Daube, B. C., Boering, K. A., Andrews, A. E., and Wofsy, S. C.: A high-precision fast-response airborne CO
2 analyzer for in situ sampling from the surface to the middle stratosphere, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 19, 1532–1543, 2002.
Ding, J., Van Der A, R. J., Mijling, B., Jalkanen, J. P., Johansson, L., and Levelt, P. F.: Maritime NO
x emissions over Chinese Seas derived from satellite observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 2031–2037, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076788, 2018.
Ding, Y. H., Liu, J. J., Sun, Y., Liu, Y., He, J., and Song, Y.: A study of the synoptic-climatology of the Meiyu system in East Asia, Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 31, 1082–1101, 2007.
Dlugokencky, E. J., Myers, R. C., Lang, P. M., Masarie, K. A., Crotwell, A. M., Thoning, K. W., Hall, B. D., Elkins, J. W., and Steele, L. P.: Conversion of NOAA atmospheric dry air CH
4 mole fractions to a gravimetrically prepared standard scale, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D18306, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006035, 2005.
Fang, S., Tans, P. P., Yao, B., Luan, T., Wu, Y., and Yu, D.: Study of atmospheric CO
2 and CH
4 at Longfengshan WMO/GAW regional station: The variations, trends, influence of local sources/sinks, and transport, Sci. China Earth Sci., 60, 1886–1895, 2017.
Fang, S. X., Zhou, L. X., Masarie, K. A., Xu, L., and Rella, C. W.: Study of atmospheric CH
4 mole fractions at three WMO/GAW stations in China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 4874–4886, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50284, 2013.
Fang, S. X., Tans, P. P., Steinbacher, M., Zhou, L. X., and Luan, T.: Comparison of the regional CO
2 mole fraction filtering approaches at a WMO/GAW regional station in China, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 5301–5313, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-5301-2015, 2015.
Gao, Z. M., Liu, H. P., and Mcfarland, D. P.: Mechanistic links between underestimated CO
2 fluxes and non-closure of the surface energy balance in a semi-arid sagebrush ecosystem, Environ. Res. Lett., 14, 1748–9326, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab082d, 2019.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., and Thépaut, J.-N.: ERA5 hourly data on pressure levels from 1940 to present, Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS) [data set], https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.bd0915c6, 2023.
Huang, R. H.: The influence of the heat source anomaly over Tibetan Plateau on the northern hemispheric circulation anomalies, Acta. Meteorol. Sin., 43, 208–220, 1985.
Jia, M., Li, F., Zhang, Y. Z., Wu, M. S., Li, Y. S., Feng, S. Z., Wang, H. M., Chen, H. L., Ju, W. M., Lin, J., Cai, J. W., Zhang, Y. G., and Jiang, F.: The Nord Stream pipeline gas leaks released approximately 220,000 tonnes of methane into the atmosphere, Environmental Science and Ecotechnology, 12, 2666–4984, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ese.2022.100210, 2022.
Kong, S., Lu, B., Han, B., Bai, Z. P., Xu, Z., You, Y., Jin, L. M., Guo, X. Y., and Wang, R.: Seasonal variation analysis of atmospheric CH
4, N
2O and CO
2 in Tianjin offshore area, Sci. China Earth Sci., 53, 1205–1215, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-010-3065-5, 2010.
Kourtidis, K., Kioutsioukis, I., McGinnis, D. F., and Rapsomanikis, S.: Effects of methane outgassing on the Black Sea atmosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5173–5182, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-5173-2006, 2006.
Law, C. S., Brévière, E., De Leeuw, G., Garçon, V., Guieu, C., Kieber, D. J., Kontradowitz, S., Paulmier, A., Quinn, P. K., Saltzman, E. S., Stefels, J., and Von Glasow, R.: Evolving research directions in Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere (SOLAS) science, Environ. Chem., 10, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1071/EN12159, 2013.
Liu, Y. S., Zhou, L. X., Tans, P. P., Zang, K. P., and Cheng, S. Y.: Ratios of greenhouse gas emissions observed over the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea, Sci. Total Environ., 33, 1022–1031 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.250, 2018.
Luo, X. F., Wei, H., Liu, Z., and Zhao, L.: Seasonal variability of air–sea CO
2 fluxes in the Yellow and East China Seas: A case study of continental shelf sea carbon cycle model, Cont. Shelf Res., 107, 69–78, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2015.07.009, 2015.
Lyu, W. Z., Fu, T. F., Hu, Z. X., Tang, Y. Z., Chen, G. Q., Xu, X. Y., Chen, Y. P., and Chen, S. L.: Sedimentary dynamics of the central South Yellow Sea revealing the relation between east Asian Summer and Winter Monsoon over the past 6000 years, Front. Earth Sci., 9, 689508, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.689508, 2021.
Matsueda, H., Inoue, H. Y., Ishii, M., and Nogi, Y.: Atmospheric methane over the North Pacific from 1987 to 1993, Geochem. J., 30, 1–15, 1996.
Nara, H., Tanimoto, H., Tohjima, Y., Mukai, H., Nojiri, Y., and Machida, T.: Emissions of methane from offshore oil and gas platforms in Southeast Asia, Sci. Rep.-UK, 4, 6503, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep06503, 2014.
NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory: The NOAA annual greenhouse gas index (AGGI), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA,
https://esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/aggi/aggi.html (last access: 20 October 2022), 2014.
Peters, G., Marland, G., Le Quéré, C., Boden, T., Canadell, J. G., and Raupach, M. R.: Rapid growth in CO
2 emissions after the 2008-2009 global financial crisis, Nat. Clim. Change., 2, 2–4, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1332, 2012.
Rella, C. W., Chen, H., Andrews, A. E., Filges, A., Gerbig, C., Hatakka, J., Karion, A., Miles, N. L., Richardson, S. J., Steinbacher, M., Sweeney, C., Wastine, B., and Zellweger, C.: High accuracy measurements of dry mole fractions of carbon dioxide and methane in humid air, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 837–860, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-837-2013, 2013.
Riddick, S. N., Mauzerall, D. L., Celia, M., Harris, N. R. P., Allen, G., Pitt, J., Staunton-Sykes, J., Forster, G. L., Kang, M., Lowry, D., Nisbet, E. G., and Manning, A. J.: Methane emissions from oil and gas platforms in the North Sea, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 9787–9796, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-9787-2019, 2019.
Schmale, O., Greinert, J., and Rehder, G.: Methane emission from high-intensity marine gas seeps in the Black Sea into the atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L07609, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021138, 2005.
Wang, S. Y. and Zhai, W. D.: Regional differences in seasonal variation of air–sea CO
2 exchange in the Yellow Sea, Cont. Shelf Res., 218, 104393, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2021.104393, 2021.
Warneke, T., de Beek, R., Buchwitz, M., Notholt, J., Schulz, A., Velazco, V., and Schrems, O.: Shipborne solar absorption measurements of CO
2, CH
4, N
2O and CO and comparison with SCIAMACHY WFM-DOAS retrievals, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2029–2034, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-2029-2005, 2005.
WMO: 14th WMO/IAEA Meeting of experts on carbon dioxide, other greenhouse gases and related tracers measurement techniques, Helsinki, Finland, 10–13 September 2007, GAW Report No. 186, 18 pp., 2007.
WMO: Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (GHG Bulletin): The state of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere based on global observations through 2021, No. 18,
https://gaw.kishou.go.jp/publications/bulletin (last access: 15 October 2022), 2022.
Xia, L. J., Liu, L. X., Li, B. Z., and Zhou, L. X.: Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of atmospheric CO
2 in central China, China Environmental Science, 38, 2811–2819, https://doi.org/10.19674/j.cnki.issn1000-6923.2018.0294, 2018.
Yang, M., Bell, T. G., Hopkins, F. E., Kitidis, V., Cazenave, P. W., Nightingale, P. D., Yelland, M. J., Pascal, R. W., Prytherch, J., Brooks, I. M., and Smyth, T. J.: Air–sea fluxes of CO
2 and CH
4 from the Penlee Point Atmospheric Observatory on the south-west coast of the UK, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 5745–5761, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5745-2016, 2016.
Yu, G., Chen, Z., Piao, S. L., Peng, C. H., Ciais, P., Wang, Q. F., Li, X. R., and Zhu, X. J.: High carbon dioxide uptake by subtropical forest ecosystems in the East Asian monsoon region, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 4910–4915, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1317065111, 2014.
Zang, K. P., Zhou, L. X., and Wang, J. Y.: Carbon Dioxide and Methane in the China Sea Shelf Boundary Layer observed by Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 34, 2233–2244, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-16-0217.1, 2017.
Zang, K. P., Zhang, G., Xu, X. M., and Yao, Z. W.: Impact of air-sea exchange on the spatial distribution of atmospheric methane in the Dalian Bay and adjacent coastal area, China, Chemosphere, 251, 126412, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126412, 2020.
Zhai, W. D.: Sea surface partial pressure of CO
2 and its controls in the northern south China Sea in the non-bloom period in spring, Haiyang Xuebao, 37, 31–40, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2015.06.004, 2015.
Zhai, W. D., Chen, J. F., Jin, H. Y., Li, H. L., Liu, J. W., He, X. Q., and Bai, Y.: Spring carbonate chemistry dynamics of surface waters in the northern East China Sea: Water mixing, biological uptake of CO
2, and chemical buffering capacity, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 5638–5653, 2014.
Zhan, M. J., Sun, J. Y., Zhang, Y. M., Zhang, X. C., Nie, H., Deligeer, Kivekas, N., and Lihavainen, H.: The influence of air mass sources on the particle number concentration and the size distribution at Mt. Waliguan, Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 31, 659–663, 2009.
Zhan, R. F. and Li, J. P.: Influence of atmospheric heat sources over the Tibetan Plateau and the tropical western North Pacific on the inter-decadal variations of the stratosphere-troposphere exchange of water vapor, Sci. China Earth Sci., 51, 1179–1193, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-008-0082-8, 2008.
Zhang, G. L., Zhang, J., Ren, J. L., Li, J. B., and Liu, S. M.: Distributions and sea-to-air fluxes of methane and nitrous oxide in the North East China Sea in summer, Mar. Chem., 110, 42–55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2008.02.005, 2008.
Zhang, F., Chen, Y. J., Tian, C. G., Wang, X. P., Huang, G. P., Fang, Y., and Zong, Z.: Identification and quantification of shipping emissions in Bohai Rim, China, Sci. Total Environ., 497–498, 570–577, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.016, 2014.
Zhang, J. Y., Song, S. H., Xu, R., and Wen, J. H.: Source of airborne particulate matter in Guilin based on backward trajectory model, Environmental Monitoring in China, 33, 42–46, https://doi.org/10.19316/j.issn.1002-6002.2017.02.07, 2017.
Zhang, S. P., Liu, J. W., Xie, S. P., and Meng, X. G.: The formation of a surface anticyclone over the Yellow and East China Seas in spring, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., Ser. II, 89, 119–131, 2011.
Zhang, X. I. A., Nakazawa, T., Ishizawa, M., Aoki, S., Nakaoka, S. I., Sugawara, S., Maksyutov, S., Saeki T., and Hayasaka, T.: Temporal variations of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the southernmost part of Japan, Tellus B, 59, 654–663, 2007.
Zhang, Y., Deng, F., Man, H., Fu, M., Lv, Z., Xiao, Q., Jin, X., Liu, S., He, K., and Liu, H.: Compliance and port air quality features with respect to ship fuel switching regulation: a field observation campaign, SEISO-Bohai, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 4899–4916, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4899-2019, 2019.
Zhang, Z. P. and Chu, Z. X.: Modern variations in clay minerals in mud deposits of the Yellow and East China Seas and their geological significance, Holocene, 28, 386–395, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683617729446, 2018.
Zou, L., Hu, B., Li, J., Dou, Y. G., Xie, L. H., and Dong, L.: Middle Holocene Organic Carbon and biomarker records from the South Yellow Sea: relationship to the East Asian Monsoon, J. Ocean U. China, 17, 823–834, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-018-3521-y, 2018.
