wagner, G., Wilzewski, J., Wcisło, P., Yu, S., and Zak, E. J.: The
HITRAN2016 molecular spectroscopic database, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat.
Transfer, 203, 3–69, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2017.06.038, 2017. a
Hervig, M. E., Marshall, B. T., Bailey, S. M., Siskind, D. E., Russell III, J. M., Bardeen, C. G., Walker, K. A., and Funke, B.: Validation of Solar Occultation for Ice Experiment (SOFIE) nitric oxide measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 3111–3121, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3111-2019, 2019. a, b
Hwang, E., Castle, K., and Dodd, J.: Vibrational relaxation of NO(v = 1) by
oxygen atoms between 295 and 825 K, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 1109,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JA009688, 2003. a, b
Kaye, J. A. and Kumer, J. B.: Nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium effects in
stratospheric NO and implications for infrared remote sensing, Appl. Opt.,
26, 4747–4754, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.26.004747, 1987. a
Kiefer, M., von Clarmann, T., Funke, B., García-Comas, M., Glatthor, N., Grabowski, U., Kellmann, S., Kleinert, A., Laeng, A., Linden, A., López-Puertas, M., Marsh, D. R., and Stiller, G. P.: IMK/IAA MIPAS temperature retrieval version 8: nominal measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4111–4138, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4111-2021, 2021. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i
Kiefer, M., von Clarmann, T., Funke, B., García-Comas, M., Glatthor, N., Grabowski, U., Höpfner, M., Kellmann, S., Laeng, A., Linden, A., López-Puertas, M., and Stiller, G. P.: Version 8 IMK–IAA MIPAS ozone profiles: nominal observation mode, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1443–1460, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1443-2023, 2023. a
Kiviranta, J., Pérot, K., Eriksson, P., and Murtagh, D.: An empirical model of nitric oxide in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere based on 12 years of Odin SMR measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 13393–13410, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13393-2018, 2018. a
Kleinert, A., Birk, M., Perron, G., and Wagner, G.: Level 1b error budget for MIPAS on ENVISAT, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 5657–5672, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5657-2018, 2018. a, b, c
Klimenko, V., Klimenko, M., Bessarab, F., Sukhodolov, T., Koren'kov, Y., Funke,
B., and Rozanov, E.: Global EAGLE Model as a Tool for Studying the Influence
of the Atmosphere on the Electric Field in the Equatorial Ionosphere, Russian
Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 13, 720–726,
https://doi.org/10.1134/S1990793119040079, 2019. a
Lipson, S. J., Armstrong, P. S., Dodd, J. A., Lowell, J. R., and Blumberg,
A. M.: Subthermal nitric oxide spin–orbit distributions in the thermosphere,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2421–2424, 1994. a
López-Puertas, M., García-Comas, M., Funke, B., Stiller, G. P., von
Clarmann, T., Glatthor, N., Laeng, A., Sofieva, V. F., Froidevaux, L.,
Walker, K. A., and Shiotani, M.: MIPAS ozone retrieval version 8: middle
atmosphere measurements, in preparation, 2023. a
Madronich, S. and Flocke, S.: The role of solar radiation in atmospheric
chemistry, in: Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, edited by: Boule, P., pp.
1–26, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69044-3, 1998. a
Marsh, D. R., Solomon, S. C., and Reynolds, A. E.: Empirical model of
nitric oxide in the lower thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Space Phys., 109, A07301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JA010199, 2004. a, b
Marsh, D. R., Mills, M. J., Kinnison, D. E., Lamarque, J.-F., Calvo,
N., and Polvani, L. M.: Climate Change from 1850 to 2005 Simulated in
CESM1(WACCM), J. Climate, 26, 7372–7391,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00558.1, 2013. a
Matthes, K., Funke, B., Andersson, M. E., Barnard, L., Beer, J., Charbonneau, P., Clilverd, M. A., Dudok de Wit, T., Haberreiter, M., Hendry, A., Jackman, C. H., Kretzschmar, M., Kruschke, T., Kunze, M., Langematz, U., Marsh, D. R., Maycock, A. C., Misios, S., Rodger, C. J., Scaife, A. A., Seppälä, A., Shangguan, M., Sinnhuber, M., Tourpali, K., Usoskin, I., van de Kamp, M., Verronen, P. T., and Versick, S.: Solar forcing for CMIP6 (v3.2), Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2247–2302, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2247-2017, 2017. a
Neely, R. R., English, J. M., Toon, O. B., Solomon, S., Mills, M., and Thayer,
J. P.: Implications of extinction due to meteoritic smoke in the upper
stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L24808, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gl049865,
2011. a
Oberheide, J., Mlynczak, M. G., Mosso, C. N., Schroeder, B. M., Funke, B., and
Maute, A.: Impact of tropospheric tides on the nitric oxide 5.3 µm
infrared cooling of the low-latitude thermosphere during solar minimum
conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 7283–7293, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JA019278, 2013. a
Pérot, K., Urban, J., and Murtagh, D. P.: Unusually strong nitric oxide descent in the Arctic middle atmosphere in early 2013 as observed by Odin/SMR, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 8009–8015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8009-2014, 2014. a
Pettit, J., Randall, C., Peck, E., Marsh, D., van de Kamp, M., Fang, X.,
Harvey, V., Rodger, C., and Funke, B.: Atmospheric Effects of >30-keV
Energetic Electron Precipitation in the Southern Hemisphere Winter During
2003, J. Geophys. Res.-Space Phys., 124, 8138–8153,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ja026868, 2019. a
Picone, J., Hedin, A., Drob, D., and Aikin, A.: NRLMSISE-00 empirical model
of the atmosphere: Statistical comparisons and scientific issues, J. Geophys.
Res., 107, 1468, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JA009430, 2002. a, b
Remedios, J. J., Leigh, R. J., Waterfall, A. M., Moore, D. P., Sembhi, H., Parkes, I., Greenhough, J., Chipperfield, M. P., and Hauglustaine, D.: MIPAS reference atmospheres and comparisons to V4.61/V4.62 MIPAS level 2 geophysical data sets, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 7, 9973–10017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-9973-2007, 2007. a
Rodgers, C. D.: Inverse Methods for Atmospheric Sounding: Theory and Practice,
vol. 2 of Series on Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, edited by:
Taylor, F. W., World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd, Singapore, ISDN 978-981-4498-68-5, 2000. a
Rusch, D. W. and Barth, C. A.: Satellite measurements of nitric oxide in the
polar region, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 3719, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA080i025p03719,
1975. a
Russell III, J. M., Farmer, C., Rinsland, C., Zander, R., Froidevaux, L.,
Toon, G., Gao, B., Shaw, J., and Gunson, M.: Measurements of odd nitrogen
compounds in the stratosphere by the ATMOS experiment on Spacelab 3, J.
Geophys. Res., 93, 1718–1736, 1988. a
Russell III, J. M., Gordley, L. L., Park, J. H., Drayson, S. R., Hesketh,
W. D., Cicerone, R. J., Tuck, A. F., Frederick, J. E., Harries, J. E., and
Crutzen, P. J.: The Halogen Occultation Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 98,
10777–10797, 1993. a
Sharma, R. D. and Duff, J. W.: Determination of translational temperature of
the high altitude terrestrial thermosphere from the rotational distribution
of the 5.3 µm emission from NO(ν=1), Geophys. Res. Lett., 24,
2407–2410, 1997. a
Sheese, P. E., Gattinger, R. L., Llewellyn, E. J., Boone, C. D., and
Strong, K.: Nighttime nitric oxide densities in the Southern Hemisphere
mesosphere-lower thermosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L15812,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048054, 2011. a
Sinnhuber, M., Tyssøy, H. N., Asikainen, T., Bender, S., Funke, B., Hendrickx,
K., Pettit, J. M., Reddmann, T., Rozanov, E., Schmidt, H., Smith‐Johnsen,
C., Sukhodolov, T., Szeląg, M. E., Kamp, M., Verronen, P. T., Wissing,
J. M., and Yakovchuk, O. S.: Heppa III Intercomparison Experiment on Electron
Precipitation Impacts: 2. Model‐Measurement Intercomparison of Nitric Oxide
(NO) During a Geomagnetic Storm in April 2010, J. Geophys. Res., 126, e2021JA029466,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2021ja029466, 2021. a
Smith, I. W. M., Tuckett, R. P., and Whitham, C. J.: The vibrational state
distributions in both products of the reaction: O(3P) + NO2 → O2 +
NO, Chem. Phys. Lett., 200, 615–623, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(92)80099-w,
1992. a, b
Steck, T. and von Clarmann, T.: Constrained profile retrieval applied to the
observation mode of the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric
Sounding, Appl. Opt., 40, 3559–3571, 2001. a
Stiller, G. P., von Clarmann, T., Funke, B., Glatthor, N., Hase, F.,
Höpfner, M., and Linden, A.: Sensitivity of trace gas abundances
retrievals from infrared limb emission spectra to simplifying approximations
in radiative transfer modelling, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 72,
249–280, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4073(01)00123-6, 2002. a
Sultanov, R. A. and Balakrishnan, N.: Quantum mechanical investigations of the
N(4S)+O2(X3Σ
Taylor, F. W., Rodgers, C. D., Whitney, J. G., Werrett, S. T., Barnett, J. J.,
Peskett, G. D., Venters, P., Ballard, J., Palmer, C. W. P., Knight, R. J.,
Morris, P., Nightingale, T., and Dudhia, A.: Remote sensing of atmospheric
structure and composition by pressure modulator radiometry from space: The
ISAMS experiment on UARS, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10799–10814, 1993. a
Tikhonov, A.: On the solution of incorrectly stated problems and method of
regularization, Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, 151, 501–504, 1963. a
von Clarmann, T., Ceccherini, S., Doicu, A., Dudhia, A., Funke, B., Grabowski,
U., Hilgers, S., Jay, V., Linden, A., López-Puertas, M.,
Martín-Torres, F.-J., Payne, V., Reburn, J., Ridolfi, M., Schreier, F.,
Schwarz, G., Siddans, R., and Steck, T.: A blind test retrieval experiment
for infrared limb emission spectrometry, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4746,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003835, 2003. a, b
von Clarmann, T., De Clercq, C., Ridolfi, M., Höpfner, M., and Lambert, J.-C.: The horizontal resolution of MIPAS, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2, 47–54, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2-47-2009, 2009. a
von Clarmann, T., Funke, B., López-Puertas, M., Kellmann, S., Linden, A.,
Stiller, G. P., Jackman, C. H., and Harvey, V. L.: The Solar Proton Events
in 2012 as Observed by MIPAS, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1–5,
https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50119, 2013. a
von Clarmann, T., Degenstein, D. A., Livesey, N. J., Bender, S., Braverman, A., Butz, A., Compernolle, S., Damadeo, R., Dueck, S., Eriksson, P., Funke, B., Johnson, M. C., Kasai, Y., Keppens, A., Kleinert, A., Kramarova, N. A., Laeng, A., Langerock, B., Payne, V. H., Rozanov, A., Sato, T. O., Schneider, M., Sheese, P., Sofieva, V., Stiller, G. P., von Savigny, C., and Zawada, D.: Overview: Estimating and reporting uncertainties in remotely sensed atmospheric composition and temperature, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 4393–4436, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-4393-2020, 2020.
a, b
Wissing, J. M. and Kallenrode, M.-B.: Atmospheric Ionization Module
OSnabrück (AIMOS) 1: A 3D model to determine atmospheric ionization by
energetic charged particles from different populations, J. Geophys. Res., 114,
A06104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013884, 2009. a
Wysong, I. J.: Vibrational relaxation of NO(
Xu, J., Smith, A. K., Wang, W., Jiang, G., Yuan, W., Gao, H., Yue, J., Funke,
B., López-Puertas, M., and Russell, J. M.: An observational and
theoretical study of the longitudinal variation in neutral temperature
induced by aurora heating in the lower thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 118,
7410–7425, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JA019144, 2013. a
Zachor, A. S. and Sharma, R. D.: Retrieval of non–LTE Vertical Structure
From a Spectrally Resolved Infrared Limb Radiance Profile, J. Geophys. Res.,
90, 467–475, 1985. a
Short summary
New global nitric oxide (NO) volume-mixing-ratio and lower-thermospheric temperature data products, retrieved from Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) spectra with the IMK-IAA MIPAS data processor, have been released. The dataset covers the entire Envisat mission lifetime and includes retrieval results from all MIPAS observation modes. The data are based on ESA version 8 calibration and were processed using an improved retrieval approach.
New global nitric oxide (NO) volume-mixing-ratio and lower-thermospheric temperature data...
Special issue