Articles | Volume 15, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3213-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3213-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
30 May 2022
Research article |
| 30 May 2022
| 30 May 2022
A phase separation inlet for droplets, ice residuals, and interstitial aerosol particles
Libby Koolik
Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Michael Roesch
Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
Carmen Dameto de Espana
Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
Christopher Nathan Rapp
Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
Lesly J. Franco Deloya
Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Chuanyang Shen
Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
A. Gannet Hallar
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
Storm Peak Laboratory, Desert Research Institute, Steamboat Springs, CO 80488, USA
Ian B. McCubbin
Storm Peak Laboratory, Desert Research Institute, Steamboat Springs, CO 80488, USA
Daniel J. Cziczo
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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James A. Christie, Theo Severud, Logan Forshee, Vanessa Selimovic, Siyuan Wang, Shatabdi Roy, Holly P. Lawson, Maria A. Garcia, A. Gannet Hallar, Haley Humble, John C. Lin, Paquita Zuidema, Kerri A. Pratt, and Cassandra J. Gaston
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5384, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5384, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
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To understand winter particulate pollution in Salt Lake City (SLC), we directly measured N2O5 reactive uptake and aerosol composition. We find reactions are efficient under clean conditions, but suppressed during polluted periods by particulate nitrate. A 1D model demonstrates that this suppressed uptake limits further particulate accumulation during persistent pollution episodes. These direct measurements and modeling results show the importance of N2O5 reactions in pollutant production in SLC.
Ross J. Herbert, Larissa Lacher, Alexander Böhmländer, Mark D. Tarn, Antoine Canzi, Aidan Pantoya, Evelyn Freney, Kristina Höhler, Pia Bogert, Céline Planche, Ping Tian, Michael Adams, Sarah Barr, David Brus, Nicole Büttner, Martin Daily, Konstantinos Doulgeris, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Grant Forster, Romy Fösig, Dimitrios G. Georgakopoulos, Maria I. Gini, A. Gannet Hallar, Radovan Krejci, Elke Ludewig, Mauro Mazzola, Ian B. McCubbin, Athanasios Nenes, Tuukka Petäjä, Joseph Robinson, Franziska Vogel, Paul Zieger, Stephen Arnold, Kenneth S. Carslaw, Naruki Hiranuma, Ottmar Möhler, and Benjamin J. Murray
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 18, 6465–6483, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-6465-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-6465-2026, 2026
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Ice formation in sub-zero clouds is influenced by airborne particles called ice-nucleating particles (INPs), whose concentrations vary substantially over short time and spatial scales. To assess the role of INPs in our climate, a comprehensive and consistent global dataset is essential. Our GloPINE model-ready dataset is a major step in this direction, comprising 36,000 measurements made using a single instrument design (PINE) over 70,000 hours of operation at 20 Northern Hemisphere sites.
Christopher N. Rapp, Gerardo Carrillo-Cardenas, Tareq Hussein, Sining Niu, Yue Zhang, Fred J. Brechtel, A. Gannet Hallar, and Daniel J. Cziczo
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 19, 5373–5385, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-5373-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-5373-2026, 2026
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Particles in the atmosphere vary in size and concentration, forming what is known as a particle size distribution (PSD). These distributions rarely consist of a single group of similar particles, known as a mode. Instead, they are often made up multiple overlapping modes. This work introduces an open-source algorithm to separate complex PSDs into their individual modes, enabling characterization of each particle population to provide insight into properties relevant to human health and climate.
David Wilmouth, Jennifer Hare, Laila Howar, Ross Salawitch, Eric Hintsa, Jessica Smith, David Sayres, James Anderson, Jason St. Clair, Erin Delaria, Reem Hannun, Thomas Hanisco, Daniel Czizco, Xiaoli Shen, Cameron Homeyer, Michelle Santee, T. Paul Bui, Paul Newman, Frank Keutsch, and Kenneth Bowman
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3480, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3480, 2026
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Inorganic chlorine chemistry in the stratosphere is extensively examined over two summers using high precision in situ aircraft data and satellite data. Measured values both agree and enable refinement to current understanding. Chlorine measurements obtained under perturbed stratospheric conditions of enhanced water vapor from convective storms or aged organic aerosol from wildfires do not appear significantly different from chlorine measurements obtained in the background stratosphere.
Erin K. Boedicker, Andre Bergeron, Gerardo Carrillo-Cardenas, Dominik Kulakowski, John Rogan, Elisabeth Andrews, and A. Gannet Hallar
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 6593–6610, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-6593-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-6593-2026, 2026
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We present analysis of long-term aerosol measurements from two sites in Colorado. In this work, we characterize seasonal trends of aerosol optical properties for both sites and perform trend analysis to investigate changes in sources over time. We show that there is a significant increase in the influence of extreme events like smoke and dust, and explore the relationship between optical properties to identify aerosol types and temporal patterns at the two sites.
Larissa Lacher, A. Gannet Hallar, Ian B. McCubbin, Joey Bail, Karl D. Froyd, Justin Jacquot, Xiaoli Shen, Christopher Rapp, Ottmar Möhler, and Daniel Cziczo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 6703–6726, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-6703-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-6703-2026, 2026
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We observe a trend of increasing ice-nucleating particle (INP) concentration in spring in the Rocky Mountains, related to regional dust emissions that may intensify with climate change. Additionally, super-micrometer particles were found as the most important contributors to the INP population. This finding was partly enabled by a novel setup of the Portable Ice Nucleation Experiment (PINE), coupled with a pumped-counterflow virtual impactor allowing for direct analysis of INP properties.
Christopher N. Rapp, Sining Niu, Jason D. Surratt, Yue Zhang, and Daniel J. Cziczo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2458, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2458, 2026
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Ice formation in cirrus clouds is often triggered by microscopic particles. While many particle types are known to promote this process, the role of particles formed from gases emitted by plants and trees remains uncertain. This study shows that the ability of these biogenic particles to form ice within cirrus clouds depends strongly on the specific gas from which they originate and is not well predicted by commonly used particle properties.
Inés Zabala, Juan Andrés Casquero-Vera, Elisabeth Andrews, Andrea Casans, Gerardo Carrillo-Cardenas, Anna Gannet Hallar, and Gloria Titos
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 3697–3722, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-3697-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-3697-2026, 2026
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This study presents a comprehensive analysis of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) phenomenology across nine observatories in diverse environments. We evaluate CCN prediction methods based on aerosol chemical composition and optical properties, including empirical and machine learning approaches. While simplified chemical schemes provide first-order estimates, incorporating optical data substantially improves CCN prediction accuracy in regions without direct measurements.
Alexander Garber, Zhaoxia Pu, and Anna Gannet Hallar
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6413, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6413, 2026
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This study examines how Saharan dust aerosols influenced the evolution of Tropical Storm Hermine (2022) using WRF-Chem simulations and NASA CPEX-CV observations. Results show that dust radiative effects weakened and disrupted storm organization, while reanalysis data underestimated dust concentrations. The findings highlight the importance of accurately representing aerosols to improve tropical cyclone simulations and hazard prediction.
Tyler R. Elgiar, Loknath Dhar, Lynne Gratz, A. Gannet Hallar, Rainer Volkamer, and Seth N. Lyman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 16387–16399, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-16387-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-16387-2025, 2025
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We compare verified atmospheric mercury measurements against output from the GEOS-Chem photochemical transport model. We show the model is unable to reproduce measured atmospheric oxidized mercury concentrations, even in several cases where oxidation rates in the model are enhanced.
Christopher N. Rapp, Sining Niu, N. Cazimir Armstrong, Xiaoli Shen, Thomas Berkemeier, Jason D. Surratt, Yue Zhang, and Daniel J. Cziczo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 5519–5536, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5519-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5519-2025, 2025
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Atmospheric ice formation is initiated by particulate matter suspended in air and has profound impacts on Earth's climate. This study focuses on examining the effectiveness of ice formation by a subset of particles composed of organic matter and sulfate. We used experiments and computer modeling to obtain the result that these particles are not effective ice-nucleating particles, suggesting that molecular structure is important for ice formation on these types of particles.
Paul J. DeMott, Jessica A. Mirrielees, Sarah Suda Petters, Daniel J. Cziczo, Markus D. Petters, Heinz G. Bingemer, Thomas C. J. Hill, Karl Froyd, Sarvesh Garimella, A. Gannet Hallar, Ezra J. T. Levin, Ian B. McCubbin, Anne E. Perring, Christopher N. Rapp, Thea Schiebel, Jann Schrod, Kaitlyn J. Suski, Daniel Weber, Martin J. Wolf, Maria Zawadowicz, Jake Zenker, Ottmar Möhler, and Sarah D. Brooks
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 639–672, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-639-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-639-2025, 2025
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The Fifth International Ice Nucleation Workshop Phase 3 (FIN-03) compared the ambient atmospheric performance of ice-nucleating particle (INP) measuring systems and explored general methods for discerning atmospheric INP compositions. Mirroring laboratory results, INP concentrations agreed within 5–10 factors. Measurements of total aerosol properties and investigations of INP compositions supported a dominant role of soil and plant organic aerosol elements as INPs during the study.
Xiaoli Shen, David M. Bell, Hugh Coe, Naruki Hiranuma, Fabian Mahrt, Nicholas A. Marsden, Claudia Mohr, Daniel M. Murphy, Harald Saathoff, Johannes Schneider, Jacqueline Wilson, Maria A. Zawadowicz, Alla Zelenyuk, Paul J. DeMott, Ottmar Möhler, and Daniel J. Cziczo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10869–10891, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10869-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10869-2024, 2024
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Single-particle mass spectrometry (SPMS) is commonly used to measure the chemical composition and mixing state of aerosol particles. Intercomparison of SPMS instruments was conducted. All instruments reported similar size ranges and common spectral features. The instrument-specific detection efficiency was found to be more dependent on particle size than type. All differentiated secondary organic aerosol, soot, and soil dust but had difficulties differentiating among minerals and dusts.
Eleanor J. Derry, Tyler R. Elgiar, Taylor Y. Wilmot, Nicholas W. Hoch, Noah S. Hirshorn, Peter Weiss-Penzias, Christopher F. Lee, John C. Lin, A. Gannet Hallar, Rainer Volkamer, Seth N. Lyman, and Lynne E. Gratz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9615–9643, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9615-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9615-2024, 2024
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Mercury (Hg) is a globally distributed neurotoxic pollutant. Atmospheric deposition is the main source of Hg in ecosystems. However, measurement biases hinder understanding of the origins and abundance of the more bioavailable oxidized form. We used an improved, calibrated measurement system to study air mass composition and transport of atmospheric Hg at a remote mountaintop site in the central US. Oxidized Hg originated upwind in the low to middle free troposphere under clean, dry conditions.
Larissa Lacher, Michael P. Adams, Kevin Barry, Barbara Bertozzi, Heinz Bingemer, Cristian Boffo, Yannick Bras, Nicole Büttner, Dimitri Castarede, Daniel J. Cziczo, Paul J. DeMott, Romy Fösig, Megan Goodell, Kristina Höhler, Thomas C. J. Hill, Conrad Jentzsch, Luis A. Ladino, Ezra J. T. Levin, Stephan Mertes, Ottmar Möhler, Kathryn A. Moore, Benjamin J. Murray, Jens Nadolny, Tatjana Pfeuffer, David Picard, Carolina Ramírez-Romero, Mickael Ribeiro, Sarah Richter, Jann Schrod, Karine Sellegri, Frank Stratmann, Benjamin E. Swanson, Erik S. Thomson, Heike Wex, Martin J. Wolf, and Evelyn Freney
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2651–2678, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2651-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2651-2024, 2024
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Aerosol particles that trigger ice formation in clouds are important for the climate system but are very rare in the atmosphere, challenging measurement techniques. Here we compare three cloud chambers and seven methods for collecting aerosol particles on filters for offline analysis at a mountaintop station. A general good agreement of the methods was found when sampling aerosol particles behind a whole air inlet, supporting their use for obtaining data that can be implemented in models.
Carynelisa Haspel, Cuiqi Zhang, Martin J. Wolf, Daniel J. Cziczo, and Maor Sela
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10091–10115, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10091-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10091-2023, 2023
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Small particles, commonly termed aerosols, can be found throughout the atmosphere and come from both natural and anthropogenic sources. One important type of aerosol is black carbon (BC). In this study, we conducted laboratory measurements of light scattering by particles meant to mimic atmospheric BC and compared them to calculations of scattering. We find that it is likely that calculations underpredict the scattering by BC particles of certain polarizations of light in certain directions.
Noah S. Hirshorn, Lauren M. Zuromski, Christopher Rapp, Ian McCubbin, Gerardo Carrillo-Cardenas, Fangqun Yu, and A. Gannet Hallar
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15909–15924, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15909-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15909-2022, 2022
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New particle formation (NPF) is a source of atmospheric aerosol number concentration that can impact climate by growing to larger sizes and under proper conditions form cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Using novel methods, we find that at Storm Peak Laboratory, a remote, mountaintop site in Colorado, NPF is observed to enhance CCN concentrations in the spring by a factor of 1.54 and in the winter by a factor of 1.36 which can occur on a regional scale having important climate implications.
Anna L. Hodshire, Ezra J. T. Levin, A. Gannet Hallar, Christopher N. Rapp, Dan R. Gilchrist, Ian McCubbin, and Gavin R. McMeeking
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2022-216, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2022-216, 2022
Publication in AMT not foreseen
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The new Continuous Flow Diffusion Chamber-Ice Activation Spectrometer collected 4 months of ice nucleating particle (INP) measurements at a 5-minute resolution at the mountainside Storm Peak Laboratory. Most long-term INP measurements are at a time resolution of a day or longer: our instrument is a promising advance towards high-resolution long-term INP measurements. We observe higher peak INP concentrations than previous mountain studies, possibly due to the higher time resolution of our data.
Anna L. Hodshire, Ezra J. T. Levin, A. Gannet Hallar, Christopher N. Rapp, Dan R. Gilchrist, Ian McCubbin, and Gavin R. McMeeking
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-29, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-29, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
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The new Continuous Flow Diffusion Chamber-Ice Activation Spectrometer collected 4 months of ice nucleating particle (INP) measurements at a 5-minute resolution at the mountainside Storm Peak Laboratory. Most long-term INP measurements are at a time resolution of a day or longer: our instrument is a promising advance towards high-resolution long-term INP measurements. We observe higher peak INP concentrations than previous mountain studies, possibly due to the higher time resolution of our data.
Clémence Rose, Martine Collaud Coen, Elisabeth Andrews, Yong Lin, Isaline Bossert, Cathrine Lund Myhre, Thomas Tuch, Alfred Wiedensohler, Markus Fiebig, Pasi Aalto, Andrés Alastuey, Elisabeth Alonso-Blanco, Marcos Andrade, Begoña Artíñano, Todor Arsov, Urs Baltensperger, Susanne Bastian, Olaf Bath, Johan Paul Beukes, Benjamin T. Brem, Nicolas Bukowiecki, Juan Andrés Casquero-Vera, Sébastien Conil, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Olivier Favez, Harald Flentje, Maria I. Gini, Francisco Javier Gómez-Moreno, Martin Gysel-Beer, Anna Gannet Hallar, Ivo Kalapov, Nikos Kalivitis, Anne Kasper-Giebl, Melita Keywood, Jeong Eun Kim, Sang-Woo Kim, Adam Kristensson, Markku Kulmala, Heikki Lihavainen, Neng-Huei Lin, Hassan Lyamani, Angela Marinoni, Sebastiao Martins Dos Santos, Olga L. Mayol-Bracero, Frank Meinhardt, Maik Merkel, Jean-Marc Metzger, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Jakub Ondracek, Marco Pandolfi, Noemi Pérez, Tuukka Petäjä, Jean-Eudes Petit, David Picard, Jean-Marc Pichon, Veronique Pont, Jean-Philippe Putaud, Fabienne Reisen, Karine Sellegri, Sangeeta Sharma, Gerhard Schauer, Patrick Sheridan, James Patrick Sherman, Andreas Schwerin, Ralf Sohmer, Mar Sorribas, Junying Sun, Pierre Tulet, Ville Vakkari, Pieter Gideon van Zyl, Fernando Velarde, Paolo Villani, Stergios Vratolis, Zdenek Wagner, Sheng-Hsiang Wang, Kay Weinhold, Rolf Weller, Margarita Yela, Vladimir Zdimal, and Paolo Laj
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17185–17223, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17185-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17185-2021, 2021
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Aerosol particles are a complex component of the atmospheric system the effects of which are among the most uncertain in climate change projections. Using data collected at 62 stations, this study provides the most up-to-date picture of the spatial distribution of particle number concentration and size distribution worldwide, with the aim of contributing to better representation of aerosols and their interactions with clouds in models and, therefore, better evaluation of their impact on climate.
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Short summary
A new inlet for studying the small particles, droplets, and ice crystals that constitute mixed-phase clouds has been constructed and is described here. This new inlet was tested in the laboratory. We present the performance of the new inlet to demonstrate its capability of separating ice, droplets, and small particles.
A new inlet for studying the small particles, droplets, and ice crystals that constitute...
