Articles | Volume 16, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-181-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-181-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
17 Jan 2023
Research article |
| 17 Jan 2023
| 17 Jan 2023
Development and validation of a new in situ technique to measure total gaseous chlorine in air
Teles C. Furlani
Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Canada
RenXi Ye
Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Canada
Jordan Stewart
Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Canada
Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
Leigh R. Crilley
Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Canada
Peter M. Edwards
Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
Tara F. Kahan
Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon,
Canada
Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Canada
Related authors
Teles C. Furlani, Patrick R. Veres, Kathryn E. R. Dawe, J. Andrew Neuman, Steven S. Brown, Trevor C. VandenBoer, and Cora J. Young
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5859–5871, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5859-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5859-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study characterized and validated a commercial spectroscopic instrument for the measurement of hydrogen chloride (HCl) in the atmosphere. Near the Earth’s surface, HCl acts as the dominant reservoir for other chlorine-containing reactive chemicals that play an important role in atmospheric chemistry. The properties of HCl make it challenging to measure. This instrument can overcome many of these challenges, enabling reliable HCl measurements.
Melodie Lao, Leigh R. Crilley, Leyla Salehpoor, Teles C. Furlani, Ilann Bourgeois, J. Andrew Neuman, Andrew W. Rollins, Patrick R. Veres, Rebecca A. Washenfelder, Caroline C. Womack, Cora J. Young, and Trevor C. VandenBoer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 5873–5890, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5873-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5873-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrous acid (HONO) is a key intermediate in the generation of oxidants and fate of nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere. High-purity calibration sources that produce stable atmospherically relevant levels under field conditions have not been made to date, reducing measurement accuracy. In this study a simple salt-coated tube humidified with water vapor is demonstrated to produce pure stable low levels of HONO, with modifications allowing the generation of higher amounts.
John W. Halfacre, Lewis Marden, Marvin D. Shaw, Lucy J. Carpenter, Emily Matthews, Thomas J. Bannan, Hugh Coe, Scott C. Herndon, Joseph R. Roscioli, Christoph Dyroff, Tara I. Yacovitch, Patrick R. Veres, Michael A. Robinson, Steven S. Brown, and Pete M. Edwards
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 3799–3818, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3799-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3799-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Nitryl chloride (ClNO2) is a reservoir of chlorine atoms and nitrogen oxides, both of which play important roles in atmospheric chemistry. However, all ambient ClNO2 observations so far have been made by a single technique, mass spectrometry, which needs complex calibrations. Here, we present a laser-based method that detects ClNO2 (TD-TILDAS – thermal dissociation–tunable infrared laser direct absorption spectrometry) without the need for complicated calibrations. The results show excellent agreement between these two methods from both laboratory and ambient samples.
Loren Temple, Stuart Young, Thomas Bannan, Stephanie Batten, Stéphane Bauguitte, Hugh Coe, Eve Grant, Stuart Lacy, James Lee, Emily Matthews, Dominika Pasternak, Samuel Rogers, Andrew Rollins, Jake Vallow, Mingxi Yang, and Pete Edwards
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3678, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3678, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
Short summary
Short summary
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a key precursor to aerosol formation, particularly in remote marine environments, ultimately affecting cloud properties and climate. Accurate quantification of atmospheric SO2 is therefore crucial. This work compares a custom-built laser-based instrument to two commercial SO2 analysers during measurements from a large research aircraft. Our results show that this custom-built system offers greater sensitivity at time resolutions required for aircraft measurements.
Alex T. Archibald, Bablu Sinha, Maria R. Russo, Emily Matthews, Freya A. Squires, N. Luke Abraham, Stephane J.-B. Bauguitte, Thomas J. Bannan, Thomas G. Bell, David Berry, Lucy J. Carpenter, Hugh Coe, Andrew Coward, Peter Edwards, Daniel Feltham, Dwayne Heard, Jim Hopkins, James Keeble, Elizabeth C. Kent, Brian A. King, Isobel R. Lawrence, James Lee, Claire R. Macintosh, Alex Megann, Bengamin I. Moat, Katie Read, Chris Reed, Malcolm J. Roberts, Reinhard Schiemann, David Schroeder, Timothy J. Smyth, Loren Temple, Navaneeth Thamban, Lisa Whalley, Simon Williams, Huihui Wu, and Mingxi Yang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 135–164, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-135-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-135-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we present an overview of the data generated as part of the North Atlantic Climate System Integrated Study (ACSIS) programme that are available through dedicated repositories at the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA; www.ceda.ac.uk) and the British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC; bodc.ac.uk). The datasets described here cover the North Atlantic Ocean, the atmosphere above (it including its composition), and Arctic sea ice.
Sebastian Diez, Stuart Lacy, Hugh Coe, Josefina Urquiza, Max Priestman, Michael Flynn, Nicholas Marsden, Nicholas A. Martin, Stefan Gillott, Thomas Bannan, and Pete M. Edwards
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3809–3827, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3809-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3809-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we present an overview of the QUANT project, which to our knowledge is one of the largest evaluations of commercial sensors to date. The objective was to evaluate the performance of a range of commercial products and also to nourish the different applications in which these technologies can offer relevant information.
Alessia A. Colussi, Daniel Persaud, Melodie Lao, Bryan K. Place, Rachel F. Hems, Susan E. Ziegler, Kate A. Edwards, Cora J. Young, and Trevor C. VandenBoer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3697–3718, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3697-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3697-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A new modular and affordable instrument was developed to automatically collect wet deposition continuously with an off-grid solar top-up power package. Monthly collections were performed across the Newfoundland and Labrador Boreal Ecosystem Latitudinal Transect of experimental forest sites from 2015 to 2016. The proof-of-concept systems were validated with baseline measurements of pH and conductivity and then applied to dissolved organic carbon as an analyte of emerging biogeochemical interest.
Lisa Azzarello, Rebecca A. Washenfelder, Michael A. Robinson, Alessandro Franchin, Caroline C. Womack, Christopher D. Holmes, Steven S. Brown, Ann Middlebrook, Tim Newberger, Colm Sweeney, and Cora J. Young
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15643–15654, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15643-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15643-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a molecular size-resolved offline analysis of water-soluble brown carbon collected on an aircraft during FIREX-AQ. The smoke plumes were aged 0 to 5 h, where absorption was dominated by small molecular weight molecules, brown carbon absorption downwind did not consistently decrease, and the measurements differed from online absorption measurements of the same samples. We show how differences between online and offline absorption could be related to different measurement conditions.
Robert Woodward-Massey, Roberto Sommariva, Lisa K. Whalley, Danny R. Cryer, Trevor Ingham, William J. Bloss, Stephen M. Ball, Sam Cox, James D. Lee, Chris P. Reed, Leigh R. Crilley, Louisa J. Kramer, Brian J. Bandy, Grant L. Forster, Claire E. Reeves, Paul S. Monks, and Dwayne E. Heard
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14393–14424, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14393-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14393-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of OH, HO2 and RO2 radicals and also OH reactivity were made at a UK coastal site and compared to calculations from a constrained box model utilising the Master Chemical Mechanism. The model agreement displayed a strong dependence on the NO concentration. An experimental budget analysis for OH, HO2, RO2 and total ROx demonstrated significant imbalances between HO2 and RO2 production rates. Ozone production rates were calculated from measured radicals and compared to modelled values.
Alfred W. Mayhew, Peter M. Edwards, and Jaqueline F. Hamilton
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8473–8485, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8473-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8473-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Isoprene nitrates are chemical species commonly found in the atmosphere that are important for their impacts on air quality and climate. This paper investigates modelled changes to daytime isoprene nitrate concentrations resulting from changes in NOx and O3. The results highlight the complex, nonlinear chemistry of this group of species under typical conditions for megacities such as Beijing, with many species showing increased concentrations when NOx is decreased and/or ozone is increased.
Joanna E. Dyson, Lisa K. Whalley, Eloise J. Slater, Robert Woodward-Massey, Chunxiang Ye, James D. Lee, Freya Squires, James R. Hopkins, Rachel E. Dunmore, Marvin Shaw, Jacqueline F. Hamilton, Alastair C. Lewis, Stephen D. Worrall, Asan Bacak, Archit Mehra, Thomas J. Bannan, Hugh Coe, Carl J. Percival, Bin Ouyang, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Roderic L. Jones, Leigh R. Crilley, Louisa J. Kramer, W. Joe F. Acton, William J. Bloss, Supattarachai Saksakulkrai, Jingsha Xu, Zongbo Shi, Roy M. Harrison, Simone Kotthaus, Sue Grimmond, Yele Sun, Weiqi Xu, Siyao Yue, Lianfang Wei, Pingqing Fu, Xinming Wang, Stephen R. Arnold, and Dwayne E. Heard
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5679–5697, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5679-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5679-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The hydroxyl (OH) and closely coupled hydroperoxyl (HO2) radicals are vital for their role in the removal of atmospheric pollutants. In less polluted regions, atmospheric models over-predict HO2 concentrations. In this modelling study, the impact of heterogeneous uptake of HO2 onto aerosol surfaces on radical concentrations and the ozone production regime in Beijing in the summertime is investigated, and the implications for emissions policies across China are considered.
John W. Halfacre, Jordan Stewart, Scott C. Herndon, Joseph R. Roscioli, Christoph Dyroff, Tara I. Yacovitch, Michael Flynn, Stephen J. Andrews, Steven S. Brown, Patrick R. Veres, and Pete M. Edwards
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1407–1429, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1407-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1407-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study details a new sampling method for the optical detection of hydrogen chloride (HCl). HCl is an important atmospheric reservoir for chlorine atoms, which can affect nitrogen oxide cycling and the lifetimes of volatile organic compounds and ozone. However, HCl has a high affinity for interacting with surfaces, thereby preventing fast, quantitative measurements. The sampling technique in this study minimizes these surface interactions and provides a high-quality measurement of HCl.
Philip T. M. Carlsson, Luc Vereecken, Anna Novelli, François Bernard, Steven S. Brown, Bellamy Brownwood, Changmin Cho, John N. Crowley, Patrick Dewald, Peter M. Edwards, Nils Friedrich, Juliane L. Fry, Mattias Hallquist, Luisa Hantschke, Thorsten Hohaus, Sungah Kang, Jonathan Liebmann, Alfred W. Mayhew, Thomas Mentel, David Reimer, Franz Rohrer, Justin Shenolikar, Ralf Tillmann, Epameinondas Tsiligiannis, Rongrong Wu, Andreas Wahner, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, and Hendrik Fuchs
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3147–3180, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3147-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3147-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The investigation of the night-time oxidation of the most abundant hydrocarbon, isoprene, in chamber experiments shows the importance of reaction pathways leading to epoxy products, which could enhance particle formation, that have so far not been accounted for. The chemical lifetime of organic nitrates from isoprene is long enough for the majority to be further oxidized the next day by daytime oxidants.
Alfred W. Mayhew, Ben H. Lee, Joel A. Thornton, Thomas J. Bannan, James Brean, James R. Hopkins, James D. Lee, Beth S. Nelson, Carl Percival, Andrew R. Rickard, Marvin D. Shaw, Peter M. Edwards, and Jaqueline F. Hamilton
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14783–14798, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14783-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14783-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Isoprene nitrates are chemical species commonly found in the atmosphere that are important for their impacts on air quality and climate. This paper compares 3 different representations of the chemistry of isoprene nitrates in computational models highlighting cases where the choice of chemistry included has significant impacts on the concentration and composition of the modelled nitrates. Calibration of mass spectrometers is also shown to be an important factor when analysing isoprene nitrates.
Sebastian Diez, Stuart E. Lacy, Thomas J. Bannan, Michael Flynn, Tom Gardiner, David Harrison, Nicholas Marsden, Nicholas A. Martin, Katie Read, and Pete M. Edwards
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4091–4105, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4091-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4091-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Regardless of the cost of the measuring instrument, there are no perfect measurements. For this reason, we compare the quality of the information provided by cheap devices when they are used to measure air pollutants and we try to emphasise that before judging the potential usefulness of the devices, the user must specify his own needs. Since commonly used performance indices/metrics can be misleading in qualifying this, we propose complementary visual analysis to the more commonly used metrics.
Dimitrios Bousiotis, David C. S. Beddows, Ajit Singh, Molly Haugen, Sebastián Diez, Pete M. Edwards, Adam Boies, Roy M. Harrison, and Francis D. Pope
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4047–4061, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4047-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4047-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In the last decade, low-cost sensors have revolutionised the field of air quality monitoring. This paper extends the ability of low-cost sensors to not only measure air pollution, but also to understand where the pollution comes from. This "source apportionment" is a critical step in air quality management to allow for the mitigation of air pollution. The techniques developed in this paper have the potential for great impact in both research and industrial applications.
Ülkü Alver Şahin, Roy M. Harrison, Mohammed S. Alam, David C. S. Beddows, Dimitrios Bousiotis, Zongbo Shi, Leigh R. Crilley, William Bloss, James Brean, Isha Khanna, and Rulan Verma
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5415–5433, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5415-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5415-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Wide-range particle size spectra have been measured in three seasons in Delhi and are interpreted in terms of sources and processes. Condensational growth is a major feature of the fine fraction, and a coarse fraction contributes substantially – but only in summer.
Robert Woodward-Massey, Roberto Sommariva, Lisa K. Whalley, Danny R. Cryer, Trevor Ingham, William J1 Bloss, Sam Cox, James D. Lee, Chris P. Reed, Leigh R. Crilley, Louisa J. Kramer, Brian J. Bandy, Grant L. Forster, Claire E. Reeves, Paul S. Monks, and Dwayne E. Heard
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-207, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-207, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
We measured radicals (OH, HO2, RO2) and OH reactivity at a UK coastal site and compared our observations to the predictions of an MCMv3.3.1 box model. We find variable agreement between measured and modelled radical concentrations and OH reactivity, where the levels of agreement for individual species display strong dependences on NO concentrations. The most substantial disagreement is found for RO2 at high NO (> 1 ppbv), when RO2 levels are underpredicted by a factor of ~10–30.
Leigh R. Crilley, Louisa J. Kramer, Francis D. Pope, Chris Reed, James D. Lee, Lucy J. Carpenter, Lloyd D. J. Hollis, Stephen M. Ball, and William J. Bloss
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 18213–18225, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18213-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18213-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrous acid (HONO) is a key source of atmospheric oxidants. We evaluate if the ocean surface is a source of HONO for the marine boundary layer, using measurements from two contrasting coastal locations. We observed no evidence for a night-time ocean surface source, in contrast to previous work. This points to significant geographical variation in the predominant HONO formation mechanisms in marine environments, reflecting possible variability in the sea-surface microlayer composition.
Beth S. Nelson, Gareth J. Stewart, Will S. Drysdale, Mike J. Newland, Adam R. Vaughan, Rachel E. Dunmore, Pete M. Edwards, Alastair C. Lewis, Jacqueline F. Hamilton, W. Joe Acton, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Leigh R. Crilley, Mohammed S. Alam, Ülkü A. Şahin, David C. S. Beddows, William J. Bloss, Eloise Slater, Lisa K. Whalley, Dwayne E. Heard, James M. Cash, Ben Langford, Eiko Nemitz, Roberto Sommariva, Sam Cox, Shivani, Ranu Gadi, Bhola R. Gurjar, James R. Hopkins, Andrew R. Rickard, and James D. Lee
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13609–13630, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13609-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13609-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone production at an urban site in Delhi is sensitive to volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations, particularly those of the aromatic, monoterpene, and alkene VOC classes. The change in ozone production by varying atmospheric pollutants according to their sources, as defined in an emissions inventory, is investigated. The study suggests that reducing road transport emissions alone does not reduce reactive VOCs in the atmosphere enough to perturb an increase in ozone production.
Teles C. Furlani, Patrick R. Veres, Kathryn E. R. Dawe, J. Andrew Neuman, Steven S. Brown, Trevor C. VandenBoer, and Cora J. Young
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5859–5871, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5859-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5859-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study characterized and validated a commercial spectroscopic instrument for the measurement of hydrogen chloride (HCl) in the atmosphere. Near the Earth’s surface, HCl acts as the dominant reservoir for other chlorine-containing reactive chemicals that play an important role in atmospheric chemistry. The properties of HCl make it challenging to measure. This instrument can overcome many of these challenges, enabling reliable HCl measurements.
Ernesto Reyes-Villegas, Upasana Panda, Eoghan Darbyshire, James M. Cash, Rutambhara Joshi, Ben Langford, Chiara F. Di Marco, Neil J. Mullinger, Mohammed S. Alam, Leigh R. Crilley, Daniel J. Rooney, W. Joe F. Acton, Will Drysdale, Eiko Nemitz, Michael Flynn, Aristeidis Voliotis, Gordon McFiggans, Hugh Coe, James Lee, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Mathew R. Heal, Sachin S. Gunthe, Tuhin K. Mandal, Bhola R. Gurjar, Shivani, Ranu Gadi, Siddhartha Singh, Vijay Soni, and James D. Allan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11655–11667, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11655-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11655-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper shows the first multisite online measurements of PM1 in Delhi, India, with measurements over different seasons in Old Delhi and New Delhi in 2018. Organic aerosol (OA) source apportionment was performed using positive matrix factorisation (PMF). Traffic was the main primary aerosol source for both OAs and black carbon, seen with PMF and Aethalometer model analysis, indicating that control of primary traffic exhaust emissions would make a significant reduction to Delhi air pollution.
Dimitrios Bousiotis, Ajit Singh, Molly Haugen, David C. S. Beddows, Sebastián Diez, Killian L. Murphy, Pete M. Edwards, Adam Boies, Roy M. Harrison, and Francis D. Pope
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4139–4155, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4139-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4139-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Measurement and source apportionment of atmospheric pollutants are crucial for the assessment of air quality and the implementation of policies for their improvement. This study highlights the current capability of low-cost sensors in source identification and differentiation using clustering approaches. Future directions towards particulate matter source apportionment using low-cost OPCs are highlighted.
Claire E. Reeves, Graham P. Mills, Lisa K. Whalley, W. Joe F. Acton, William J. Bloss, Leigh R. Crilley, Sue Grimmond, Dwayne E. Heard, C. Nicholas Hewitt, James R. Hopkins, Simone Kotthaus, Louisa J. Kramer, Roderic L. Jones, James D. Lee, Yanhui Liu, Bin Ouyang, Eloise Slater, Freya Squires, Xinming Wang, Robert Woodward-Massey, and Chunxiang Ye
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6315–6330, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6315-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6315-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of isoprene on atmospheric chemistry is dependent on how its oxidation products interact with other pollutants, specifically nitrogen oxides. Such interactions can lead to isoprene nitrates. We made measurements of the concentrations of individual isoprene nitrate isomers in Beijing and used a model to test current understanding of their chemistry. We highlight areas of uncertainty in understanding, in particular the chemistry following oxidation of isoprene by the nitrate radical.
Lisa K. Whalley, Eloise J. Slater, Robert Woodward-Massey, Chunxiang Ye, James D. Lee, Freya Squires, James R. Hopkins, Rachel E. Dunmore, Marvin Shaw, Jacqueline F. Hamilton, Alastair C. Lewis, Archit Mehra, Stephen D. Worrall, Asan Bacak, Thomas J. Bannan, Hugh Coe, Carl J. Percival, Bin Ouyang, Roderic L. Jones, Leigh R. Crilley, Louisa J. Kramer, William J. Bloss, Tuan Vu, Simone Kotthaus, Sue Grimmond, Yele Sun, Weiqi Xu, Siyao Yue, Lujie Ren, W. Joe F. Acton, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Xinming Wang, Pingqing Fu, and Dwayne E. Heard
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2125–2147, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2125-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2125-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To understand how emission controls will impact ozone, an understanding of the sources and sinks of OH and the chemical cycling between peroxy radicals is needed. This paper presents measurements of OH, HO2 and total RO2 taken in central Beijing. The radical observations are compared to a detailed chemistry model, which shows that under low NO conditions, there is a missing OH source. Under high NOx conditions, the model under-predicts RO2 and impacts our ability to model ozone.
Mike J. Newland, Daniel J. Bryant, Rachel E. Dunmore, Thomas J. Bannan, W. Joe F. Acton, Ben Langford, James R. Hopkins, Freya A. Squires, William Dixon, William S. Drysdale, Peter D. Ivatt, Mathew J. Evans, Peter M. Edwards, Lisa K. Whalley, Dwayne E. Heard, Eloise J. Slater, Robert Woodward-Massey, Chunxiang Ye, Archit Mehra, Stephen D. Worrall, Asan Bacak, Hugh Coe, Carl J. Percival, C. Nicholas Hewitt, James D. Lee, Tianqu Cui, Jason D. Surratt, Xinming Wang, Alastair C. Lewis, Andrew R. Rickard, and Jacqueline F. Hamilton
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1613–1625, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1613-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1613-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We report the formation of secondary pollutants in the urban megacity of Beijing that are typically associated with remote regions such as rainforests. This is caused by extremely low levels of nitric oxide (NO), typically expected to be high in urban areas, observed in the afternoon. This work has significant implications for how we understand atmospheric chemistry in the urban environment and thus for how to implement effective policies to improve urban air quality.
Eloise J. Slater, Lisa K. Whalley, Robert Woodward-Massey, Chunxiang Ye, James D. Lee, Freya Squires, James R. Hopkins, Rachel E. Dunmore, Marvin Shaw, Jacqueline F. Hamilton, Alastair C. Lewis, Leigh R. Crilley, Louisa Kramer, William Bloss, Tuan Vu, Yele Sun, Weiqi Xu, Siyao Yue, Lujie Ren, W. Joe F. Acton, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Xinming Wang, Pingqing Fu, and Dwayne E. Heard
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14847–14871, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14847-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14847-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The paper details atmospheric chemistry in a megacity (Beijing), focussing on radicals which mediate the formation of secondary pollutants such as ozone and particles. Highly polluted conditions were experienced, including the highest ever levels of nitric oxide (NO), with simultaneous radical measurements. Radical concentrations were large during "haze" events, demonstrating active photochemistry. Modelling showed that our understanding of the chemistry at high NOx levels is incomplete.
Atallah Elzein, Gareth J. Stewart, Stefan J. Swift, Beth S. Nelson, Leigh R. Crilley, Mohammed S. Alam, Ernesto Reyes-Villegas, Ranu Gadi, Roy M. Harrison, Jacqueline F. Hamilton, and Alastair C. Lewis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14303–14319, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14303-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14303-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We collected high-frequency air particle samples (PM2.5) in Beijing (China) and Delhi (India) and measured the concentration of PAHs in daytime and night-time. PAHs were higher in Delhi than in Beijing, and the five-ring PAHs contribute the most to the total PAH concentration. We compared the emission sources and identified the major sectors that could be subject to mitigation measures. The adverse health effects from inhalation exposure to PAHs in Delhi are 2.2 times higher than in Beijing.
Mohammed S. Alam, Leigh R. Crilley, James D. Lee, Louisa J. Kramer, Christian Pfrang, Mónica Vázquez-Moreno, Milagros Ródenas, Amalia Muñoz, and William J. Bloss
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 5977–5991, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5977-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5977-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We report on the interference arising in measurements of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from the presence of a range of alkenes in sampled air when using the most widespread air quality monitoring technique for chemiluminescence detection. Interferences of up to 11 % are reported, depending upon the alkene present and conditions used. Such interferences may be of substantial importance for the interpretation of ambient NOx data, particularly for high volatile organic compound and low NOx environments.
Melodie Lao, Leigh R. Crilley, Leyla Salehpoor, Teles C. Furlani, Ilann Bourgeois, J. Andrew Neuman, Andrew W. Rollins, Patrick R. Veres, Rebecca A. Washenfelder, Caroline C. Womack, Cora J. Young, and Trevor C. VandenBoer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 5873–5890, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5873-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5873-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrous acid (HONO) is a key intermediate in the generation of oxidants and fate of nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere. High-purity calibration sources that produce stable atmospherically relevant levels under field conditions have not been made to date, reducing measurement accuracy. In this study a simple salt-coated tube humidified with water vapor is demonstrated to produce pure stable low levels of HONO, with modifications allowing the generation of higher amounts.
Cited articles
Adcock, K. E., Reeves, C. E., Gooch, L. J., Leedham Elvidge, E. C., Ashfold, M. J., Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., Chou, C., Fraser, P. J., Langenfelds, R. L., Mohd Hanif, N., O'Doherty, S., Oram, D. E., Ou-Yang, C.-F., Phang, S. M., Samah, A. A., Röckmann, T., Sturges, W. T., and Laube, J. C.: Continued increase of CFC-113a (CCl3CF3) mixing ratios in the global atmosphere: emissions, occurrence and potential sources, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 4737–4751, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4737-2018, 2018.
Andrews, S. J., Carpenter, L. J., Apel, E. C., Atlas, E., Donets, V., Hopkins, J. R., Hornbrook, R. S., Lewis, A. C., Lidster, R. T., Lueb, R., Minaeian, J., Navarro, M., Punjabi, S., Riemer, D., and Schauffler, S.: A comparison of very short lived halocarbon (VSLS) and DMS aircraft measurements in the tropical west Pacific from CAST, ATTREX and CONTRAST, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 5213–5225, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5213-2016, 2016.
Angelucci, A. A., Furlani, T. C., Wang, X., Jacob, D. J., VandenBoer, T. C., and Young, C. J.: Understanding sources of atmospheric hydrogen chloride in coastal spring and continental winter, ACS Earth Space Chem., 5, 2507–2516, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00193, 2021.
Berg, W. W., Crutzen, P. J., Grahek, F. E., Gitlin, S. N., and Sedlacek, W.
A.: First measurements of total chlorine and bromine in the lower
stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 7, 937–940,
https://doi.org/10.1029/GL007i011p00937, 1980.
Blankenship, A., Chang, D. P. Y., Jones, A. D., Kelly, P. B., Kennedy, I.
M., Matsumura, F., Pasek, R., and Yang, G.: Toxic combustion by-products
from the incineration of chlorinated hydrocarbons and plastics, Chemosphere,
28, 183–196, https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(94)90212-7,
1994.
Butz, A., Dinger, A. S., Bobrowski, N., Kostinek, J., Fieber, L., Fischerkeller, C., Giuffrida, G. B., Hase, F., Klappenbach, F., Kuhn, J., Lübcke, P., Tirpitz, L., and Tu, Q.: Remote sensing of volcanic CO2, HF, HCl, SO2, and BrO in the downwind plume of Mt. Etna, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-1-2017, 2017.
Dawe, K. E. R., Furlani, T. C., Kowal, S. F., Kahan, T. F., Vandenboer, T.
C., and Young, C. J.: Formation and emission of hydrogen chloride in indoor
air, Indoor Air, 70–78, https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12509, 2019.
Doucette, W. J., Wetzel, T. A., Dettenmaier, E., and Gorder, K.: Emission
rates of chlorinated volatile organics from new and used consumer products
found during vapor intrusion investigations: Impact on indoor air
concentrations, Environ. Foren., 19, 185–190,
https://doi.org/10.1080/15275922.2018.1475433, 2018.
Fernando, S., Jobst, K. J., Taguchi, V. Y., Helm, P. A., Reiner, E. J., and
McCarry, B. E.: Identification of the halogenated compounds resulting from
the 1997 Plastimet Inc. fire in Hamilton, Ontario, using comprehensive
two-dimensional gas chromatography and (ultra)high resolution mass
spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 10656–10663,
https://doi.org/10.1021/es503428j, 2014.
Finlayson-Pitts, B. J.: Chlorine atoms as a potential tropospheric oxidant
in the marine boundary layer, Res. Chem. Intermed., 19,
235–249, https://doi.org/10.1163/156856793X00091, 1993.
Furlani, T. C., Veres, P. R., Dawe, K. E. R., Neuman, J. A., Brown, S. S., VandenBoer, T. C., and Young, C. J.: Validation of a new cavity ring-down spectrometer for measuring tropospheric gaseous hydrogen chloride, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5859–5871, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5859-2021, 2021.
Furlani, T., Ye, R., Stewart, J., Crilley, L., Edwards, P., Kahan, T., and
Young, C.: Outdoor and indoor gaseous total chlorine measurement in Toronto
Canada, Fed. Res. Data Rep. [data set],
https://doi.org/10.20383/103.0649, 2022.
Giardino, N. J. and Andelman, J. B.: Characterization of the emissions of
trichloroethylene, chloroform, and 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane in a
full-size, experimental shower, J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol., 6, 413–423,
1996.
Hardy, J. E. and Knarr, J. J.: Technique for measuring the total
concentration of gaseous fixed nitrogen species, J. Air Pollut. Control. Assoc.,
32, 376–379, https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1982.10465412, 1982.
Haskins, J. D., Jaeglé, L., Shah, V., Lee, B. H., Lopez-Hilfiker, F. D.,
Campuzano-Jost, P., Schroder, J. C., Day, D. A., Guo, H., Sullivan, A. P.,
Weber, R., Dibb, J., Campos, T., Jimenez, J. L., Brown, S. S., and Thornton,
J. A.: Wintertime gas-particle partitioning and speciation of inorganic
chlorine in the lower troposphere over the northeast United States and
coastal ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123,
12897–12916, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028786, 2018.
Henschler, D.: Toxicity of Chlorinated Organic Compounds: Effects of the
introduction of chlorine in organic Molecules, Angew. Chem.
Int. Ed. Eng., 33, 1920–1935,
https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.199419201, 1994.
Kannan, K., Kawano, M., Kashima, Y., Matsui, M., and Giesy, J. P.:
Extractable organohalogens (EOX) in sediment and biota collected at an
estuarine marsh near a former chloralkali facility, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33,
1004–1008, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9811142, 1999.
Kato, M., Urano, K., and Tasaki, T.: Development of semi- and nonvolatile
organic halogen as a new hazardous index of flue gas, Environ. Sci. Technol.,
34, 4071–4075, https://doi.org/10.1021/es000881+, 2000.
Kawano, M., Falandysz, J., and Wakimoto, T.: Instrumental neutron activation
analysis of extractable organohalogens in the Antarctic Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli), J Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 272, 501–504,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-007-0611-5, 2007.
Keene, William. C., Khalil, M. A. K., Erickson, David. J., McCulloch, A.,
Graedel, T. E., Lobert, J. M., Aucott, M. L., Gong, S. L., Harper, D. B.,
Kleiman, G., Midgley, P., Moore, R. M., Seuzaret, C., Sturges, W. T.,
Benkovitz, C. M., Koropalov, V., Barrie, L. A., and Li, Y. F.: Composite
global emissions of reactive chlorine from anthropogenic and natural
sources: Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 104, 8429–8440,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JD100084, 1999.
Khalil, M. A. K., Moore, R. M., Harper, D. B., Lobert, J. M., Erickson, D.
J., Koropalov, V., Sturges, W. T., and Keene, W. C.: Natural emissions of
chlorine-containing gases: Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 8333–8346,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JD100079, 1999.
Kolesar, K. R., Mattson, C. N., Peterson, P. K., May, N. W., Prendergast, R.
K., and Pratt, K. A.: Increases in wintertime PM2.5 sodium and chloride
linked to snowfall and road salt application, Atmos. Environ., 177, 195–202,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.01.008, 2018.
Lao, M., Crilley, L. R., Salehpoor, L., Furlani, T. C., Bourgeois, I., Neuman, J. A., Rollins, A. W., Veres, P. R., Washenfelder, R. A., Womack, C. C., Young, C. J., and VandenBoer, T. C.: A portable, robust, stable, and tunable calibration source for gas-phase nitrous acid (HONO), Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 5873–5890, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5873-2020, 2020.
Lobert, J. M., Keene, W. C., Logan, J. A., and Yevich, R.: Global chlorine
emissions from biomass burning: Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 8373–8389,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JD100077, 1999.
Maris, C., Chung, M. Y., Lueb, R., Krischke, U., Meller, R., Fox, M. J., and
Paulson, S. E.: Development of instrumentation for simultaneous analysis of
total non-methane organic carbon and volatile organic compounds in ambient
air, Atmos. Environ., 37, 149–158,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00387-X, 2003.
Massin, N., Bohadana, A. B., Wild, P., Héry, M., Toamain, J. P., and
Hubert, G.: Respiratory symptoms and bronchial responsiveness in lifeguards
exposed to nitrogen trichloride in indoor swimming pools, Occup. Environ.
Med., 55, 258 LP–263, https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.55.4.258, 1998.
Mattila, J. M., Lakey, P. S. J., Shiraiwa, M., Wang, C., Abbatt, J. P. D.,
Arata, C., Goldstein, A. H., Ampollini, L., Katz, E. F., DeCarlo, P. F.,
Zhou, S., Kahan, T. F., Cardoso-Saldaña, F. J., Ruiz, L. H., Abeleira,
A., Boedicker, E. K., Vance, M. E., and Farmer, D. K.: Multiphase chemistry
controls inorganic chlorinated and nitrogenated compounds in indoor air
during bleach cleaning, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 1730–1739,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b05767, 2020.
Miyake, Y., Kato, M., and Urano, K.: A method for measuring semi- and
non-volatile organic halogens by combustion ion chromatography, J. Chromatogr.
A, 1139, 63–69,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.10.078, 2007a.
Miyake, Y., Yamashita, N., Rostkowski, P., So, M. K., Taniyasu, S., Lam, P.
K. S., and Kannan, K.: Determination of trace levels of total fluorine in
water using combustion ion chromatography for fluorine: A mass balance
approach to determine individual perfluorinated chemicals in water, J.
Chromatogr. A, 1143, 98–104,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.12.071, 2007b.
Miyake, Y., Yamashita, N., So, M. K., Rostkowski, P., Taniyasu, S., Lam, P.
K. S., and Kannan, K.: Trace analysis of total fluorine in human blood using
combustion ion chromatography for fluorine: A mass balance approach for the
determination of known and unknown organofluorine compounds, J. Chromatogr. A,
1154, 214–221,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.084, 2007c.
Montzka, S. A., Dutton, G. S., Portmann, R. W., Chipperfield, M. P., Davis,
S., Feng, W., Manning, A. J., Ray, E., Rigby, M., Hall, B. D., Siso, C.,
Nance, J. D., Krummel, P. B., Mühle, J., Young, D., O'Doherty, S.,
Salameh, P. K., Harth, C. M., Prinn, R. G., Weiss, R. F., Elkins, J. W.,
Walter-Terrinoni, H., and Theodoridi, C.: A decline in global CFC-11
emissions during 2018–2019, Nature, 590, 428–432,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03260-5, 2021.
Nuckols, J. R., Ashley, D. L., Lyu, C., Gordon, S. M., Hinckley, A. F., and
Singer, P.: Influence of tap water quality and household water use
activities on indoor air and internal dose levels of trihalomethanes,
Environ. Health Perspect., 113, 863–870, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7141,
2005.
Odabasi, M.: Halogenated volatile organic compounds from the use of
chlorine-bleach-containing household products, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42,
1445–1451, https://doi.org/10.1021/es702355u, 2008.
Odabasi, M., Elbir, T., Dumanoglu, Y., and Sofuoglu, S.: Halogenated
volatile organic compounds in chlorine-bleach-containing household products
and implications for their use, Atmos. Environ., 92, 376–383,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.04.049, 2014.
Pan, L. L., Atlas, E. L., Salawitch, R. J., Honomichl, S. B., Bresch, J. F.,
Randel, W. J., Apel, E. C., Hornbrook, R. S., Weinheimer, A. J., Anderson,
D. C., Andrews, S. J., Baidar, S., Beaton, S. P., Campos, T. L., Carpenter,
L. J., Chen, D., Dix, B., Donets, V., Hall, S. R., Hanisco, T. F., Homeyer,
C. R., Huey, L. G., Jensen, J. B., Kaser, L., Kinnison, D. E., Koenig, T.
K., Lamarque, J.-F., Liu, C., Luo, J., Luo, Z. J., Montzka, D. D., Nicely,
J. M., Pierce, R. B., Riemer, D. D., Robinson, T., Romashkin, P.,
Saiz-Lopez, A., Schauffler, S., Shieh, O., Stell, M. H., Ullmann, K.,
Vaughan, G., Volkamer, R., and Wolfe, G.: The Convective Transport of Active
Species in the Tropics (CONTRAST) experiment, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 98,
106–128, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00272.1, 2017.
Prinn, R. G., Weiss, R. F., Arduini, J., Arnold, T., DeWitt, H. L., Fraser, P. J., Ganesan, A. L., Gasore, J., Harth, C. M., Hermansen, O., Kim, J., Krummel, P. B., Li, S., Loh, Z. M., Lunder, C. R., Maione, M., Manning, A. J., Miller, B. R., Mitrevski, B., Mühle, J., O'Doherty, S., Park, S., Reimann, S., Rigby, M., Saito, T., Salameh, P. K., Schmidt, R., Simmonds, P. G., Steele, L. P., Vollmer, M. K., Wang, R. H., Yao, B., Yokouchi, Y., Young, D., and Zhou, L.: History of chemically and radiatively important atmospheric gases from the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 985–1018, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-985-2018, 2018.
Raff, J. D., Njegic, B., Chang, W. L., Gordon, M. S., Dabdub, D., Gerber, R.
B., and Finlayson-Pitts, B. J.: Chlorine activation indoors and outdoors via
surface-mediated reactions of nitrogen oxides with hydrogen chloride,
P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 13647 LP–13654,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0904195106, 2009.
Riedel, T. P., Wolfe, G. M., Danas, K. T., Gilman, J. B., Kuster, W. C., Bon, D. M., Vlasenko, A., Li, S.-M., Williams, E. J., Lerner, B. M., Veres, P. R., Roberts, J. M., Holloway, J. S., Lefer, B., Brown, S. S., and Thornton, J. A.: An MCM modeling study of nitryl chloride (ClNO2) impacts on oxidation, ozone production and nitrogen oxide partitioning in polluted continental outflow, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 3789–3800, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3789-2014, 2014.
Roberts, J. M., Bertman, S. B., Jobson, T., Niki, H., and Tanner, R.:
Measurement of total nonmethane organic carbon (Cy): Development and
application at Chebogue Point, Nova Scotia, during the 1993 North Atlantic
Regional Experiment campaign, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
103, 13581–13592, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD02240, 1998.
Saiz-Lopez, A. and Von Glasow, R.: Reactive halogen chemistry in the
troposphere, Chem. Soc. Rev., 41, 6448–6472,
https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cs35208g, 2012.
Schwartz-Narbonne, H., Wang, C., Zhou, S., Abbatt, J. P. D., and Faust, J.:
Heterogeneous chlorination of squalene and oleic acid, Environ. Sci. Technol.,
53, 1217–1224, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b04248, 2019.
Shepherd, J. L., Corsi, R. L., and Kemp, J.: Chloroform in indoor air and
wastewater: The role of residential washing machines., J. Air Waste Manag.
Assoc., 46, 631–642, https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1996.10467497, 1996.
Sherwen, T., Schmidt, J. A., Evans, M. J., Carpenter, L. J., Großmann, K., Eastham, S. D., Jacob, D. J., Dix, B., Koenig, T. K., Sinreich, R., Ortega, I., Volkamer, R., Saiz-Lopez, A., Prados-Roman, C., Mahajan, A. S., and Ordóñez, C.: Global impacts of tropospheric halogens (Cl, Br, I) on oxidants and composition in GEOS-Chem, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12239–12271, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12239-2016, 2016.
Simpson, W. R., Brown, S. S., Saiz-Lopez, A., Thornton, J. A., and Von
Glasow, R.: Tropospheric halogen chemistry: Sources, cycling, and impacts,
Chem. Rev., 115, 4035–4062, https://doi.org/10.1021/cr5006638, 2015.
Solomon, S.: Stratospheric ozone depletion: A review of concepts and
history, Rev. Geophys., 37, 275–316,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1999RG900008, 1999.
Stockwell, C. E., Kupc, A., Witkowski, B., Talukdar, R. K., Liu, Y., Selimovic, V., Zarzana, K. J., Sekimoto, K., Warneke, C., Washenfelder, R. A., Yokelson, R. J., Middlebrook, A. M., and Roberts, J. M.: Characterization of a catalyst-based conversion technique to measure total particulate nitrogen and organic carbon and comparison to a particle mass measurement instrument, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 2749–2768, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-2749-2018, 2018.
Stubbs, A. D., Lao, M., Wang, C., Abbatt, J. P. D., Hoffnagle, J., VandenBoer, T. C., and Kahan, T. F.: Near-source hypochlorous acid emissions from indoor bleach cleaning, Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts, https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EM00405D, in press, 2023.
Unsal, V., Cicek, M., and Sabancilar, İ.: Toxicity of carbon
tetrachloride, free radicals and role of antioxidants, Rev. Environ. Health,
36, 279–295, https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2020-0048, 2021.
Veres, P., Gilman, J. B., Roberts, J. M., Kuster, W. C., Warneke, C., Burling, I. R., and de Gouw, J.: Development and validation of a portable gas phase standard generation and calibration system for volatile organic compounds, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 683–691, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-683-2010, 2010.
Wang, C., Collins, D. B., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Indoor illumination of
terpenes and bleach emissions leads to particle formation and growth,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 11792–11800,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b04261, 2019.
White, C. W. and Martin, J. G.: Chlorine gas inhalation, Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc.,
7, 257–263, https://doi.org/10.1513/pats.201001-008SM, 2010.
WMO (World Meteorological Organization): Scientific Assessment of Ozone
Depletion: 2018, Report No. 58, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project,
Geneva, Switzerland, 588 pp., ISBN 978-1-7329317-1-8, 2018.
Wong, J. P. S., Carslaw, N., Zhao, R., Zhou, S., and Abbatt, J. P. D.:
Observations and impacts of bleach washing on indoor chlorine chemistry,
Indoor Air, 27, 1082–1090, https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12402, 2017.
Xu, D., Zhong, W., Deng, L., Chai, Z., and Mao, X.: Levels of extractable
organohalogens in pine needles in China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 1–6,
https://doi.org/10.1021/es025799o, 2003.
Xu, D., Tian, Q., and Chai, Z.: Determination of extractable organohalogens
in the atmosphere by instrumental neutron activation analysis, J. Radioanal.
Nucl. Chem., 270, 5–8, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-006-0302-7, 2006.
Xu, D., Dan, M., Song, Y., Chai, Z., and Zhuang, G.: Instrumental neutron
activation analysis of extractable organohalogens in PM2.5 and PM10 in
Beijing, China, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 271, 115–118,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-007-0115-3, 2007.
Yang, M. and Fleming, Z. L.: Estimation of atmospheric total organic carbon (TOC) – paving the path towards carbon budget closure, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 459–471, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-459-2019, 2019.
Yeung, L. W. Y., Miyake, Y., Taniyasu, S., Wang, Y., Yu, H., So, M. K.,
Jiang, G., Wu, Y., Li, J., Giesy, J. P., Yamashita, N., and Lam, P. K. S.:
Perfluorinated compounds and total and extractable organic fluorine in human
blood samples from China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 8140–8145,
https://doi.org/10.1021/es800631n, 2008.
Young, C. J., Washenfelder, R. A., Edwards, P. M., Parrish, D. D., Gilman, J. B., Kuster, W. C., Mielke, L. H., Osthoff, H. D., Tsai, C., Pikelnaya, O., Stutz, J., Veres, P. R., Roberts, J. M., Griffith, S., Dusanter, S., Stevens, P. S., Flynn, J., Grossberg, N., Lefer, B., Holloway, J. S., Peischl, J., Ryerson, T. B., Atlas, E. L., Blake, D. R., and Brown, S. S.: Chlorine as a primary radical: evaluation of methods to understand its role in initiation of oxidative cycles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 3427–3440, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3427-2014, 2014.
Zhai, S., Wang, X., McConnell, J. R., Geng, L., Cole-Dai, J., Sigl, M.,
Chellman, N., Sherwen, T., Pound, R., Fujita, K., Hattori, S., Moch, J. M.,
Zhu, L., Evans, M., Legrand, M., Liu, P., Pasteris, D., Chan, Y.-C., Murray,
L. T., and Alexander, B.: Anthropogenic impacts on tropospheric reactive
chlorine since the preindustrial, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL093808,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093808, 2021.
Zhang, W., Jiao, Y., Zhu, R., Rhew, R. C., Sun, B., and Dai, H.: Chloroform
(CHCl3) emissions from coastal Antarctic tundra, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48,
e2021GL093811, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093811, 2021.
Short summary
This study describes a new technique to measure total gaseous chlorine, which is the sum of gas-phase chlorine-containing chemicals. The method converts any chlorine-containing molecule to hydrogen chloride that can be detected in real time using a cavity ring-down spectrometer. The new method was validated through laboratory experiments, as well as by making measurements of ambient outdoor air and indoor air during cleaning with a chlorine-based cleaner.
This study describes a new technique to measure total gaseous chlorine, which is the sum of...
