Articles | Volume 16, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-791-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-791-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
10 Feb 2023
Research article |
| 10 Feb 2023
| 10 Feb 2023
A fiber-optic distributed temperature sensor for continuous in situ profiling up to 2 km beneath constant-altitude scientific balloons
J. Douglas Goetz
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
Lars E. Kalnajs
Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
Terry Deshler
Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
Sean M. Davis
NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
Martina Bramberger
NorthWest Research Associates, CoRA Office, Boulder, CO, USA
M. Joan Alexander
NorthWest Research Associates, CoRA Office, Boulder, CO, USA
Related authors
Lars E. Kalnajs, Sean M. Davis, J. Douglas Goetz, Terry Deshler, Sergey Khaykin, Alex St. Clair, Albert Hertzog, Jerome Bordereau, and Alexey Lykov
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2635–2648, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2635-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2635-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This work introduces a novel instrument system for high-resolution atmospheric profiling, which lowers and retracts a suspended instrument package beneath drifting long-duration balloons. During a 100 d circumtropical flight, the instrument collected over a hundred 2 km profiles of temperature, water vapor, clouds, and aerosol at 1 m resolution, yielding unprecedented geographic sampling and vertical resolution measurements of the tropical tropopause layer.
Nicholas Ernest, Larry W. Thomason, and Terry Deshler
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 2957–2968, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2957-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2957-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We use balloon-borne measurements of aerosol size distribution (ASD) made by the University of Wyoming (UW) to derive distributions which are representative of the ASDs that underlie measurements made by the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II (SAGE II). A simple single-mode log-normal distribution has in the past been used to derive ASD from SAGE II data; here we derive bimodal log-normal distributions, reproducing median aerosol properties measured by UW.
Felix Wrana, Terry Deshler, Christian Löns, Larry W. Thomason, and Christian von Savigny
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3717–3736, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3717-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3717-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
There is a natural and globally occurring layer of small droplets (aerosols) at roughly 20 km altitude in the atmosphere. In this work, the size of these droplets is calculated from satellite measurements for the years 2002 to 2005, which is important for the aerosol cooling effect on Earth's climate. These years are interesting because there were no large volcanic eruptions that would change the background state of the aerosols. The results are compared to reliable balloon-borne measurements.
Shenglong Zhang, Jiao Chen, Jonathon S. Wright, Sean M. Davis, Jie Gao, Paul Konopka, Ninghui Li, Mengqian Lu, Susann Tegtmeier, Xiaolu Yan, Guang J. Zhang, and Nuanliang Zhu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-543, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-543, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines water vapor changes in the upper atmosphere above the Asian summer monsoon using satellite data and climate models. Three key patterns of variability were identified: year-to-year changes, and two shifting distributions driven by weather and monsoon dynamics. Despite uncertainties, modern models are improving in capturing these processes. This enhances understanding of water vapor’s role in the upper atmosphere.
Mathieu Ratynski, Sergey Khaykin, Alain Hauchecorne, Joan Alexander, Alexis Mariaccia, Philippe Keckhut, and Antoine Mangin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-394, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-394, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates how tropical convection generates gravity waves, which play a key role in transporting energy across the atmosphere. By combining Aeolus satellite data with ERA5 reanalysis data and radio-occultation measurements, we identified significant wave activity overlooked by ERA5, particularly over the Indian Ocean. Aeolus fills major gaps in wind data, offering a clearer picture of wave dynamics and challenging assumptions about their behavior, improving climate models.
Jonathon S. Wright, Shenglong Zhang, Jiao Chen, Sean M. Davis, Paul Konopka, Mengqian Lu, Xiaolu Yan, and Guang J. Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-135, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-135, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric reanalysis products reconstruct the past states of the atmosphere. These products are often used to study winds and temperatures in the upper-level monsoon circulation, but their ability to reproduce composition fields like water vapor and ozone has been questionable at best. Here we report clear signs of improvement in both consistency across reanalyses and agreement with satellite observations, outline limitations and suggest steps to further enhance the usefulness of these fields.
Mona Zolghadrshojaee, Susann Tegtmeier, Sean M. Davis, Robin Pilch Kedzierski, and Leopold Haimberger
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-82, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-82, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The tropical tropopause layer (TTL) is a crucial region where the troposphere transitions into the stratosphere, influencing air mass transport. This study examines temperature trends in the TTL and lower stratosphere using data from weather balloons, satellites, and reanalysis datasets. We found cooling trends in the TTL from 1980–2001, followed by warming from 2002–2023. These shifts are linked to changes in atmospheric circulation and impact water vapor transport into the stratosphere.
Emily D. Wein, Lars E. Kalnajs, and Darin W. Toohey
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 7097–7107, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7097-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7097-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a low-cost and small research-grade spectrometer for measurements of water vapor in the boundary layer. The instrument uses small Arduino microcontrollers and inexpensive laser diodes to reduce cost while maintaining high performance comparable to more expensive instruments. Performance was assessed with intercomparisons between commercially available instruments outdoors. The design's simplicity, performance, and price point allow it to be accessible to a variety of users.
Kimberlee Dubé, Susann Tegtmeier, Adam Bourassa, Daniel Zawada, Douglas Degenstein, William Randel, Sean Davis, Michael Schwartz, Nathaniel Livesey, and Anne Smith
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12925–12941, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12925-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12925-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Greenhouse gas emissions that warm the troposphere also result in stratospheric cooling. The cooling rate is difficult to quantify above 35 km due to a deficit of long-term observational data with high vertical resolution in this region. We use satellite observations from several instruments, including a new temperature product from OSIRIS, to show that the upper stratosphere, from 35–60 km, cooled by 0.5 to 1 K per decade over 2005–2021 and by 0.6 K per decade over 1979–2021.
Christine Pohl, Felix Wrana, Alexei Rozanov, Terry Deshler, Elizaveta Malinina, Christian von Savigny, Landon A. Rieger, Adam E. Bourassa, and John P. Burrows
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4153–4181, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4153-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4153-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Knowledge of stratospheric aerosol characteristics is important for understanding chemical and climate aerosol feedbacks. Two particle size distribution parameters, the aerosol extinction coefficient and the effective radius, are obtained from SCIAMACHY limb observations. The aerosol characteristics show good agreement with independent data sets from balloon-borne and satellite observations. This data set expands the limited knowledge of stratospheric aerosol characteristics.
Masatomo Fujiwara, Patrick Martineau, Jonathon S. Wright, Marta Abalos, Petr Šácha, Yoshio Kawatani, Sean M. Davis, Thomas Birner, and Beatriz M. Monge-Sanz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7873–7898, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7873-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7873-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A climatology of the major variables and terms of the transformed Eulerian-mean (TEM) momentum and thermodynamic equations from four global atmospheric reanalyses is evaluated. The spread among reanalysis TEM momentum balance terms is around 10 % in Northern Hemisphere winter and up to 50 % in Southern Hemisphere winter. The largest uncertainties in the thermodynamic equation (about 50 %) are in the vertical advection, which does not show a structure consistent with the differences in heating.
Mona Zolghadrshojaee, Susann Tegtmeier, Sean M. Davis, and Robin Pilch Kedzierski
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7405–7419, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7405-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7405-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite data challenge the idea of an overall cooling trend in the tropical tropopause layer. From 2002 to 2022, a warming trend was observed, diverging from earlier findings. Tropopause height changes indicate dynamic processes alongside radiative effects. Upper-tropospheric warming contrasts with lower-stratosphere temperatures. The study highlights the complex interplay of factors shaping temperature trends.
Timothy P. Banyard, Corwin J. Wright, Scott M. Osprey, Neil P. Hindley, Gemma Halloran, Lawrence Coy, Paul A. Newman, Neal Butchart, Martina Bramberger, and M. Joan Alexander
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2465–2490, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2465-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2465-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In 2019/2020, the tropical stratospheric wind phenomenon known as the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) was disrupted for only the second time in the historical record. This was poorly forecasted, and we want to understand why. We used measurements from the first Doppler wind lidar in space, Aeolus, to observe the disruption in an unprecedented way. Our results reveal important differences between Aeolus and the ERA5 reanalysis that affect the timing of the disruption's onset and its evolution.
Xue Wu, Lars Hoffmann, Corwin J. Wright, Neil P. Hindley, M. Joan Alexander, Silvio Kalisch, Xin Wang, Bing Chen, Yinan Wang, and Daren Lyu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3008, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3008, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
This study identified a noteworthy time-lagged correlation between hurricane intensity and stratospheric gravity wave intensities during hurricane intensification. Meanwhile, the study reveals distinct frequencies, horizontal wavelengths, and vertical wavelengths in the inner core region during hurricane intensification, offering essential insights for monitoring hurricane intensity via satellite observations of stratospheric gravity waves.
Simone Tilmes, Michael J. Mills, Yunqian Zhu, Charles G. Bardeen, Francis Vitt, Pengfei Yu, David Fillmore, Xiaohong Liu, Brian Toon, and Terry Deshler
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6087–6125, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6087-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6087-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We implemented an alternative aerosol scheme in the high- and low-top model versions of the Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2) with a more detailed description of tropospheric and stratospheric aerosol size distributions than the existing aerosol model. This development enables the comparison of different aerosol schemes with different complexity in the same model framework. It identifies improvements compared to a range of observations in both the troposphere and stratosphere.
Sean M. Davis, Nicholas Davis, Robert W. Portmann, Eric Ray, and Karen Rosenlof
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3347–3361, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3347-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3347-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone in the lower part of the stratosphere has not increased and has perhaps even continued to decline in recent decades. This study demonstrates that the amount of ozone in this region is highly sensitive to the amount of air upwelling into the stratosphere in the tropics and that simulations from a climate model nudged to historical meteorological fields often fail to accurately capture the variations in tropical upwelling that control short-term trends in lower-stratospheric ozone.
Francesco Cairo, Terry Deshler, Luca Di Liberto, Andrea Scoccione, and Marcel Snels
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 419–431, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-419-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-419-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The T-matrix theory was used to compute the backscatter and depolarization of mixed-phase PSC, assuming that particles are solid (NAT or possibly ice) above a threshold radius R and liquid (STS) below, and a single shape is common to all solid particles. We used a dataset of coincident lidar and balloon-borne backscattersonde and OPC measurements. The agreement between modelled and measured backscatter is reasonable and allows us to constrain the parameters R and AR.
Hans-Christoph Lachnitt, Peter Hoor, Daniel Kunkel, Martina Bramberger, Andreas Dörnbrack, Stefan Müller, Philipp Reutter, Andreas Giez, Thorsten Kaluza, and Markus Rapp
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 355–373, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-355-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-355-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present an analysis of high-resolution airborne measurements during a flight of the DEEPWAVE 2014 campaign in New Zealand. The focus of this flight was to study the effects of enhanced mountain wave activity over the Southern Alps. We discuss changes in the upstream and downstream distributions of N2O and CO and show that these changes are related to turbulence-induced trace gas fluxes which have persistent effects on the trace gas composition in the lower stratosphere.
Bing Cao, Jennifer S. Haase, Michael J. Murphy, M. Joan Alexander, Martina Bramberger, and Albert Hertzog
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15379–15402, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15379-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15379-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric waves that carry momentum from tropospheric weather systems into the equatorial stratosphere modify the winds there. The Strateole-2 2019 campaign launched long-duration stratospheric superpressure balloons to measure these equatorial waves. We deployed a GPS receiver on one of the balloons to measure atmospheric temperature profiles beneath the balloon. Temperature variations in the retrieved profiles show planetary-scale waves with a 20 d period and 3–4 d period waves.
Juan-Carlos Antuña-Marrero, Graham W. Mann, John Barnes, Abel Calle, Sandip S. Dhomse, Victoria E. Cachorro-Revilla, Terry Deshler, Li Zhengyao, Nimmi Sharma, and Louis Elterman
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-272, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-272, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Tropospheric and stratospheric aerosol extinction profiles observations from a searchlight at New Mexico, US, were rescued and re-calibrated. Spanning between December 1963 and 1964, they measured the volcanic aerosols from the 1963 Agung eruption. Contemporary and state of the art information were used in the re-calibration. A unique and until the present forgotten/ignored dataset, it contributes current observational and modelling research on the impact of major volcanic eruptions on climate.
Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Niramson Azouz, Viktoria F. Sofieva, Daan Hubert, Irina Petropavlovskikh, Peter Effertz, Gérard Ancellet, Doug A. Degenstein, Daniel Zawada, Lucien Froidevaux, Stacey Frith, Jeannette Wild, Sean Davis, Wolfgang Steinbrecht, Thierry Leblanc, Richard Querel, Kleareti Tourpali, Robert Damadeo, Eliane Maillard Barras, René Stübi, Corinne Vigouroux, Carlo Arosio, Gerald Nedoluha, Ian Boyd, Roeland Van Malderen, Emmanuel Mahieu, Dan Smale, and Ralf Sussmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11657–11673, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11657-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11657-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
An updated evaluation up to 2020 of stratospheric ozone profile long-term trends at extrapolar latitudes based on satellite and ground-based records is presented. Ozone increase in the upper stratosphere is confirmed, with significant trends at most latitudes. In this altitude region, a very good agreement is found with trends derived from chemistry–climate model simulations. Observed and modelled trends diverge in the lower stratosphere, but the differences are non-significant.
Shlomi Ziskin Ziv, Chaim I. Garfinkel, Sean Davis, and Antara Banerjee
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7523–7538, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7523-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7523-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Stratospheric water vapor is important for Earth's overall greenhouse effect and for ozone chemistry; however the factors governing its variability on interannual timescales are not fully known, and previous modeling studies have indicated that models struggle to capture this interannual variability. We demonstrate that nonlinear interactions are important for determining overall water vapor concentrations and also that models have improved in their ability to capture these connections.
Francesco Cairo, Terry Deshler, Luca Di Liberto, Andrea Scoccione, and Marcel Snels
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2022-28, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2022-28, 2022
Publication in AMT not foreseen
Short summary
Short summary
We study Mie theory on aspherical scatterers, computing on coincident measurements of PSC by lidar and Particle Counters, the backscatter and depolarization of mixed phase PSC. WParticles are assumed solid if larger than R; for these, Mie results are reduced by C < 1 and only a common fraction X < 1 of the backscattering is polarized. We retrieve R, C and X. The match of model and measurement is good for backscattering, poor for depolarization. The hypothesis on X may be not fulfilled.
Christoph Mahnke, Ralf Weigel, Francesco Cairo, Jean-Paul Vernier, Armin Afchine, Martina Krämer, Valentin Mitev, Renaud Matthey, Silvia Viciani, Francesco D'Amato, Felix Ploeger, Terry Deshler, and Stephan Borrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15259–15282, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15259-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15259-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In 2017, in situ aerosol measurements were conducted aboard the M55 Geophysica in the Asian monsoon region. The vertical particle mixing ratio profiles show a distinct layer (15–18.5 km), the Asian tropopause aerosol layer (ATAL). The backscatter ratio (BR) was calculated based on the aerosol size distributions and compared with the BRs detected by a backscatter probe and a lidar aboard M55, and by the CALIOP lidar. All four methods show enhanced BRs in the ATAL altitude range (max. at 17.5 km).
Corwin J. Wright, Neil P. Hindley, M. Joan Alexander, Laura A. Holt, and Lars Hoffmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5873–5886, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5873-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5873-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Measuring atmospheric gravity waves in low vertical-resolution data is technically challenging, especially when the waves are significantly longer in the vertical than in the length of the measurement domain. We introduce and demonstrate a modification to the existing Stockwell transform methods of characterising these waves that address these problems, with no apparent reduction in the other capabilities of the technique.
Lars E. Kalnajs, Sean M. Davis, J. Douglas Goetz, Terry Deshler, Sergey Khaykin, Alex St. Clair, Albert Hertzog, Jerome Bordereau, and Alexey Lykov
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2635–2648, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2635-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2635-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This work introduces a novel instrument system for high-resolution atmospheric profiling, which lowers and retracts a suspended instrument package beneath drifting long-duration balloons. During a 100 d circumtropical flight, the instrument collected over a hundred 2 km profiles of temperature, water vapor, clouds, and aerosol at 1 m resolution, yielding unprecedented geographic sampling and vertical resolution measurements of the tropical tropopause layer.
James Keeble, Birgit Hassler, Antara Banerjee, Ramiro Checa-Garcia, Gabriel Chiodo, Sean Davis, Veronika Eyring, Paul T. Griffiths, Olaf Morgenstern, Peer Nowack, Guang Zeng, Jiankai Zhang, Greg Bodeker, Susannah Burrows, Philip Cameron-Smith, David Cugnet, Christopher Danek, Makoto Deushi, Larry W. Horowitz, Anne Kubin, Lijuan Li, Gerrit Lohmann, Martine Michou, Michael J. Mills, Pierre Nabat, Dirk Olivié, Sungsu Park, Øyvind Seland, Jens Stoll, Karl-Hermann Wieners, and Tongwen Wu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5015–5061, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5015-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5015-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Stratospheric ozone and water vapour are key components of the Earth system; changes to both have important impacts on global and regional climate. We evaluate changes to these species from 1850 to 2100 in the new generation of CMIP6 models. There is good agreement between the multi-model mean and observations, although there is substantial variation between the individual models. The future evolution of both ozone and water vapour is strongly dependent on the assumed future emissions scenario.
Chaim I. Garfinkel, Ohad Harari, Shlomi Ziskin Ziv, Jian Rao, Olaf Morgenstern, Guang Zeng, Simone Tilmes, Douglas Kinnison, Fiona M. O'Connor, Neal Butchart, Makoto Deushi, Patrick Jöckel, Andrea Pozzer, and Sean Davis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3725–3740, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3725-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3725-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Water vapor is the dominant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, and El Niño is the dominant mode of variability in the ocean–atmosphere system. The connection between El Niño and water vapor above ~ 17 km is unclear, with single-model studies reaching a range of conclusions. This study examines this connection in 12 different models. While there are substantial differences among the models, all models appear to capture the fundamental physical processes correctly.
Stephanie Evan, Jerome Brioude, Karen Rosenlof, Sean M. Davis, Holger Vömel, Damien Héron, Françoise Posny, Jean-Marc Metzger, Valentin Duflot, Guillaume Payen, Hélène Vérèmes, Philippe Keckhut, and Jean-Pierre Cammas
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10565–10586, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10565-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10565-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The role of deep convection in the southwest Indian Ocean (the 3rd most active tropical cyclone basin) on the composition of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and the climate system is less understood due to scarce observations. Balloon-borne lidar and satellite measurements in the southwest Indian Ocean were used to study tropical cyclones' influence on TTL composition. This study compares the impact of a tropical storm and cyclone on the humidification of the TTL over the SW Indian Ocean.
Cited articles
Alexander, S. P., Tsuda, T., Kawatani, Y., and Takahashi, M.: Global
distribution of atmospheric waves in the equatorial upper troposphere and
lower stratosphere: COSMIC observations of wave mean flow interactions,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D24115, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010039, 2008.
Bramberger, M., Alexander, M. J., Davis, S., Podglajen, A., Hertzog, A.,
Kalnajs, L., Deshler, T., Goetz, J. D., and Khaykin, S.: First
Super-Pressure Balloon-Borne Fine-Vertical-Scale Profiles in the Upper TTL:
Impacts of Atmospheric Waves on Cirrus Clouds and the QBO, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2021GL097596, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL097596, 2022.
Chang, K.-W. and L'Ecuyer, T.: Influence of gravity wave temperature anomalies and their vertical gradients on cirrus clouds in the tropical tropopause layer – a satellite-based view, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12499–12514, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12499-2020, 2020.
de Jong, S. A. P., Slingerland, J. D., and van de Giesen, N. C.: Fiber optic distributed temperature sensing for the determination of air temperature, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 335–339, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-335-2015, 2015.
Drusová, S., Bakx, W., Doornenbal, P. J., Wagterveld, R. M., Bense, V.
F., and Offerhaus, H. L.: Comparison of three types of fiber optic sensors
for temperature monitoring in a groundwater flow simulator, Sensor. Actuat. A-Phys., 331, 112682, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2021.112682, 2021.
Egerer, U., Gottschalk, M., Siebert, H., Ehrlich, A., and Wendisch, M.: The new BELUGA setup for collocated turbulence and radiation measurements using a tethered balloon: first applications in the cloudy Arctic boundary layer, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 4019–4038, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4019-2019, 2019.
Fritz, A. M., Lapo, K., Freundorfer, A., Linhardt, T., and Thomas, C. K.:
Revealing the Morning Transition in the Mountain Boundary Layer Using
Fiber-Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2020GL092238, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL092238, 2021.
Fueglistaler, S., Dessler, A. E., Dunkerton, T. J., Folkins, I., Fu, Q., and Mote, P. W.: Tropical tropopause layer, Rev. Geophys., 47, RG1004,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008RG000267, 2009.
Haase, J. S., Alexander, M. J., Hertzog, A., Kalnajs, L. E., Deshler, T.,
Davis, S. M., Plougonven, R., Cocquerez, P., and Venel, S.: Around the World in 84 Days, Eos, 99, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EO091907, 2018.
Hanson, E. G.: Origin of temperature dependence of attenuation in optical cables, in: Optical Fiber Communication (1979), paper TuE5, Optical Fiber Communication Conference, TuE5, https://doi.org/10.1364/OFC.1979.TuE5, 1979.
Hausner, M. B., Suárez, F., Glander, K. E., Giesen, N. van de, Selker, J. S., and Tyler, S. W.: Calibrating Single-Ended Fiber-Optic Raman Spectra
Distributed Temperature Sensing Data, Sensors, 11, 10859–10879,
https://doi.org/10.3390/s111110859, 2011.
Henninges, J. and Masoudi, A.: Fiber-Optic Sensing in Geophysics,
Temperature Measurements, in: Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics, edited by: Gupta, H. K., Springer International Publishing, Cham, 384–394,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58631-7_281, 2021.
Hertzog, A., Basdevant, C., Vial, F., and Mechoso, C. R.: The accuracy of stratospheric analyses in the northern hemisphere inferred from long-duration balloon flights, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 607–626, https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.03.76, 2004.
Hertzog, A., Cocquerez, P., Guilbon, R., Valdivia, J.-N., Venel, S., Basdevant, C., Boccara, G., Bordereau, J., Brioit, B., Vial, F., Cardonne, A., Ravissot, A., and Schmitt, É.: Stratéole/Vorcore—Long-duration, Superpressure Balloons to Study the Antarctic Lower Stratosphere during the 2005 Winter, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 24, 2048–2061, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JTECHA948.1, 2007.
Higgins, C. W., Wing, M. G., Kelley, J., Sayde, C., Burnett, J., and Holmes, H. A.: A high resolution measurement of the morning ABL transition using distributed temperature sensing and an unmanned aircraft system, Environ. Fluid Mech., 18, 683–693, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10652-017-9569-1, 2018.
Hirota, I. and Niki, T.: A Statistical Study of Inertia-Gravity Waves in the Middle Atmosphere, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., Ser. II, 63, 1055–1066, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.63.6_1055, 1985.
Kalnajs, L. E., Davis, S. M., Goetz, J. D., Deshler, T., Khaykin, S., St. Clair, A., Hertzog, A., Bordereau, J., and Lykov, A.: A reel-down instrument system for profile measurements of water vapor, temperature, clouds, and aerosol beneath constant-altitude scientific balloons, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2635–2648, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2635-2021, 2021.
Keller, C. A., Huwald, H., Vollmer, M. K., Wenger, A., Hill, M., Parlange, M. B., and Reimann, S.: Fiber optic distributed temperature sensing for the determination of the nocturnal atmospheric boundary layer height, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 143–149, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-143-2011, 2011.
Khaykin, S. M., Funatsu, B. M., Hauchecorne, A., Godin-Beekmann, S., Claud, C., Keckhut, P., Pazmino, A., Gleisner, H., Nielsen, J. K., Syndergaard, S., and Lauritsen, K. B.: Postmillennium changes in stratospheric temperature consistently resolved by GPS radio occultation and AMSU observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 7510–7518, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074353, 2017.
Kim, J.-E., Alexander, M. J., Bui, T. P., Dean-Day, J. M., Lawson, R. P.,
Woods, S., Hlavka, D., Pfister, L., and Jensen, E. J.: Ubiquitous influence
of waves on tropical high cirrus clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 5895–5901, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069293, 2016.
Lagos, M., Serna, J. L., Muñoz, J. F., and Suárez, F.: Challenges in determining soil moisture and evaporation fluxes using distributed
temperature sensing methods, J. Environ. Manage., 261, 110232, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110232, 2020.
Lu, P., Lalam, N., Badar, M., Liu, B., Chorpening, B. T., Buric, M. P., and
Ohodnicki, P. R.: Distributed optical fiber sensing: Review and perspective, Appl. Phys. Rev., 6, 041302, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5113955, 2019.
Peltola, O., Lapo, K., Martinkauppi, I., O'Connor, E., Thomas, C. K., and Vesala, T.: Suitability of fibre-optic distributed temperature sensing for revealing mixing processes and higher-order moments at the forest–air interface, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2409–2427, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2409-2021, 2021.
Petrides, A. C., Huff, J., Arik, A., Giesen, N. van de, Kennedy, A. M.,
Thomas, C. K., and Selker, J. S.: Shade estimation over streams using
distributed temperature sensing, Water Resour. Res., 47, W07601,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009482, 2011.
Podglajen, A., Hertzog, A., Plougonven, R., and Legras, B.: Lagrangian
temperature and vertical velocity fluctuations due to gravity waves in the
lower stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 3543–3553,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068148, 2016.
Randel, W. J. and Jensen, E. J.: Physical processes in the tropical
tropopause layer and their roles in a changing climate, Nat. Geosci., 6,
169–176, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1733, 2013.
Sayde, C., Thomas, C. K., Wagner, J., and Selker, J.: High-resolution wind
speed measurements using actively heated fiber optics, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 10064–10073, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066729, 2015.
Selker, J. S., Thévenaz, L., Huwald, H., Mallet, A., Luxemburg, W., van de Giesen, N., Stejskal, M., Zeman, J., Westhoff, M., and Parlange, M. B.: Distributed fiber-optic temperature sensing for hydrologic systems, Water Resour. Res., 42, W12202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005326, 2006.
Sinnett, G., Davis, K. A., Lucas, A. J., Giddings, S. N., Reid, E., Harvey,
M. E., and Stokes, I.: Distributed Temperature Sensing for Oceanographic
Applications, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 37, 1987–1997,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-20-0066.1, 2020.
Stockwell, R. G., Mansinha, L., and Lowe, R. P.: Localization of the complex spectrum: the S transform, IEEE T. Signal Proces., 44, 998–1001, https://doi.org/10.1109/78.492555, 1996.
Suárez, F., Aravena, J. E., Hausner, M. B., Childress, A. E., and Tyler, S. W.: Assessment of a vertical high-resolution distributed-temperature-sensing system in a shallow thermohaline environment, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 1081–1093, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-1081-2011, 2011.
Thomas, C. K., Kennedy, A. M., Selker, J. S., Moretti, A., Schroth, M. H.,
Smoot, A. R., Tufillaro, N. B., and Zeeman, M. J.: High-Resolution
Fibre-Optic Temperature Sensing: A New Tool to Study the Two-Dimensional
Structure of Atmospheric Surface-Layer Flow, Bound.-Lay. Meteor., 142, 177–192, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-011-9672-7, 2012.
Tyler, S. W., Selker, J. S., Hausner, M. B., Hatch, C. E., Torgersen, T.,
Thodal, C. E., and Schladow, S. G.: Environmental temperature sensing using
Raman spectra DTS fiber-optic methods, Water Resour. Res., 45, W00D23,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007052, 2009.
UCAR COSMIC Program: COSMIC-2 Data Products [Level 2 atmPrf], UCAR/NCAR – COSMIC [data set], https://doi.org/10.5065/T353-C093, 2019.
van Ramshorst, J. G. V., Coenders-Gerrits, M., Schilperoort, B., van de Wiel, B. J. H., Izett, J. G., Selker, J. S., Higgins, C. W., Savenije, H. H. G., and van de Giesen, N. C.: Revisiting wind speed measurements using actively heated fiber optics: a wind tunnel study, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 5423–5439, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5423-2020, 2020.
Zeidler, G., Hasselberg, A., and Schicketanz, D.: Effects of mechanically
induced periodic bends on the optical loss of glass fibres, Opt. Commun., 18, 553–555, https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4018(76)90319-9, 1976.
Short summary
An instrument for in situ continuous 2 km vertical profiles of temperature below high-altitude balloons was developed for high-temporal-resolution measurements within the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere using fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing. The mechanical, electrical, and temperature calibration systems were validated from a short mid-latitude constant-altitude balloon flight within the lower stratosphere. The instrument observed small-scale and inertial gravity waves.
An instrument for in situ continuous 2 km vertical profiles of temperature below...
