Articles | Volume 15, issue 16
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4709-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4709-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
19 Aug 2022
Research article |
| 19 Aug 2022
| 19 Aug 2022
Balloon-borne aerosol–cloud interaction studies (BACIS): field campaigns to understand and quantify aerosol effects on clouds
Department of Space, National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL), Gadanki, 517 112, India
Madineni Venkat Ratnam
Department of Space, National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL), Gadanki, 517 112, India
Masatomo Fujiwara
Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
Herman Russchenberg
Department of Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Delft University of
Technology, Delft, 2628CD, the Netherlands
Frank G. Wienhold
Institute of Atmospheric and Climate Science (IAC), Universitaetstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Bomidi Lakshmi Madhavan
Department of Space, National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL), Gadanki, 517 112, India
Mekalathur Roja Raman
Department of Physics, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517 502, India
now at: Center for Remote sensing and Geo Informatics, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600 119, India
Renju Nandan
Department of Space, National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL), Gadanki, 517 112, India
Sivan Thankamani Akhil Raj
Department of Space, National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL), Gadanki, 517 112, India
Alladi Hemanth Kumar
Department of Space, National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL), Gadanki, 517 112, India
Saginela Ravindra Babu
Department of Space, National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL), Gadanki, 517 112, India
now at: Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
Related authors
No articles found.
Saginela Ravindra Babu and Neng-Huei Lin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4223, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4223, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates record-breaking aerosol loading over the South China Sea in April 2023, driven by intense biomass burning in Laos and Myanmar. Using satellite and reanalysis data, we show that compound climate extremes and circulation anomalies enhanced fire activity and altered smoke transport, leading to severe transboundary pollution. The findings highlight links between climate variability, aerosols, and regional air quality in Southeast Asia.
Vadassery Neelamana Santhosh, Bomidi Lakshmi Madhavan, Sivan Thankamani Akhil Raj, Madineni Venkat Ratnam, Jean-Paul Vernier, and Frank Gunther Wienhold
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8255–8270, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8255-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8255-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study examines a lesser-known atmospheric feature, the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer, located high above the Earth. We investigated how different aerosols, such as sulfates, nitrates, and pollutants, influence the exchange of heat between the atmosphere and its surroundings. The results show that these particles can alter temperature patterns, especially during the Asian summer monsoon. This research improves our understanding of how human activities may affect regional climate.
Corinna Kloss, Gwenaël Berthet, Pasquale Sellitto, Irene Bartolome Garcia, Emmanuel Briaud, Rubel Chandra Das, Stéphane Chevrier, Nicolas Dumelié, Lilian Joly, Thomas Lecas, Pauline Marbach, Felix Ploeger, Jean-Baptiste Renard, Jean-Paul Vernier, Frank G. Wienhold, and Michaela I. Hegglin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2091, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2091, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
In October 2022, we detected volcanic particles in the stratosphere over France, linked to the January 2022 Hunga eruption in the South Pacific. Found between 17 and 23 km altitude, they were traced back to the tropics using trajectory simulations and satellite data. Their optical properties matched those in the Southern Hemisphere. The particles spread across the Northern Hemisphere, reflecting sunlight and slightly cooling the surface—a small but non-negligible effect.
Masatomo Fujiwara, Bomin Sun, Anthony Reale, Domenico Cimini, Salvatore Larosa, Lori Borg, Christoph von Rohden, Michael Sommer, Ruud Dirksen, Marion Maturilli, Holger Vömel, Rigel Kivi, Bruce Ingleby, Ryan J. Kramer, Belay Demoz, Fabio Madonna, Fabien Carminati, Owen Lewis, Brett Candy, Christopher Thomas, David Edwards, Noersomadi, Kensaku Shimizu, and Peter Thorne
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 2919–2955, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2919-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2919-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We assess and illustrate the benefits of high-altitude attainment of balloon-borne radiosonde soundings up to and beyond 10 hPa level from various aspects. We show that the extra costs and technical challenges involved in consistent attainment of high ascents are more than outweighed by the benefits for a broad variety of real-time and delayed-mode applications. Consistent attainment of high ascents should therefore be pursued across the balloon observational network.
Yann Poltera, Beiping Luo, Frank G. Wienhold, and Thomas Peter
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2003, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2003, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Frost point hygrometers are the most reliable instruments for measuring water vapor in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Their greatest source of uncertainty arises from controller instabilities, which have been poorly investigated to date. The “Golden Points” and nonequilibrium correction is a new chilled mirror processing technique that enables existing instruments to measure the water vapor mixing ratio from the ground to the middle stratosphere with an unprecedented 4 % accuracy.
Sougat Kumar Sarangi, Chandan Sarangi, Niravkumar Patel, Bomidi Lakshmi Madhavan, Shantikumar Singh Ningombam, Belur Ravindra, and Madineni Venkat Ratnam
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3364, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3364, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study introduces a new approach to measure cloud cover from image data taken by ground based sky observations. Our method used diverse sky images taken from various locations across the globe to train our machine learning model. We achieved a very high accuracy in detecting cloud cover, even in polluted areas. Our model surpasses traditional methods by running efficiently with minimal computational needs.
Simone Brunamonti, Harald Saathoff, Albert Hertzog, Glenn Diskin, Masatomo Fujiwara, Karen Rosenlof, Ottmar Möhler, Béla Tuzson, Lukas Emmenegger, Nadir Amarouche, Georges Durry, Fabien Frérot, Jean-Christophe Samake, Claire Cenac, Julio Lopez, Paul Monnier, and Mélanie Ghysels
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1029, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1029, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Water vapor is a strong greenhouse gas and accurate measurements of its concentration in the upper atmosphere (~8–25 km altitude) are crucial for reliable climate predictions. We investigated the performance of four airborne hygrometers, deployed on aircraft or stratospheric balloon platforms and based on different techniques, in a climate simulation chamber. The results demonstrate the high accuracy and reliability of the involved sensors for atmospheric monitoring and research applications.
Hazel Vernier, Demilson Quintão, Bruno Biazon, Eduardo Landulfo, Giovanni Souza, V. Amanda Santos, J. S. Fabio Lopes, C. P. Alex Mendes, A. S. José da Matta, K. Pinheiro Damaris, Benoit Grosslin, P. M. P. Maria Jorge, Maria de Fátima Andrade, Neeraj Rastogi, Akhil Raj, Hongyu Liu, Mahesh Kovilakam, Suvarna Fadnavis, Frank G. Wienhold, Mathieu Colombier, D. Chris Boone, Gwenael Berthet, Nicolas Dumelie, Lilian Joly, and Jean-Paul Vernier
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-924, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-924, 2025
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
The eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai injected large amounts of water vapor and sea salt into the stratosphere, altering traditional views of volcanic aerosols. Using balloon-borne samplers, we collected aerosol samples and found high levels of sea salt and calcium, suggesting sulfate depletion due to gypsum formation. These findings highlight the need to consider sea salt in climate models to better predict volcanic impacts on the atmosphere and climate.
Yugo Kanaya, Roberto Sommariva, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Andrea Mazzeo, Theodore K. Koenig, Kaori Kawana, James E. Johnson, Aurélie Colomb, Pierre Tulet, Suzie Molloy, Ian E. Galbally, Rainer Volkamer, Anoop Mahajan, John W. Halfacre, Paul B. Shepson, Julia Schmale, Hélène Angot, Byron Blomquist, Matthew D. Shupe, Detlev Helmig, Junsu Gil, Meehye Lee, Sean C. Coburn, Ivan Ortega, Gao Chen, James Lee, Kenneth C. Aikin, David D. Parrish, John S. Holloway, Thomas B. Ryerson, Ilana B. Pollack, Eric J. Williams, Brian M. Lerner, Andrew J. Weinheimer, Teresa Campos, Frank M. Flocke, J. Ryan Spackman, Ilann Bourgeois, Jeff Peischl, Chelsea R. Thompson, Ralf M. Staebler, Amir A. Aliabadi, Wanmin Gong, Roeland Van Malderen, Anne M. Thompson, Ryan M. Stauffer, Debra E. Kollonige, Juan Carlos Gómez Martin, Masatomo Fujiwara, Katie Read, Matthew Rowlinson, Keiichi Sato, Junichi Kurokawa, Yoko Iwamoto, Fumikazu Taketani, Hisahiro Takashima, Monica Navarro Comas, Marios Panagi, and Martin G. Schultz
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-566, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-566, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
The first comprehensive dataset of tropospheric ozone over oceans/polar regions is presented, including 77 ship/buoy and 48 aircraft campaign observations (1977–2022, 0–5000 m altitude), supplemented by ozonesonde and surface data. Air masses isolated from land for 72+ hours are systematically selected as essentially oceanic. Among the 11 global regions, they show daytime decreases of 10–16% in the tropics, while near-zero depletions are rare, unlike in the Arctic, implying different mechanisms.
Takuji Sugidachi, Masatomo Fujiwara, Kensaku Shimizu, Shin-Ya Ogino, Junko Suzuki, and Ruud J. Dirksen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 509–531, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-509-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-509-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A Peltier-based chilled-mirror hygrometer, SKYDEW, has been developed to measure tropospheric and stratospheric water vapor. Continuous accurate measurements of water vapor are essential for climate monitoring. More than 40 soundings with SKYDEW have been conducted since 2011 to evaluate the performance. The result of soundings at tropical and midlatitudes demonstrated that SKYDEW is able to measure up to an altitude of 20–25 km for daytime soundings and above 25 km for nighttime soundings.
Amit Kumar Pandit, Jean-Paul Vernier, Thomas Duncan Fairlie, Kristopher M. Bedka, Melody A. Avery, Harish Gadhavi, Madineni Venkat Ratnam, Sanjeev Dwivedi, Kasimahanthi Amar Jyothi, Frank G. Wienhold, Holger Vömel, Hongyu Liu, Bo Zhang, Buduru Suneel Kumar, Tra Dinh, and Achuthan Jayaraman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 14209–14238, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14209-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14209-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the formation mechanism of a tropopause cirrus cloud layer observed at extremely cold temperatures over Hyderabad in India during the 2017 Asian summer monsoon using balloon-borne sensors. Ice crystals smaller than 50 µm were found in this optically thin cirrus cloud layer. Combined analysis of back trajectories, satellite, and model data revealed that the formation of this layer was influenced by waves and stratospheric hydration induced by typhoon Hato.
Masatomo Fujiwara, Patrick Martineau, Jonathon S. Wright, Marta Abalos, Petr Šácha, Yoshio Kawatani, Sean M. Davis, Thomas Birner, and Beatriz M. Monge-Sanz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7873–7898, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7873-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7873-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A climatology of the major variables and terms of the transformed Eulerian-mean (TEM) momentum and thermodynamic equations from four global atmospheric reanalyses is evaluated. The spread among reanalysis TEM momentum balance terms is around 10 % in Northern Hemisphere winter and up to 50 % in Southern Hemisphere winter. The largest uncertainties in the thermodynamic equation (about 50 %) are in the vertical advection, which does not show a structure consistent with the differences in heating.
Hengheng Zhang, Christian Rolf, Ralf Tillmann, Christian Wesolek, Frank Gunther Wienhold, Thomas Leisner, and Harald Saathoff
Aerosol Research, 2, 135–151, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2-135-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2-135-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study employs advanced tools, including scanning lidar, balloons, and UAVs, to explore aerosol particles in the atmosphere. The scanning lidar offers distinctive near-ground-level insights, enriching our comprehension of aerosol distribution from ground level to the free troposphere. This research provides valuable data for comparing remote sensing and in situ aerosol measurements, advancing our understanding of aerosol impacts on radiative transfer, clouds, and air quality.
Steven Soon-Kai Kong, Saginela Ravindra Babu, Sheng-Hsiang Wang, Stephen M. Griffith, Jackson Hian-Wui Chang, Ming-Tung Chuang, Guey-Rong Sheu, and Neng-Huei Lin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1041–1058, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1041-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1041-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we combined ground observations from 7-SEAS Dongsha Experiment, MERRA-2 reanalysis, and MODIS satellite images for evaluation and improvement of the CMAQ dust model for cases of East Asian Dust reaching the Taiwan region, including Dongsha in the western Pacific. We proposed a better CMAQ dust treatment over East Asia and for the first time revealed the impact of typhoons on dust transport.
Saginela Ravindra Babu, Chang-Feng Ou-Yang, Stephen M. Griffith, Shantanu Kumar Pani, Steven Soon-Kai Kong, and Neng-Huei Lin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4727–4740, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4727-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4727-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In October 2006 and 2015, extensive fire episodes occurred in Indonesia, releasing an enormous amount of CO emissions. By combining in situ and satellite CO measurements and reanalysis products, we reported plausible transport pathways of CO from Indonesia to the Lulin Atmospheric Background Station (LABS; 23.47° N, 120.87° E; 2862 m a.s.l.) in Taiwan. We identified (i) horizontal transport in the free troposphere and (ii) vertical transport through the Hadley circulation.
Shunsuke Hoshino, Takuji Sugidachi, Kensaku Shimizu, Eriko Kobayashi, Masatomo Fujiwara, and Masami Iwabuchi
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 5917–5948, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5917-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5917-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
GRUAN data products (GDPs) from Meisei iMS-100 and Vaisala RS92 were compared with 59 dual sounding data. For daytime observations, the iMS-100 temperature is around 0.5 K lower than RS92-GDP in the stratosphere, but for nighttime observations, the difference is around −0.1 K, and data are mostly in agreement. For relative humidity (RH), iMS-100 is around 1–2 % RH higher in the troposphere and 1 % RH smaller in the stratosphere than RS92, but both GDPs are in agreement for most of the profile.
Hazel Vernier, Neeraj Rastogi, Hongyu Liu, Amit Kumar Pandit, Kris Bedka, Anil Patel, Madineni Venkat Ratnam, Buduru Suneel Kumar, Bo Zhang, Harish Gadhavi, Frank Wienhold, Gwenael Berthet, and Jean-Paul Vernier
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12675–12694, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12675-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12675-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The chemical composition of the stratospheric aerosols collected aboard high-altitude balloons above the summer Asian monsoon reveals the presence of nitrate/nitrite. Using numerical simulations and satellite observations, we found that pollution as well as lightning could explain some of our observations.
Luca Palchetti, Marco Barucci, Claudio Belotti, Giovanni Bianchini, Bertrand Cluzet, Francesco D'Amato, Samuele Del Bianco, Gianluca Di Natale, Marco Gai, Dina Khordakova, Alessio Montori, Hilke Oetjen, Markus Rettinger, Christian Rolf, Dirk Schuettemeyer, Ralf Sussmann, Silvia Viciani, Hannes Vogelmann, and Frank Gunther Wienhold
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4303–4312, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4303-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4303-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The FIRMOS far-infrared (IR) prototype, developed for the preparation of the ESA FORUM mission, was deployed for the first time at Mt. Zugspitze at 3000 m altitude to measure the far-IR spectrum of atmospheric emissions. The measurements, including co-located radiometers, lidars, radio soundings, weather, and surface properties, provide a unique dataset to study radiative properties of water vapour, cirrus clouds, and snow emissivity over the IR emissions, including the under-explored far-IR.
Rohit Chakraborty, Arindam Chakraborty, Ghouse Basha, and Madineni Venkat Ratnam
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11161–11177, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11161-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11161-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, urbanization-induced surface warming has been found to trigger prominent changes in upper-troposphere–lower-stratosphere regions leading to stronger and more frequent lightning extremes over India. Consequently, the implementation of this hypothesis in global climate models reveals that lightning frequency and intensity values across India will rise by ~10–25 % and 15–50 %, respectively, by 2100 at the current urbanization rate, which should be alarming for present policymakers.
Karolina Sarna, David P. Donovan, and Herman W. J. Russchenberg
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4959–4970, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4959-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4959-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We show a method for obtaining cloud optical extinction with a lidar system. We use a scheme in which a lidar signal is inverted based on the estimated value of cloud extinction at the far end of the cloud and apply a correction for multiple scattering within the cloud and a range resolution correction. By applying our technique, we show that it is possible to obtain the cloud optical extinction with an error better than 5 % up to 90 m within the cloud.
Saginela Ravindra Babu, Madineni Venkat Ratnam, Ghouse Basha, Shantanu Kumar Pani, and Neng-Huei Lin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5533–5547, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5533-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5533-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The present study explores the detailed structure, dynamics, and trace gas variability in the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone (ASMA) in the extreme El Niño of 2015/16. The results find the structure of the ASMA shows strong spatial variability between July and August. A West Pacific mode of the anticyclone is noticed in August. A significant lowering of tropospheric tracers and strong increase in stratospheric tracers are found. The tropopause temperatures also exhibit a warming in the ASMA.
Anton Lopatin, Oleg Dubovik, David Fuertes, Georgiy Stenchikov, Tatyana Lapyonok, Igor Veselovskii, Frank G. Wienhold, Illia Shevchenko, Qiaoyun Hu, and Sagar Parajuli
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2575–2614, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2575-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2575-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The article presents novelties in characterizing fine particles suspended in the air by means of combining various measurements that observe light propagation in atmosphere. Several non-coincident observations (some of which require sunlight, while others work only at night) could be united under the assumption that aerosol properties do not change drastically at nighttime. It also proposes how to describe particles' composition in a simplified manner that uses new types of observations.
Masatomo Fujiwara, Tetsu Sakai, Tomohiro Nagai, Koichi Shiraishi, Yoichi Inai, Sergey Khaykin, Haosen Xi, Takashi Shibata, Masato Shiotani, and Laura L. Pan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3073–3090, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3073-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3073-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Lidar aerosol particle measurements in Japan during the summer of 2018 were found to detect the eastward extension of the Asian tropopause aerosol layer from the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone in the lower stratosphere. Analysis of various other data indicates that the observed enhanced particle levels are due to eastward-shedding vortices from the anticyclone, originating from pollutants emitted in Asian countries and transported vertically by convection in the Asian summer monsoon region.
Simone Brunamonti, Giovanni Martucci, Gonzague Romanens, Yann Poltera, Frank G. Wienhold, Maxime Hervo, Alexander Haefele, and Francisco Navas-Guzmán
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2267–2285, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2267-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2267-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Lidar (light detection and ranging) is a class of remote-sensing instruments that are widely used for the monitoring of aerosol properties in the lower levels of the atmosphere, yet their measurements are affected by several sources of uncertainty. Here we present the first comparison of two lidar systems against a fully independent instrument carried by meteorological balloons. We show that both lidars achieve a good agreement with the high-precision balloon measurements up to 6 km altitude.
Kizhathur Narasimhan Uma, Siddarth Shankar Das, Madineni Venkat Ratnam, and Kuniyil Viswanathan Suneeth
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2083–2103, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2083-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2083-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Reanalysis data of vertical wind (w) are widely used by the atmospheric community to determine various calculations of atmospheric circulations, diabatic heating, convection, etc. There are no studies that assess the available reanalysis data with respect to observations. The present study assesses for the first time all the reanalysis w by comparing it with 20 years of radar data from Gadanki and Kototabang and shows that downdrafts and peaks in the updrafts are not produced in the reanalyses.
Teresa Jorge, Simone Brunamonti, Yann Poltera, Frank G. Wienhold, Bei P. Luo, Peter Oelsner, Sreeharsha Hanumanthu, Bhupendra B. Singh, Susanne Körner, Ruud Dirksen, Manish Naja, Suvarna Fadnavis, and Thomas Peter
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 239–268, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-239-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-239-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Balloon-borne frost point hygrometers are crucial for the monitoring of water vapour in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. We found that when traversing a mixed-phase cloud with big supercooled droplets, the intake tube of the instrument collects on its inner surface a high percentage of these droplets. The newly formed ice layer will sublimate at higher levels and contaminate the measurement. The balloon is also a source of contamination, but only at higher levels during the ascent.
Sreeharsha Hanumanthu, Bärbel Vogel, Rolf Müller, Simone Brunamonti, Suvarna Fadnavis, Dan Li, Peter Ölsner, Manish Naja, Bhupendra Bahadur Singh, Kunchala Ravi Kumar, Sunil Sonbawne, Hannu Jauhiainen, Holger Vömel, Beiping Luo, Teresa Jorge, Frank G. Wienhold, Ruud Dirkson, and Thomas Peter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14273–14302, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14273-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14273-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
During boreal summer, anthropogenic sources yield the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL), found in Asia between about 13 and 18 km altitude. Balloon-borne measurements of the ATAL conducted in northern India in 2016 show the strong variability of the ATAL. To explain its observed variability, model simulations are performed to deduce the origin of air masses on the Earth's surface, which is important to develop recommendations for regulations of anthropogenic surface emissions of the ATAL.
Cited articles
Abbott, T. H. and Cronin, T. W.: Aerosol invigoration of atmospheric convection through increases in humidity, Science, 371, 83–85, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc5181, 2021.
Albrecht, B. A.: Aerosols, Cloud Microphysics, and Fractional Cloudiness,
Science, 245, 24–29, 1989.
Brabec, M., Wienhold, F. G., Luo, B. P., Vömel, H., Immler, F., Steiner, P., Hausammann, E., Weers, U., and Peter, T.: Particle backscatter and relative humidity measured across cirrus clouds and comparison with microphysical cirrus modelling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 9135–9148, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-9135-2012, 2012.
Brunamonti, S., Jorge, T., Oelsner, P., Hanumanthu, S., Singh, B. B., Kumar, K. R., Sonbawne, S., Meier, S., Singh, D., Wienhold, F. G., Luo, B. P., Boettcher, M., Poltera, Y., Jauhiainen, H., Kayastha, R., Karmacharya, J., Dirksen, R., Naja, M., Rex, M., Fadnavis, S., and Peter, T.: Balloon-borne measurements of temperature, water vapor, ozone and aerosol backscatter on the southern slopes of the Himalayas during StratoClim 2016–2017, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15937–15957, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15937-2018, 2018.
Brunamonti, S., Martucci, G., Romanens, G., Poltera, Y., Wienhold, F. G., Hervo, M., Haefele, A., and Navas-Guzmán, F.: Validation of aerosol backscatter profiles from Raman lidar and ceilometer using balloon-borne measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2267–2285, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2267-2021, 2021.
Cherian, T., Kumar, Y. B., Reddy, B. S., Optics, G., Limited, A., Nr, R. S., and Road, N.: LIDAR for Atmospheric Measurement and Probing, International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 5,
5114–5124, 2014.
Cirisan, A., Luo, B. P., Engel, I., Wienhold, F. G., Sprenger, M., Krieger, U. K., Weers, U., Romanens, G., Levrat, G., Jeannet, P., Ruffieux, D., Philipona, R., Calpini, B., Spichtinger, P., and Peter, T.: Balloon-borne match measurements of midlatitude cirrus clouds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 7341–7365, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7341-2014, 2014.
Coakley, J. A., Bernstein, R. L., and Durkee, P. A.: Effect of Ship-Stack
Effluents on Cloud Reflectivity, Science, 237, 1020–1022, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.237.4818.1020, 1987.
Corrigan, C. E., Roberts, G. C., Ramana, M. V., Kim, D., and Ramanathan, V.: Capturing vertical profiles of aerosols and black carbon over the Indian Ocean using autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 737–747, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-737-2008, 2008.
Costantino, L. and Bréon, F. M.: Analysis of aerosol-cloud interaction
from multi-sensor satellite observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, 1–5,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL041828, 2010.
Deshler, T., Hervig, M. E., Hofmann, D. J., Rosen, J. M., and Liley, J. B.:
Thirty years of in situ stratospheric aerosol size distribution measurements
from Laramie, Wyoming (41∘ N), using balloon-borne instruments, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jd002514, 2003.
Fan, J., Wang, Y., Rosenfeld, D., and Liu, X.: Review of aerosol-cloud
interactions: Mechanisms, significance, and challenges, J. Atmos. Sci.,
73, 4221–4252, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-16-0037.1, 2016.
Fan, J., Rosenfeld, D., Zhang, Y., Giangrande, S. E., Li, Z., Machado, L. A.
T., Martin, S. T., Yang, Y., Wang, J., Artaxo, P., Barbosa, H. M. J., Braga,
R. C., Comstock, J. M., Feng, Z., Gao, W., Gomes, H. B., Mei, F.,
Pöhlker, C., Pöhlker, M. L., Pöschl, U., and de Souza, R. A. F.:
Substantial convection and precipitation enhancements by ultrafine aerosol
particles, Science, 359, 411–418, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan8461, 2018.
Feingold, G., Eberhard, W. L., Veron, D. E., and Previdi, M.: First
measurements of the Twomey indirect effect using ground-based remote
sensors, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 19–22, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016633, 2003.
Feingold, G., Furrer, R., Pilewskie, P., Remer, L. A., Min, Q., and Jonsson,
H.: Aerosol indirect effect studies at Southern Great Plains during the May
2003 Intensive Operations Period, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, 1–13,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005648, 2006.
Fujiwara, M., Shiotani, M., Hasebe, F., Vömel, H., Oltmans, S. J.,
Ruppert, P. W., Horinouchi, T., and Tsuda, T.: Performance of the Meteolabor
“Snow White” chilled-mirror hygrometer in the tropical troposphere:
Comparisons with the Vaisala RS80 A/H-Humicap sensors, J. Atmos. Ocean.
Technol., 20, 1534–1542, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<1534:POTMSW>2.0.CO;2, 2003.
Fujiwara, M., Sugidachi, T., Arai, T., Shimizu, K., Hayashi, M., Noma, Y., Kawagita, H., Sagara, K., Nakagawa, T., Okumura, S., Inai, Y., Shibata, T., Iwasaki, S., and Shimizu, A.: Development of a cloud particle sensor for radiosonde sounding, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 5911–5931, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5911-2016, 2016.
Girdwood, J., Smith, H., Stanley, W., Ulanowski, Z., Stopford, C., Chemel, C., Doulgeris, K.-M., Brus, D., Campbell, D., and Mackenzie, R.: Design and field campaign validation of a multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle and optical particle counter, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 6613–6630, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6613-2020, 2020.
Girdwood, J., Stanley, W., Stopford, C., and Brus, D.: Simulation and field campaign evaluation of an optical particle counter on a fixed-wing UAV, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2061–2076, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2061-2022, 2022.
Grosvenor, D. P., Sourdeval, O., Zuidema, P., Ackerman, A., Alexandrov, M.
D., Bennartz, R., Boers, R., Cairns, B., Chiu, J. C., Christensen, M.,
Deneke, H., Diamond, M., Feingold, G., Fridlind, A., Hünerbein, A.,
Knist, C., Kollias, P., Marshak, A., McCoy, D., Merk, D., Painemal, D.,
Rausch, J., Rosenfeld, D., Russchenberg, H., Seifert, P., Sinclair, K.,
Stier, P., van Diedenhoven, B., Wendisch, M., Werner, F., Wood, R., Zhang,
Z., and Quaas, J.: Remote Sensing of Droplet Number Concentration in Warm
Clouds: A Review of the Current State of Knowledge and Perspectives, Rev.
Geophys., 56, 409–453, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017RG000593, 2018.
Gupta, G., Ratnam, M. V., Madhavan, B. L., Prasad, P., and Narayanamurthy, C.
S.: Vertical and spatial distribution of elevated aerosol layers obtained
using long-term ground-based and space-borne lidar observations, Atmos.
Environ., 246, 118172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.118172,
2021.
Hanumanthu, S., Vogel, B., Müller, R., Brunamonti, S., Fadnavis, S., Li, D., Ölsner, P., Naja, M., Singh, B. B., Kumar, K. R., Sonbawne, S., Jauhiainen, H., Vömel, H., Luo, B., Jorge, T., Wienhold, F. G., Dirkson, R., and Peter, T.: Strong day-to-day variability of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL) in August 2016 at the Himalayan foothills, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14273–14302, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14273-2020, 2020.
Haywood, J. and Boucher, O.: Estimates of the direct and indirect radiative
forcing due to tropospheric aerosols: A review, Rev. Geophys., 38,
513–543, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999RG000078, 2000.
Inoue, J., Tobo, Y., Sato, K., Taketani, F., and Maturilli, M.: Application of cloud particle sensor sondes for estimating the number concentration of cloud water droplets and liquid water content: case studies in the Arctic region, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4971–4987, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4971-2021, 2021.
IPCC: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of
Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S. L., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M. I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J. B. R., Maycock, T. K., Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, O., Yu, R., and Zhou, B., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, in press, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896, 2021.
Jain, C. D., Madhavan, B. L., and Ratnam, M. V.: Source apportionment of
rainwater chemical composition to investigate the transport of lower
atmospheric pollutants to the UTLS region, Environ. Pollut., 248, 166–174,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.007, 2019.
Jose, S., Nair, V. S., and Babu, S. S.: Anthropogenic emissions from South
Asia reverses the aerosol indirect effect over the northern Indian Ocean,
Sci. Rep., 10, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74897-x, 2020.
Kezoudi, M., Tesche, M., Smith, H., Tsekeri, A., Baars, H., Dollner, M., Estellés, V., Bühl, J., Weinzierl, B., Ulanowski, Z., Müller, D., and Amiridis, V.: Measurement report: Balloon-borne in situ profiling of Saharan dust over Cyprus with the UCASS optical particle counter, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6781–6797, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6781-2021, 2021.
Kobayashi, E., Hoshino, S., Iwabuchi, M., Sugidachi, T., Shimizu, K., and Fujiwara, M.: Comparison of the GRUAN data products for Meisei RS-11G and Vaisala RS92-SGP radiosondes at Tateno (36.06∘ N, 140.13∘ E), Japan, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 3039–3065, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3039-2019, 2019.
Koren, I., Remer, L. A., Altaratz, O., Martins, J. V., and Davidi, A.: Aerosol-induced changes of convective cloud anvils produce strong climate warming, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5001–5010, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5001-2010, 2010.
Kulkarni, J. R., Maheskumar, R. S., Morwal, S. B., Padma Kumari, B., Konwar,
M., Deshpande, C. G., Joshi, R. R., Bhalwankar, R. V., Pandithurai, G.,
Safai, P. D., Narkhedkar, S. G., Dani, K. K., Nath, A., Nair, S., Sapre, V.
V., Puranik, P. V., Kandalgaonkar, S. S., Mujumdar, V. R., Khaladkar, R. M.,
Vijayakumar, R., Prabha, T. V., and Goswami, B. N.: The cloud aerosol
interaction and precipitation enhancement experiment (CAIPEEX): Overview and
preliminary results, Curr. Sci., 102, 413–425, 2012.
L'Ecuyer, T. S.: Touring the atmosphere aboard the A-Train (vol. 63, pg. 36,
2010), Phys. Today, 63, 36, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3463626, 2010.
Lohmann, U.: Aerosol effects on clouds and climate, Space Sci. Rev.,
125, 129–137, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-006-9051-8, 2006.
Lohmann, U. and Feichter, J.: Global indirect aerosol effects: a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 715–737, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-715-2005, 2005.
Mamali, D., Marinou, E., Sciare, J., Pikridas, M., Kokkalis, P., Kottas, M., Binietoglou, I., Tsekeri, A., Keleshis, C., Engelmann, R., Baars, H., Ansmann, A., Amiridis, V., Russchenberg, H., and Biskos, G.: Vertical profiles of aerosol mass concentration derived by unmanned airborne in situ and remote sensing instruments during dust events, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 2897–2910, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-2897-2018, 2018.
McComiskey, A. and Feingold, G.: The scale problem in quantifying aerosol indirect effects, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1031–1049, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1031-2012, 2012.
McComiskey, A., Feingold, G., Frisch, A. S., Turner, D. D., Miller, M. A.,
Chiu, J. C., Min, Q., and Ogren, J. A.: An assessment of aerosol-cloud
interactions in marine stratus clouds based on surface remote sensing, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011006, 2009.
Mishra, M. K., Rajeev, K., Thampi, B. V., Parameswaran, K., and Nair, A. K.
M.: Micro pulse lidar observations of mineral dust layer in the lower
troposphere over the southwest coast of Peninsular India during the Asian
summer monsoon season, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 72,
1251–1259, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2010.08.012, 2010.
Murphy, D. M. and Koop, T.: Review of the vapour pressures of ice and
supercooled water for atmospheric applications, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.,
131, 1539–1565, https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.04.94, 2005.
Narendra Reddy, N., Venkat Ratnam, M., Basha, G., and Ravikiran, V.: Cloud vertical structure over a tropical station obtained using long-term high-resolution radiosonde measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 11709–11727, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11709-2018, 2018.
Pandit, A. K., Gadhavi, H., Ratnam, M. V., Jayaraman, A., Raghunath, K., and
Rao, S. V. B.: Characteristics of cirrus clouds and tropical tropopause
layer: Seasonal variation and long-term trends, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr.
Phys., 121, 248–256, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2014.07.008, 2014.
Pandit, A. K., Gadhavi, H. S., Venkat Ratnam, M., Raghunath, K., Rao, S. V. B., and Jayaraman, A.: Long-term trend analysis and climatology of tropical cirrus clouds using 16 years of lidar data set over Southern India, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13833–13848, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13833-2015, 2015.
Pandithurai, G., Takamura, T., Yamaguchi, J., Miyagi, K., Takano, T.,
Ishizaka, Y., Dipu, S., and Shimizu, A.: Aerosol effect on cloud droplet size
as monitored from surface-based remote sensing over East China Sea region,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038451, 2009.
Prasad, P., Raman, M. R., Ratnam, M. V., Ravikiran, V., Madhavan, B. L., and
Bhaskara, S. V.: Nocturnal, seasonal and intra-annual variability of
tropospheric aerosols observed using ground-based and space-borne lidars
over a tropical location of India, Atmos. Environ., 213, 185–198,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.06.008, 2019.
Radke, L. F., Coakley, J. A., and King, M. D.: Direct and remote sensing
observations of the effects of ships on clouds, Science, 246,
1146–1149, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.246.4934.1146, 1989.
Rao, P. B., Jain, A. R., Kishore, P., Balamuralidhar, P., Damle, S. H., and
Viswanathan, G.: Indian MST radar 1. System description and sample vector
wind measurements in ST mode, Radio Sci., 30, 1125–1138,
https://doi.org/10.1029/95RS00787, 1995.
Ratnam, M. V., Prasad, P., Raman, M. R., Ravikiran, V., Bhaskara, S. V.,
Murthy, B. V. K., and Jayaraman, A.: Role of dynamics on the formation and
maintenance of the elevated aerosol layer during monsoon season over
south-east peninsular India, Atmos. Environ., 188, 43–49,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.06.023, 2018.
Ravi Kiran, V., Venkat Ratnam, M., Fujiwara, M., Russchenberg, H., Weinhold, F. G., Madhavan, B. L., Roja Raman, M., Nandan, R., Akhil Raj, S. T., Hemanth Kumar, A., and Radindra Babu, S.: Balloon-borne Aerosol-Cloud Interaction Studies (BACIS): Field campaigns to understand and quantify aerosol effects on clouds, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5749293, 2021.
Ravi Kiran, V., Venkat Ratnam, M., Fujiwara, M., Russchenberg, H., Weinhold, F. G., Madhavan, B. L., Roja Raman, M., Nandan, R., Akhil Raj, S. T., Hemanth Kumar, A., and Radindra Babu, S.: Supporting dataset of Balloon-bore Aerosol-Cloud Interaction Studies (BACIS): Field campaigns to understand and quantiy aerosol effects on clouds, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7007628, 2022.
Redemann, J., Wood, R., Zuidema, P., Doherty, S. J., Luna, B., LeBlanc, S. E., Diamond, M. S., Shinozuka, Y., Chang, I. Y., Ueyama, R., Pfister, L., Ryoo, J.-M., Dobracki, A. N., da Silva, A. M., Longo, K. M., Kacenelenbogen, M. S., Flynn, C. J., Pistone, K., Knox, N. M., Piketh, S. J., Haywood, J. M., Formenti, P., Mallet, M., Stier, P., Ackerman, A. S., Bauer, S. E., Fridlind, A. M., Carmichael, G. R., Saide, P. E., Ferrada, G. A., Howell, S. G., Freitag, S., Cairns, B., Holben, B. N., Knobelspiesse, K. D., Tanelli, S., L'Ecuyer, T. S., Dzambo, A. M., Sy, O. O., McFarquhar, G. M., Poellot, M. R., Gupta, S., O'Brien, J. R., Nenes, A., Kacarab, M., Wong, J. P. S., Small-Griswold, J. D., Thornhill, K. L., Noone, D., Podolske, J. R., Schmidt, K. S., Pilewskie, P., Chen, H., Cochrane, S. P., Sedlacek, A. J., Lang, T. J., Stith, E., Segal-Rozenhaimer, M., Ferrare, R. A., Burton, S. P., Hostetler, C. A., Diner, D. J., Seidel, F. C., Platnick, S. E., Myers, J. S., Meyer, K. G., Spangenberg, D. A., Maring, H., and Gao, L.: An overview of the ORACLES (ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS) project: aerosol–cloud–radiation interactions in the southeast Atlantic basin, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1507–1563, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1507-2021, 2021.
Rosen, J. M. and Kjome, N. T.: Backscattersonde: a new instrument for
atmospheric aerosol research, Appl. Optics, 30, 1552,
https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.30.001552, 1991.
Rosenfeld, D., Lohmann, U., Raga, G. B., O'Dowd, C. D., Kulmala, M., Fuzzi,
S., Reissell, A., and Andreae, M. O.: Flood or drought: How do aerosols
affect precipitation?, Science, 321, 1309–1313,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1160606, 2008.
Rosenfeld, D., Sherwood, S., Wood, R., and Donner, L.: Climate Effects of
Aerosol-Cloud Interactions, Science, 343, 379–380,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1247490, 2014a.
Rosenfeld, D., Andreae, M. O., Asmi, A., Chin, M., Leeuw, G., Donovan, D.
P., Kahn, R., Kinne, S., Kivekäs, N., Kulmala, M., Lau, W., Schmidt, K.
S., Suni, T., Wagner, T., Wild, M., and Quaas, J.: Global observations
of aerosol-cloud-precipitation climate interactions, Rev. Geophys., 52,
750–808, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013RG000441, 2014b.
Sarna, K. and Russchenberg, H. W. J.: Ground-based remote sensing scheme for monitoring aerosol–cloud interactions, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 1039–1050, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-1039-2016, 2016.
Sarna, K. and Russchenberg, H. W. J.: Monitoring aerosol–cloud interactions at the CESAR Observatory in the Netherlands, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 1987–1997, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-1987-2017, 2017.
Sathiyamoorthy, V., Mahesh, C., Gopalan, K., Prakash, S., Shukla, B. P., and
Mathur, A. K.: Characteristics of low clouds over the Arabian Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 489–503, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020553, 2013.
Schmidt, J., Ansmann, A., Bühl, J., Baars, H., Wandinger, U.,
Müller, D., and Malinka, A. V.: Dual-FOV raman and Doppler lidar studies
of aerosol-cloud interactions: Simultaneous profiling of aerosols,
warm-cloud properties, and vertical wind, J. Geophys. Res., 119,
5512–5527, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020424, 2014.
Schmidt, J., Ansmann, A., Bühl, J., and Wandinger, U.: Strong aerosol–cloud interaction in altocumulus during updraft periods: lidar observations over central Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 10687–10700, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10687-2015, 2015.
Seinfeld, J. H., Bretherton, C., Carslaw, K. S., Coe, H., DeMott, P. J.,
Dunlea, E. J., Feingold, G., Ghan, S., Guenther, A. B., Kahn, R., Kraucunas,
I., Kreidenweis, S. M., Molina, M. J., Nenes, A., Penner, J. E., Prather, K.
A., Ramanathan, V., Ramaswamy, V., Rasch, P. J., Ravishankara, A. R.,
Rosenfeld, D., Stephens, G., and Wood, R.: Improving our fundamental
understanding of the role of aerosol-cloud interactions in the climate
system, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 5781–5790,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1514043113, 2016.
Sena, E. T., McComiskey, A., and Feingold, G.: A long-term study of aerosol–cloud interactions and their radiative effect at the Southern Great Plains using ground-based measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11301–11318, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11301-2016, 2016.
Small, J. D., Chuang, P. Y., Feingold, G., and Jiang, H.: Can aerosol
decrease cloud lifetime?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, 1–5,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038888, 2009.
Smith, H. R., Ulanowski, Z., Kaye, P. H., Hirst, E., Stanley, W., Kaye, R., Wieser, A., Stopford, C., Kezoudi, M., Girdwood, J., Greenaway, R., and Mackenzie, R.: The Universal Cloud and Aerosol Sounding System (UCASS): a low-cost miniature optical particle counter for use in dropsonde or balloon-borne sounding systems, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 6579–6599, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-6579-2019, 2019.
Srinivasulu, P., Yasodha, P., Kamaraj, P., Rao, T. N., Jayaraman, A., Reddy,
S. N., and Satyanarayana, S.: 1280-MHz active array radar wind profiler for
lower atmosphere: System description and data validation, J. Atmos. Ocean.
Technol., 29, 1455–1470, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00030.1, 2012.
Stein, A. F., Draxler, R. R., Rolph, G. D., Stunder, B. J. B., Cohen, M. D., and Ngan, F.: Noaa's hysplit atmospheric transport and dispersion modeling
system, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 96, 2059–2077,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00110.1, 2015.
Twomey, S.: The Influence of Pollution on the Shortwave Albedo of Clouds, J.
Atmos. Sci., 34, 1149–1152, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1977)034<1149:TIOPOT>2.0.CO;2, 1977.
Vernier, J., Fairlie, T. D., Natarajan, M., Wienhold, F. G., Bian, J.,
Martinsson, B. G., Crumeyrolle, S., Thomason, L. W., and Bedka, K. M.:
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 1608–1619, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022372, 2015.
Vernier, J. P., Fairlie, T. D., Deshler, T., Venkat Ratnam, M., Gadhavi, H.,
Kumar, B. S., Natarajan, M., Pandit, A. K., Akhil Raj, S. T., Hemanth Kumar,
A., Jayaraman, A., Singh, A. K., Rastogi, N., Sinha, P. R., Kumar, S.,
Tiwari, S., Wegner, T., Baker, N., Vignelles, D., Stenchikov, G.,
Shevchenko, I., Smith, J., Bedka, K., Kesarkar, A., Singh, V., Bhate, J.,
Ravikiran, V., Durga Rao, M., Ravindrababu, S., Patel, A., Vernier, H.,
Wienhold, F. G., Liu, H., Knepp, T. N., Thomason, L., Crawford, J., Ziemba,
L., Moore, J., Crumeyrolle, S., Williamson, M., Berthet, G., Jégou, F., and Renard, J. B.: BATAL: The balloon measurement campaigns of the Asian
tropopause aerosol layer, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 99, 955–973,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0014.1, 2018.
Vernier, J. P., Kalnajs, L., Diaz, J. A., Reese, T., Corrales, E., Alan, A.,
Vernier, H., Holland, L., Patel, A., Rastogi, N., Wienhold, F., Carn, S.,
Krotkov, N., and Murray, J.: VolKilau: Volcano rapid response balloon
campaign during the 2018 Kilauea eruption, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc.,
101(10), E1602–E1618, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0011.1, 2020.
Weinzierl, B., Ansmann, A., Prospero, J. M., Althausen, D., Benker, N.,
Chouza, F., Dollner, M., Farrell, D., Fomba, W. K., Freudenthaler, V.,
Gasteiger, J., Groß, S., Haarig, M., Heinold, B., Kandler, K.,
Kristensen, T. B., Mayol-Bracero, O. L., Müller, T., Reitebuch, O.,
Sauer, D., Schäfler, A., Schepanski, K., Spanu, A., Tegen, I., Toledano,
C., and Walser, A.: The Saharan aerosol long-range transport and
aerosol-cloud-interaction experiment: Overview and selected highlights,
B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 98, 1427–1451, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00142.1,
2017.
Wiegner, M., Madonna, F., Binietoglou, I., Forkel, R., Gasteiger, J., Geiß, A., Pappalardo, G., Schäfer, K., and Thomas, W.: What is the benefit of ceilometers for aerosol remote sensing? An answer from EARLINET, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 1979–1997, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-1979-2014, 2014.
Winker, D. M., Hunt, W. H., and McGill, M. J.: Initial performance assessment
of CALIOP, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030135,
2007.
Short summary
We proposed and conducted the multi-instrumental BACIS (Balloon-borne Aerosol–Cloud Interaction Studies) field campaigns using balloon-borne in situ measurements and ground-based and space-borne remote sensing instruments. Aerosol-cloud interaction is quantified for liquid clouds by segregating aerosol and cloud information in a balloon profile. Overall, the observational approach proposed here demonstrated its capability for understanding the aerosol–cloud interaction process.
We proposed and conducted the multi-instrumental BACIS (Balloon-borne Aerosol–Cloud Interaction...
