Articles | Volume 16, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-871-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-871-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Retrieval of microphysical parameters of monsoonal rain using X-band dual-polarization radar: their seasonal dependence and evaluation
Kumar Abhijeet
National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Gadanki-517112, Andhra Pradesh, India
Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology,
Thiruvananthapuram-695547, Kerala, India
National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Gadanki-517112, Andhra Pradesh, India
Nidamanuri Rama Rao
Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology,
Thiruvananthapuram-695547, Kerala, India
Kasimahanthi Amar Jyothi
National Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecast, Noida-201309, India
Related authors
No articles found.
A. Galodha, R. Vashisht, R. R. Nidamanuri, and A. M. Ramiya
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B2-2022, 577–584, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2022-577-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2022-577-2022, 2022
Cited articles
Adirosi, E., Baldini, L., and Tokay, A.: Rainfall and DSD Parameters Comparison between Micro Rain Radar, Two-Dimensional Video and Parsivel2 Disdrometers, and S-Band Dual-Polarization Radar, J. Atmos. Ocean.
Technol., 37, 621–640, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-19-0085.1, 2020.
Alcoba, M., Andrieu, H., and Gosset, M.: An Inverse Method for Drop Size
Distribution Retrieval from Polarimetric Radar at Attenuating Frequency,
Remote Sens., 14, 1116, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14051116, 2022.
Anagnostou, M. N., Anagnostou, E. N., Vivekanandan, J., and Ogden, F. L.:
Comparison of Two Raindrop Size Distribution Retrieval Algorithms for X-Band
Dual Polarization Observations, J. Hydrometeorol., 9, 589–600,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JHM904.1, 2008a.
Anagnostou, M. N., Anagnostou, E. N., Vulpiani, G., Montopoli, M., Marzano,
F. S., and Vivekanandan, J.: Evaluation of X-Band Polarimetric-Radar
Estimates of Drop-Size Distributions from Coincident S-Band Polarimetric
Estimates and Measured Raindrop Spectra, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.,
46, 3067–3075, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2008.2000757, 2008b.
Anagnostou, M. N., Kalogiros, J., Anagnostou, E. N., and Papadopoulos, A.:
Experimental results on rainfall estimation in complex terrain with a mobile
X-band polarimetric weather radar, Atmos. Res., 94, 579–595,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.07.009, 2009.
Anagnostou, M. N., Kalogiros, J., Anagnostou, E. N., Tarolli, M.,
Papadopoulos, A., and Borga, M.: Performance evaluation of high-resolution
rainfall estimation by X-band dual-polarization radar for flash flood
applications in mountainous basins, J. Hydrol., 394, 4–16,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.06.026, 2010.
Anagnostou, M. N., Kalogiros, J., Marzano, F. S., Anagnostou, E. N.,
Montopoli, M., and Piccioti, E.: Performance Evaluation of a New
Dual-Polarization Microphysical Algorithm Based on Long-Term X-Band Radar
and Disdrometer Observations, J. Hydrometeorol., 14, 560–576,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-12-057.1, 2013.
Andsager, K., Beard, K. V., and Laird, N. F.: Laboratory Measurements of
Axis Ratios for Large Raindrops, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2673–2683,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<2673:LMOARF>2.0.CO;2, 1999.
Bao, X., Wu, L., Zhang, S., Li, Q., Lin, L., Zhao, B., Wu, D., Xia, W., and
Xu, B.: Distinct Raindrop Size Distributions of Convective Inner- and
Outer-Rainband Rain in Typhoon Maria (2018), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
125, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD032482, 2020.
Beard, K. V. and Chuang, C.: A New Model for the Equilibrium Shape of
Raindrops, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1509–1524, 1987.
Brandes, E. A., Zhang, G., and Vivekanandan, J.: Experiments in Rainfall
Estimation with a Polarimetric Radar in a Subtropical Environment, J. Appl.
Meteorol., 41, 674–685, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<0674:EIREWA>2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Brandes, E. A., Zhang, G., and Vivekanandan, J.: An Evaluation of a Drop
Distribution–Based Polarimetric Radar Rainfall Estimator, J. Appl.
Meteorol., 42, 652–660, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<0652:AEOADD>2.0.CO;2, 2003.
Brandes, E. A., Zhang, G., and Vivekanandan, J.: Comparison of Polarimetric
Radar Drop Size Distribution Retrieval Algorithms, J. Atmos. Ocean.
Technol., 21, 584–598, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<0584:COPRDS>2.0.CO;2, 2004a.
Brandes, E. A., Zhang, G., and Vivekanandan, J.: Drop Size Distribution
Retrieval with Polarimetric Radar: Model and Application, J. Appl.
Meteorol., 43, 461–475, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0461:DSDRWP>2.0.CO;2, 2004b.
Brandes, E. A., Zhang, G., and Sun, J.: On the Influence of Assumed Drop
Size Distribution Form on Radar-Retrieved Thunderstorm Microphysics, J.
Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 45, 259–268, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2335.1, 2006.
Bringi, V. N. and Chandrasekar, V.: Polarimetric Doppler Weather Radar:
Principles and applications, Cambridge University Press, 636 pp., ISBN: 9780511541094, 2001.
Bringi, V. N., Huang, G.-J., Chandrasekar, V., and Gorgucci, E.: A Methodology for Estimating the Parameters of a Gamma Raindrop Size Distribution Model from Polarimetric Radar Data: Application to a Squall-Line Event from the TRMM/Brazil Campaign, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 19, 633–645, 2002.
Cao, Q. and Zhang, G.: Errors in Estimating Raindrop Size Distribution
Parameters Employing Disdrometer and Simulated Raindrop Spectra, J. Appl.
Meteorol. Climatol., 48, 406–425, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JAMC2026.1, 2009.
Cao, Q., Zhang, G., Brandes, E., Schuur, T., Ryzhkov, A., and Ikeda, K.:
Analysis of Video Disdrometer and Polarimetric Radar Data to Characterize
Rain Microphysics in Oklahoma, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 47, 2238–2255,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JAMC1732.1, 2008.
Cao, Q., Zhang, G., Brandes, E. A., and Schuur, T. J.: Polarimetric Radar
Rain Estimation through Retrieval of Drop Size Distribution Using a Bayesian
Approach, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 49, 973–990,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAMC2227.1, 2010.
Cao, Q., Zhang, G., and Xue, M.: A Variational Approach for Retrieving
Raindrop Size Distribution from Polarimetric Radar Measurements in the
Presence of Attenuation, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 52, 169–185,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-12-0101.1, 2013.
Chandrasekar, V. and Bringi, V. N.: Simulation of Radar Reflectivity and
Surface Measurements of rainfall, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 4, 464–478, 1987.
Chen, G., Zhao, K., Zhang, G., Huang, H., Liu, S., Wen, L., Yang, Z., Yang,
Z., Xu, L., and Zhu, W.: Improving Polarimetric C-Band Radar Rainfall
Estimation with Two-Dimensional Video Disdrometer Observations in Eastern
China, J. Hydrometeorol., 18, 1375–1391, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-16-0215.1, 2017.
Chu, Y.-H. and Su, C.-L.: An Investigation of the Slope–Shape Relation for
Gamma Raindrop Size Distribution, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 47,
2531–2544, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JAMC1755.1, 2008.
Doviak, R. J. and Zrnić, D. S.: Doppler radar and weather observations,
2nd edn., Academic Press, San Diego, 562 pp., ISBN: 9780122214226, https://doi.org/10.1016/C2009-0-22358-0, 1993.
Gao, W., Sui, C.-H., Chen Wang, T.-C., and Chang, W.-Y.: An evaluation and
improvement of microphysical parameterization from a two-moment cloud
microphysics scheme and the Southwest Monsoon Experiment
(SoWMEX)/Terrain-influenced Monsoon Rainfall Experiment (TiMREX)
observations, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D19101,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD015718, 2011.
Gorgucci, E., Scarchilli, G., Chandrasekar, V., and Bringi, V. N.:
Measurement of Mean Raindrop Shape from Polarimetric Radar Observations, J.
Atmos. Sci., 57, 3406–3413,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<3406:MOMRSF>2.0.CO;2, 2000.
Gorgucci, E., Scarchilli, G., Chandrasekar, V., and Bringi, V. N.: Rainfall
Estimation from Polarimetric Radar Measurements: Composite Algorithms Immune
to Variability in Raindrop Shape–Size Relation, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 18, 1773–1786, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2001)018<1773:REFPRM>2.0.CO;2, 2001.
Gorgucci, E., Chandrasekar, V., Bringi, V. N., and Scarchilli, G.:
Estimation of Raindrop Size Distribution Parameters from Polarimetric Radar
Measurements, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2373–2384,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<2373:EORSDP>2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Gosset, M., Zahiri, E.-P., and Moumouni, S.: Rain drop size distribution
variability and impact on X-band polarimetric radar retrieval: Results from
the AMMA campaign in Benin, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 243–256,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.556, 2010.
Haddad, Z. S., Short, D. A., Durden, S. L., Im, E., Hensley, S., Grable, M.
B., and Black, R. A.: A new parametrization of the rain dropsize
distribution, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 35, 532–539,
https://doi.org/10.1109/36.581961, 1997.
Illingworth, A. J. and Blackman, T. M.: The Need to Represent Raindrop Size
Spectra as Normalized Gamma Distributions for the Interpretation of
Polarization Radar Observations, J. Appl. Meteorol., 41, 286–297,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<0286:TNTRRS>2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Kim, H.-L., Jung, S.-H., and Jang, K.-I.: Estimating Rain Microphysical
Characteristics Using S-Band Dual-Polarization Radar in South Korea, J.
Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 37, 1067–1084, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-19-0068.1, 2020.
Koffi, A. K., Gosset, M., Zahiri, E.-P., Ochou, A. D., Kacou, M., Cazenave,
F., and Assamoi, P.: Evaluation of X-band polarimetric radar estimation of
rainfall and rain drop size distribution parameters in West Africa,
Atmos. Res., 143, 438–461, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.03.009, 2014.
Kozu, T. and Nakamura, K.: Rainfall Parameter Estimation from Dual-Radar
Measurement Combining Reflectivity Profile and Path-integrated Attenuation,
J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 8, 259–270, 1991.
Kozu, T., Reddy, K. K., Mori, S., Thurai, M., Ong, J. T., Rao, D. N., and
Shimomai, T.: Seasonal and Diurnal Variations of Raindrop Size Distribution
in Asian Monsoon Region, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II, 84A, 195–209,
https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.84A.195, 2006.
Kumar, L. S., Lee, Y. H., and Ong, J. T.: Two-Parameter Gamma Drop Size
Distribution Models for Singapore, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 49,
3371–3380, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2011.2124464, 2011.
Lavanya, S., Kirankumar, N. V. P., Aneesh, S., Subrahmanyam, K. V., and
Sijikumar, S.: Seasonal variation of raindrop size distribution over a
coastal station Thumba: A quantitative analysis, Atmos. Res., 229, 86–99,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.06.004, 2019.
Lee, G. W. and Zawadzki, I.: Variability of Drop Size Distributions:
Time-Scale Dependence of the Variability and Its Effects on Rain Estimation,
J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 44, 241–255, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2183.1, 2005.
Liu, H. and Chandrasekar, V.: Classification of Hydrometeors Based on
Polarimetric Radar Measurements: Development of Fuzzy Logic and Neuro-Fuzzy
Systems, and In-Situ Verification, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 17,
140–164, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2000)017<0140:COHBOP>2.0.CO;2, 2000.
Maki, M., Park, S.-G., and Bringi, V. N.: Effect of Natural Variations in
Rain Drop Size Distributions on Rain Rate Estimators of 3 cm Wavelength
Polarimetric Radar, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 83, 871–893,
https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.83.871, 2005.
Marzano, F. S., Scaranari, D., and Vulpiani, G.: Supervised Fuzzy-Logic
Classification of Hydrometeors Using C-Band Weather Radars, IEEE Trans.
Geosci. Remote Sens., 45, 3784–3799, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2007.903399, 2007.
Matrosov, S. Y., Clark, K. A., Martner, B. E., and Tokay, A.: X-Band
Polarimetric Radar Measurements of Rainfall, J. Appl. Meteorol., 41,
941–952, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<0941:XBPRMO>2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Matrosov, S. Y., Kingsmill, D. E., Martner, B. E., and Ralph, F. M.: The
Utility of X-Band Polarimetric Radar for Quantitative Estimates of Rainfall
Parameters, J. Hydrometeorol., 6, 248–262, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM424.1, 2005.
Mishchenko, M. I., Travis, L. D., and Macke, A.: Scattering of light by
polydisperse, randomly oriented, finite circular cylinders, Appl. Optics, 35,
4927, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.35.004927, 1996.
Moisseev, D. and Chandrasekar, V.: Examination of the mu – lambda Relation
Suggested for Drop Size Distribution Parameters, J. Atmos. Ocean.
Technol., 24, 847–855, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH2010.1, 2007.
Penide, G., Protat, A., Kumar, V. V., and May, P. T.: Comparison of Two
Convective/Stratiform Precipitation Classification Techniques: Radar
Reflectivity Texture versus Drop Size Distribution–Based Approach, J.
Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 30, 2788–2797, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00019.1, 2013.
Pruppacher, H. R. and Beard, K. V.: A wind tunnel investigation of the
internal circulation and shape of water drops falling at terminal velocity
in air, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 96, 247–256,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49709640807, 1970.
Pruppacher, H. R. and Pitter, R. L.: A Semi-Emprical Determination of the
Shape of Cloud and Rain Drops, J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 86–94, 1971.
Radhakrishna, B. and Rao, T. N.: Statistical Characteristics of Multipeak
Raindrop Size Distributions at the Surface and Aloft in Different Rain
Regimes, Mon. Weather Rev., 137, 3501–3518, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009MWR2967.1, 2009.
Radhakrishna, B. and Rao, T. N.: Diurnal Variation of Rainfall in the
Presence of Large- and Small-Scale Precipitating Systems during Different
Monsoon Seasons over a Complex Terrain (Gadanki) Region, J. Appl. Meteorol.
Climatol., 60, 857–872, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-20-0269.1, 2021.
Radhakrishna, B., Rao, T. N., Rao, D. N., Rao, N. P., Nakamura, K., and
Sharma, A. K.: Spatial and seasonal variability of raindrop size
distributions in southeast India, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D04203,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011226, 2009.
Rao, T. N., Rao, D. N., Mohan, K., and Raghavan, S.: Classification of
tropical precipitating systems and associated Z–R relationships, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 17699–17711, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900836, 2001.
Rao, T. N., Kirankumar, N. V. P., Radhakrishna, B., and Narayana Rao, D.: On
the variability of the shape-slope parameter relations of the gamma raindrop
size distribution model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L22809,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028440, 2006.
Rao, T. N., Kirankumar, N. V. P., Radhakrishna, B., Rao, D. N., and
Nakamura, K.: Classification of Tropical Precipitating Systems Using Wind
Profiler Spectral Moments. Part II: Statistical Characteristics of Rainfall
Systems and Sensitivity Analysis, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 25,
898–908, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JTECHA1032.1, 2008.
Rao, T. N., Radhakrishna, B., Nakamura, K., and Prabhakara Rao, N.:
Differences in raindrop size distribution from southwest monsoon to
northeast monsoon at Gadanki, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 135, 1630–1637,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.432, 2009.
Rao, T. N., Amarjyothi, K., and Rao, S. V. B.: Attenuation relations for
monsoonal rain at the X band from disdrometric measurements: Dependency on
temperature, raindrop size distribution and drop shape models, Q. J. Roy.
Meteor. Soc., 144, 64–76, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3291, 2018.
Rao, T. N., Anandan, V. K., Abhijeet, K., Pradeep Kumar, C., and Radhakrishna, B.: Dual-polarization Radar for Observing Precipitation at X band (DROP-X) – System description and validation, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., in preparation, 2023.
Rauber, R. M. and Nesbitt, S. W.: Radar Meteorology – A First Course, John
Wiley & Sons Ltd, 443 pp., ISBN: 978-1-118-43262-4, 2018.
Raupach, T. H. and Berne, A.: Retrieval of the raindrop size distribution from polarimetric radar data using double-moment normalisation, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 2573–2594, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-2573-2017, 2017.
Rosenfeld, D. and Ulbrich, C. W.: Cloud Microphysical Properties, Processes,
and Rainfall Estimation Opportunities, Meteorol. Monogr., 30, 237–237,
https://doi.org/10.1175/0065-9401(2003)030<0237:CMPPAR>2.0.CO;2, 2003.
Ryzhkov, A., Zhang, P., Bukovčić, P., Zhang, J., and Cocks, S.:
Polarimetric Radar Quantitative Precipitation Estimation, Remote Sens., 14,
1695, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14071695, 2022.
Ryzhkov, A. V. and Zrnic, D. S.: Radar Polarimetry for Weather Observations,
Springer International Publishing, Cham, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05093-1, 2019.
Saikranthi, K., Narayana Rao, T., Radhakrishna, B., and Rao, S. V. B.:
Morphology of the vertical structure of precipitation over India and
adjoining oceans based on long-term measurements of TRMM PR, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 119, 8433–8449, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD021774, 2014.
Seela, B. K., Janapati, J., Lin, P.-L., Wang, P. K., and Lee, M.-T.:
Raindrop Size Distribution Characteristics of Summer and Winter Season
Rainfall Over North Taiwan, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 11602–11624, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028307, 2018.
Seliga, T. A. and Bringi, V. N.: Potential Use of Radar Differential
Reflectivity Measurement at Orthogonal Polarization for Measuring
precipitation, J. Appl. Meteorol., 15, 69–76, 1976.
Serio, M. A., Carollo, F. G., and Ferro, V.: Raindrop size distribution and
terminal velocity for rainfall erosivity studies. A review, J. Hydrol., 576,
210–228, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.06.040, 2019.
Sheppard, B. E. and Joe, P. I.: Comparison of Raindrop Size Distribution
Measurements by a Joss-Waldvogel Disdrometer, a PMS 2DG Spectrometer, and a
POSS Doppler Radar, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 11, 874–887, 1994.
Smith, P. L.: Raindrop Size Distributions: Exponential or Gamma-Does the
Difference Matter?, J. Appl. Meteorol., 42, 1031–1034,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<1031:RSDEOG>2.0.CO;2, 2003.
Sulochana, Y., Rao, T. N., Sunilkumar, K., Chandrika, P., Raman, M. R., and
Rao, S. V. B.: On the seasonal variability of raindrop size distribution and
associated variations in reflectivity – Rainrate relations at Tirupati, a
tropical station, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 147, 98–105,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2016.07.011, 2016.
Tang, Q., Xiao, H., Guo, C., and Feng, L.: Characteristics of the raindrop
size distributions and their retrieved polarimetric radar parameters in
northern and southern China, Atmos. Res., 135–136, 59–75,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.08.003, 2014.
Testud, J., Oury, S., Black, R. A., Amayenc, P., and Dou, X.: The Concept of
“Normalized” Distribution to Describe Raindrop Spectra: A Tool for Cloud
Physics and Cloud Remote Sensing, J. Appl. Meteorol., 40, 1118–1140,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<1118:TCONDT>2.0.CO;2, 2001.
Thurai, M. and Bringi, V. N.: Application of the generalized gamma model to
represent the full rain drop size distribution spectra, J. Appl. Meteorol.
Climatol., 57, 1197–1210, https://doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-17-0235.1, 2018.
Tokay, A., Kruger, A., Krajewski, W. F., Kucera, P. A., and Filho, A. J. P.:
Measurements of drop size distribution in the southwestern Amazon basin, J.
Geophys. Res., 107, 8052, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000355, 2002.
Tokay, A., D'Adderio, L. P., Marks, D. A., Pippitt, J. L., Wolff, D. B., and
Petersen, W. A.: Comparison of Raindrop Size Distribution between NASA's
S-Band Polarimetric Radar and Two-Dimensional Video Disdrometers, J. Appl.
Meteorol. Climatol., 59, 517–533, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-18-0339.1, 2020a.
Tokay, A., D'Adderio, L. P., Wolff, D. B., and Petersen, W. A.: Development
and Evaluation of the Raindrop Size Distribution Parameters for the NASA
Global Precipitation Measurement Mission Ground Validation Program, J.
Atmos, Ocean. Technol., 37, 115–128, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-18-0071.1, 2020b.
Trömel, S., Kumjian, M. R., Ryzhkov, A. V., Simmer, C., and Diederich,
M.: Backscatter Differential Phase – Estimation and Variability, J. Appl.
Meteorol. Climatol., 52, 2529–2548, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-13-0124.1, 2013.
Uijlenhoet, R.: Raindrop size distributions and radar reflectivity–rain rate relationships for radar hydrology, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 5, 615–628, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-5-615-2001, 2001.
Ulbrich, C. W.: Natural Variation in the Analytical form of Raindrop Size
distribution, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 22, 1764–1775, 1983.
Vivekanandan, J., Zrnic, D. S., Ellis, S. M., Oye, R., Ryzhkov, A. V., and
Straka, J.: Cloud Microphysics Retrieval Using S-Band Dual-Polarization
Radar Measurements, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 80, 381–388, 1999.
Vivekanandan, J., Zhang, G., Ellis, S. M., Rajopadhyaya, D., and Avery, S.
K.: Radar reflectivity calibration using differential propagation phase
measurement, Radio Sci., 38, 8049, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002RS002676, 2003.
Vulpiani, G., Marzano, F. S., Chandrasekar, V., Berne, A., and Uijlenhoet,
R.: Polarimetric Weather Radar Retrieval of Raindrop Size Distribution by
Means of a Regularized Artificial Neural Network, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote
Sens., 44, 3262–3275, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2006.878438, 2006.
Wen, G., Xiao, H., Yang, H., Bi, Y., and Xu, W.: Characteristics of summer and winter precipitation over northern China, Atmos. Res., 197, 390–406, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.07.023, 2017.
Wen, L., Zhao, K., Chen, G., Wang, M., Zhou, B., Huang, H., Hu, D., Lee,
W.-C., and Hu, H.: Drop Size Distribution Characteristics of Seven Typhoons
in China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 6529–6548, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD027950, 2018.
Willis, P. T.: Functional Fits to Some Observed Drop Size Distributions and
Parameterization of Rain, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1648–1661, 1984.
Yoshikawa, E., Chandrasekar, V., Ushio, T., and Matsuda, T.: A Bayesian
Approach for Integrated Raindrop Size Distribution (DSD) Retrieval on an
X-Band Dual-Polarization Radar Network, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 33,
377–389, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-15-0060.1, 2016.
Zhang, G.: Weather radar polarimetry, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group,
Boca Raton London New York, 304 pp., ISBN: 978-1-4398-6958-1, 2017.
Zhang, G., Vivekanandan, J., and Brandes, E.: A Method for Estimating Rain
Rate and Drop Size Distribution from Polarimetric Radar Measurements, IEEE
Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 39, 830–841, https://doi.org/10.1109/36.917906, 2001.
Zhang, G., Sun, J., and Brandes, E. A.: Improving Parameterization of Rain
Microphysics with Disdrometer and Radar Observations, J. Atmos. Sci.,
63, 1273–1290, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3680.1, 2006.
Zheng, H., Wu, Z., Zhang, L., Xie, Y., and Lei, H.: Improving Radar Rainfall
Estimations with Scaled Raindrop Size Spectra in Mei-Yu Frontal Rainstorms,
Sensors, 20, 5257, https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185257, 2020.
Zrnic, D. S., Ryzhkov, A., Straka, J., Liu, Y., and Vivekanandan, J.:
Testing a Procedure for Automatic Classification of Hydrometeor Types, J.
Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 18, 892–913,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2001)018<0892:TAPFAC>2.0.CO;2, 2001.
Short summary
The present study focuses on retrieving and validating raindrop size distribution (DSD) relations for monsoonal rainfall, which are required for retrieving DSDs with polarimetric radar measurements. The seasonal variation in DSD is quite large and significant, and as a result the coefficients also vary considerably between the seasons and from those existing elsewhere. Among the existing DSD methods, the N-gamma method performs better than the other methods.
The present study focuses on retrieving and validating raindrop size distribution (DSD)...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint