Articles | Volume 17, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2649-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2649-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
07 May 2024
Research article |
| 07 May 2024
| 07 May 2024
Intercomparison of eddy-covariance software for urban tall-tower sites
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research – Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Matthias Mauder
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research – Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Dresden University of Technology (TUD), 01069 Dresden, Germany
Stavros Stagakis
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
Benjamin Loubet
ECOSYS, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, ECOSYS, Palaiseau, 91120, France
Claudio D'Onofrio
Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden
Stefan Metzger
National Ecological Observatory Network, Battelle, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
AtmoFacts, Longmont, CO, 80503, USA
David Durden
National Ecological Observatory Network, Battelle, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
Pedro-Henrique Herig-Coimbra
ECOSYS, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, ECOSYS, Palaiseau, 91120, France
Related authors
Ann-Kristin Kunz, Samuel Hammer, Patrick Aigner, Laura Bignotti, Lars Borchardt, Jia Chen, Julian Della Coletta, Lukas Emmenegger, Markus Eritt, Xochilt Gutiérrez, Josh Hashemi, Rainer Hilland, Christopher Holst, Armin Jordan, Natascha Kljun, Richard Kneißl, Changxing Lan, Virgile Legendre, Ingeborg Levin, Benjamin Loubet, Matthias Mauder, Betty Molinier, Susanne Preunkert, Michel Ramonet, Stavros Stagakis, and Andreas Christen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4856, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4856, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
We present radiocarbon (14C)-based fossil fuel CO2 fluxes from relaxed eddy accumulation measurements on tall towers in the cities of Zurich, Paris, and Munich. By separating net CO2 fluxes into fossil and non-fossil components, these data reveal significant and variable contributions from human, plant, and soil respiration, as well as point-source emissions. These unique insights into CO2 flux composition offer crucial information for observation-based validation of urban emission estimates.
Rainer Hilland, Josh Hashemi, Stavros Stagakis, Dominik Brunner, Lionel Constantin, Natascha Kljun, Ann-Kristin Kunz, Betty Molinier, Samuel Hammer, Lukas Emmenegger, and Andreas Christen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 14279–14299, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14279-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14279-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present a study of simultaneously measured fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2) and co-emitted species in the city of Zurich. Flux measurements of CO2 alone cannot be attributed to specific emission sectors, such as road transport or residential heating. We present a model which uses the measured ratios of CO2 to carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) as well as sector-specific reference ratios, to attribute measured fluxes to their emission sectors.
Ann-Kristin Kunz, Samuel Hammer, Patrick Aigner, Laura Bignotti, Lars Borchardt, Jia Chen, Julian Della Coletta, Lukas Emmenegger, Markus Eritt, Xochilt Gutiérrez, Josh Hashemi, Rainer Hilland, Christopher Holst, Armin Jordan, Natascha Kljun, Richard Kneißl, Changxing Lan, Virgile Legendre, Ingeborg Levin, Benjamin Loubet, Matthias Mauder, Betty Molinier, Susanne Preunkert, Michel Ramonet, Stavros Stagakis, and Andreas Christen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4856, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4856, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
We present radiocarbon (14C)-based fossil fuel CO2 fluxes from relaxed eddy accumulation measurements on tall towers in the cities of Zurich, Paris, and Munich. By separating net CO2 fluxes into fossil and non-fossil components, these data reveal significant and variable contributions from human, plant, and soil respiration, as well as point-source emissions. These unique insights into CO2 flux composition offer crucial information for observation-based validation of urban emission estimates.
Ann-Kristin Kunz, Lars Borchardt, Andreas Christen, Julian Della Coletta, Markus Eritt, Xochilt Gutiérrez, Josh Hashemi, Rainer Hilland, Armin Jordan, Richard Kneißl, Virgile Legendre, Ingeborg Levin, Susanne Preunkert, Pascal Rubli, Stavros Stagakis, and Samuel Hammer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 5349–5373, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-5349-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-5349-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present, to our knowledge, the first relaxed eddy accumulation system explicitly tailored to a radiocarbon (14C)-based partitioning of fossil and non-fossil urban CO2 fluxes. Laboratory tests and in-depth quality and performance checks prove that the system meets the technical requirements. A pilot application on a tall tower in the city of Zurich, Switzerland, demonstrates the ability to separate fossil and non-fossil CO2 components within the typical precision of 14C measurements.
Johannes Speidel, Hannes Vogelmann, Andreas Behrendt, Diego Lange, Matthias Mauder, Jens Reichardt, and Kevin Wolz
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 4923–4948, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-4923-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-4923-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Humidity transport from the Earth's surface into the atmosphere is relevant for many processes. However, knowledge of the actual distribution of humidity concentrations is sparse – mainly due to technological limitations. With the lidar presented herein, it is possible to measure humidity concentrations and their vertical fluxes up to altitudes of > 3 km with high spatiotemporal resolution, opening new possibilities for detailed process understanding and, ultimately, better model representation.
Rico Kronenberg, Ivan Vorobevskii, Thi Thanh Luong, Uwe Spank, Dongkyun Kim, and Matthias Mauder
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2084, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2084, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
We developed an improved model to better understand how water and energy move through natural landscapes (forest, grasslands, croplands, etc) throughout the day. By using detailed data from study-site in Germany, we tested the model and found its good agreement with micro-meteorological measurements. Unlike many other tools, this model works without needing new adjustments and offers a powerful way to study fast-changing water processes in different environments.
Stefanie Fischer, Ronald Queck, Christian Bernhofer, and Matthias Mauder
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2118, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2118, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate estimates of interception are important to assess the water availability in ecosystems. We analyzed rainfall interception for a forest site from plot to stand scale. During interception, eddy-covariance measurements of evaporation were systematically underestimated accounting for 24% of precipitation, while modelled interception evaporation accounted for 45%. As a consequence, we developed a hybrid correction approach to fit the evaporation data to both the energy and the water balance.
Stavros Stagakis, Dominik Brunner, Junwei Li, Leif Backman, Anni Karvonen, Lionel Constantin, Leena Järvi, Minttu Havu, Jia Chen, Sophie Emberger, and Liisa Kulmala
Biogeosciences, 22, 2133–2161, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2133-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2133-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The balance between CO2 uptake and emissions from urban green areas is still not well understood. This study evaluated for the first time the urban park CO2 exchange simulations with four different types of biosphere model by comparing them with observations. Even though some advantages and disadvantages of the different model types were identified, there was no strong evidence that more complex models performed better than simple ones.
Ida Storm, Ute Karstens, Claudio D’Onofrio, Alex Vermeulen, Samuel Hammer, Ingrid Super, Theo Glauch, and Wouter Peters
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-63, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-63, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Many cities are committed to ambitious CO2 emission reduction targets, supported by climate action plans. Atmospheric measurements are essential to verify that these efforts lead to the expected reductions. Here, we characterize and compare 96 European cities across 18 metrics, linking them to four major challenges in CO2 emissions monitoring. Our framework includes a tool with additional cities and metrics, as well as "mapbooks" for the 96 cities.
Benjamin Loubet, Nicolas P. Saby, Maryam Gebleh, Pauline Buysse, Jean-Philippe Chenu, Céline Ratie, Claudy Jolivet, Carmen Kalalian, Florent Levavasseur, Jose-Luis Munera-Echeverri, Sebastien Lafont, Denis Loustau, Dario Papale, Giacomo Nicolini, Bruna Winck, and Dominique Arrouays
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-592, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-592, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Soil is a large pool of carbon storing globally from two to three times more carbon than the atmosphere and vegetation. We compute the soil stock evolution from 2005 to 2019 for a wheat-maize-barley-oilseed-rape crop rotation at a French crop site. The soil carbon stock decreased by around 70 ± 16 g C m-2 yr-1 over the period, leading to a total loss of around 8 % of the initial soil stock. This strong destocking is primarily explained by a decrease in the residue return to the site.
Inge Wiekenkamp, Anna Katharina Lehmann, Alexander Bütow, Jörg Hartmann, Stefan Metzger, Thomas Ruhtz, Christian Wille, Mathias Zöllner, and Torsten Sachs
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 749–772, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-749-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-749-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Airborne eddy covariance platforms are crucial to measure three-dimensional wind and turbulent matter and energy transport between the surface and the atmosphere at larger scales. In this study, we introduce a new airborne eddy covariance platform (Schleicher ASK-16) and demonstrate that this platform is able to accurately measure turbulent fluxes and wind vectors. Data from this platform can help to build bridges between local tower measurements and remote-sensing-based products.
Pedro Henrique Herig Coimbra, Benjamin Loubet, Olivier Laurent, Laura Bignotti, Mathis Lozano, and Michel Ramonet
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 6625–6645, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6625-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6625-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents direct flux measurements in tall towers using existing slow-response analysers and adding 3D sonic anemometers. This way, we can significantly improve greenhouse gas monitoring with little extra instrumental effort. Slow-response analysers may be used here as the relevant frequency ranges depend on measuring height. Tall towers offer a large footprint, amplifying spatial coverage. The presented concept is a valuable bridge between atmospheric and ecosystem communities.
Jacob A. Nelson, Sophia Walther, Fabian Gans, Basil Kraft, Ulrich Weber, Kimberly Novick, Nina Buchmann, Mirco Migliavacca, Georg Wohlfahrt, Ladislav Šigut, Andreas Ibrom, Dario Papale, Mathias Göckede, Gregory Duveiller, Alexander Knohl, Lukas Hörtnagl, Russell L. Scott, Jiří Dušek, Weijie Zhang, Zayd Mahmoud Hamdi, Markus Reichstein, Sergio Aranda-Barranco, Jonas Ardö, Maarten Op de Beeck, Dave Billesbach, David Bowling, Rosvel Bracho, Christian Brümmer, Gustau Camps-Valls, Shiping Chen, Jamie Rose Cleverly, Ankur Desai, Gang Dong, Tarek S. El-Madany, Eugenie Susanne Euskirchen, Iris Feigenwinter, Marta Galvagno, Giacomo A. Gerosa, Bert Gielen, Ignacio Goded, Sarah Goslee, Christopher Michael Gough, Bernard Heinesch, Kazuhito Ichii, Marcin Antoni Jackowicz-Korczynski, Anne Klosterhalfen, Sara Knox, Hideki Kobayashi, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Mika Korkiakoski, Ivan Mammarella, Mana Gharun, Riccardo Marzuoli, Roser Matamala, Stefan Metzger, Leonardo Montagnani, Giacomo Nicolini, Thomas O'Halloran, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Matthias Peichl, Elise Pendall, Borja Ruiz Reverter, Marilyn Roland, Simone Sabbatini, Torsten Sachs, Marius Schmidt, Christopher R. Schwalm, Ankit Shekhar, Richard Silberstein, Maria Lucia Silveira, Donatella Spano, Torbern Tagesson, Gianluca Tramontana, Carlo Trotta, Fabio Turco, Timo Vesala, Caroline Vincke, Domenico Vitale, Enrique R. Vivoni, Yi Wang, William Woodgate, Enrico A. Yepez, Junhui Zhang, Donatella Zona, and Martin Jung
Biogeosciences, 21, 5079–5115, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5079-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5079-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The movement of water, carbon, and energy from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere, or flux, is an important process to understand because it impacts our lives. Here, we outline a method called FLUXCOM-X to estimate global water and CO2 fluxes based on direct measurements from sites around the world. We go on to demonstrate how these new estimates of net CO2 uptake/loss, gross CO2 uptake, total water evaporation, and transpiration from plants compare to previous and independent estimates.
Kevin Wolz, Christopher Holst, Frank Beyrich, Eileen Päschke, and Matthias Mauder
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 13, 205–223, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-13-205-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-13-205-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We compared wind measurements using different lidar setups at various heights. The triple Doppler lidar, sonic anemometer, and two single Doppler lidars were tested. Overall, the lidar methods showed good agreement with the sonic anemometer. The triple Doppler lidar performed better than single Doppler lidars, especially at higher altitudes. We also developed a new filtering approach for virtual tower scanning strategies. Single Doppler lidars provide reliable wind data over flat terrain.
Sinikka J. Paulus, Rene Orth, Sung-Ching Lee, Anke Hildebrandt, Martin Jung, Jacob A. Nelson, Tarek Sebastian El-Madany, Arnaud Carrara, Gerardo Moreno, Matthias Mauder, Jannis Groh, Alexander Graf, Markus Reichstein, and Mirco Migliavacca
Biogeosciences, 21, 2051–2085, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2051-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2051-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Porous materials are known to reversibly trap water from the air, even at low humidity. However, this behavior is poorly understood for soils. In this analysis, we test whether eddy covariance is able to measure the so-called adsorption of atmospheric water vapor by soils. We find that this flux occurs frequently during dry nights in a Mediterranean ecosystem, while EC detects downwardly directed vapor fluxes. These results can help to map moisture uptake globally.
Yang Liu, Raluca Ciuraru, Letizia Abis, Crist Amelynck, Pauline Buysse, Alex Guenther, Bernard Heinesch, Florence Lafouge, Florent Levavasseur, Benjamin Loubet, Auriane Voyard, and Raia-Silvia Massad
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-530, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-530, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reviews the emission and emission processes of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) from various crops and soil under different management practices, highlighting challenges in modeling the emissions and proposing a conceptual model for estimation. The aim of this paper is to present agricultural BVOC data and related mechanistic processes to enhance model accuracy and reduce uncertainties in estimating BVOC emissions from agriculture.
Victor Moinard, Antoine Savoie, Catherine Pasquier, Adeline Besnault, Yolaine Goubard-Delaunay, Baptiste Esnault, Marco Carozzi, Polina Voylokov, Sophie Génermont, Benjamin Loubet, Catherine Hénault, Florent Levavasseur, Jean-Marie Paillat, and Sabine Houot
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-161, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-161, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Anaerobic digestion is used for biogas production. The resulting digestates may be associated with different crop performances and N losses compared to undigested animal effluents. We monitored N flows during a three-year field experiment with different fertilizations based on cattle effluents, digestates, or mineral fertilizers. Digestates were effective N fertilizer but required attention to NH3 volatilization. We identified no additional risks of N2O emissions with digestates.
Pauline Buysse, Benjamin Loubet, Raluca Ciuraru, Florence Lafouge, Brigitte Durand, Olivier Zurfluh, Céline Décuq, Olivier Fanucci, Lais Gonzaga Gomez, Jean-Christophe Gueudet, Sandy Bsaibes, Nora Zannoni, and Valérie Gros
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2438, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2438, 2024
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
This research aimed at quantifying biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) emissions by a rapeseed crop field. Such compounds are precursors of atmospheric pollutants. Our study revealed that methanol, a BVOC that is not very reactive in the atmosphere, is by far the most emitted BVOC, while monoterpenes, being highly reactive, were emitted in larger quantities than expected. Our study therefore points out the potentially more significant contribution of croplands to atmospheric pollution.
Sreenath Paleri, Luise Wanner, Matthias Sühring, Ankur Desai, and Matthias Mauder
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1721, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1721, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
We present a description and evaluation of numerical simulations of field experiment days during the CHEESEHEAD19 field campaign, conducted over a heterogeneous forested domain in Northern Wisconsin, USA. Diurnal simulations, informed and constrained by field measurements for two days during the summer and autumn were performed. The model could simulate near surface time series and profiles of atmospheric state variables and fluxes that matched relatively well with observations.
Danica L. Lombardozzi, William R. Wieder, Negin Sobhani, Gordon B. Bonan, David Durden, Dawn Lenz, Michael SanClements, Samantha Weintraub-Leff, Edward Ayres, Christopher R. Florian, Kyla Dahlin, Sanjiv Kumar, Abigail L. S. Swann, Claire M. Zarakas, Charles Vardeman, and Valerio Pascucci
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5979–6000, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5979-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5979-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a novel cyberinfrastructure system that uses National Ecological Observatory Network measurements to run Community Terrestrial System Model point simulations in a containerized system. The simple interface and tutorials expand access to data and models used in Earth system research by removing technical barriers and facilitating research, educational opportunities, and community engagement. The NCAR–NEON system enables convergence of climate and ecological sciences.
Ida Storm, Ute Karstens, Claudio D'Onofrio, Alex Vermeulen, and Wouter Peters
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4993–5008, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4993-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4993-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we evaluate what is in the influence regions of the ICOS atmospheric measurement stations to gain insight into what land cover types and land-cover-associated fluxes the network represents. Subsequently, insights about strengths, weaknesses, and potential gaps can assist in future network expansion decisions. The network is concentrated in central Europe, which leads to a general overrepresentation of coniferous forest and cropland and underrepresentation of grass and shrubland.
Samuel J. Cliff, Will Drysdale, James D. Lee, Carole Helfter, Eiko Nemitz, Stefan Metzger, and Janet F. Barlow
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2315–2330, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2315-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2315-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) to the atmosphere are an ongoing air quality issue. This study directly measures emissions of NOx and carbon dioxide from a tall tower in central London during the coronavirus pandemic. It was found that transport NOx emissions had reduced by >73 % since 2017 as a result of air quality policy and reduced congestion during coronavirus restrictions. During this period, central London was thought to be dominated by point-source heat and power generation emissions.
Will S. Drysdale, Adam R. Vaughan, Freya A. Squires, Sam J. Cliff, Stefan Metzger, David Durden, Natchaya Pingintha-Durden, Carole Helfter, Eiko Nemitz, C. Sue B. Grimmond, Janet Barlow, Sean Beevers, Gregor Stewart, David Dajnak, Ruth M. Purvis, and James D. Lee
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9413–9433, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9413-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9413-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of NOx emissions are important for a good understanding of air quality. While there are many direct measurements of NOx concentration, there are very few measurements of its emission. Measurements of emissions provide constraints on emissions inventories and air quality models. This article presents measurements of NOx emission from the BT Tower in central London in 2017 and compares them with inventories, finding that they underestimate by a factor of ∼1.48.
Benjamin Loubet, Pauline Buysse, Lais Gonzaga-Gomez, Florence Lafouge, Raluca Ciuraru, Céline Decuq, Julien Kammer, Sandy Bsaibes, Christophe Boissard, Brigitte Durand, Jean-Christophe Gueudet, Olivier Fanucci, Olivier Zurfluh, Letizia Abis, Nora Zannoni, François Truong, Dominique Baisnée, Roland Sarda-Estève, Michael Staudt, and Valérie Gros
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2817–2842, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2817-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2817-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are precursors of tropospheric pollutants like ozone or aerosols. Emission by agricultural land was still poorly characterized. We report experimental measurements of ecosystem-scale VOC fluxes above a wheat field with a highly sensitive proton transfer mass spectrometer. We report the fluxes of 123 compounds and confirm that methanol is the most emitted VOC by wheat. The second most emitted compound was C6H4O. Around 75 % of the compounds were deposited.
Matthias Mauder, Andreas Ibrom, Luise Wanner, Frederik De Roo, Peter Brugger, Ralf Kiese, and Kim Pilegaard
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7835–7850, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7835-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7835-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Turbulent flux measurements suffer from a general systematic underestimation. One reason for this bias is non-local transport by large-scale circulations. A recently developed model for this additional transport of sensible and latent energy is evaluated for three different test sites. Different options on how to apply this correction are presented, and the results are evaluated against independent measurements.
Stefan Metzger, David Durden, Sreenath Paleri, Matthias Sühring, Brian J. Butterworth, Christopher Florian, Matthias Mauder, David M. Plummer, Luise Wanner, Ke Xu, and Ankur R. Desai
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6929–6954, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6929-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6929-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The key points are the following. (i) Integrative observing system design can multiply the information gain of surface–atmosphere field measurements. (ii) Catalyzing numerical simulations and first-principles machine learning open up observing system simulation experiments to novel applications. (iii) Use cases include natural climate solutions, emission inventory validation, urban air quality, and industry leak detection.
Adam R. Vaughan, James D. Lee, Stefan Metzger, David Durden, Alastair C. Lewis, Marvin D. Shaw, Will S. Drysdale, Ruth M. Purvis, Brian Davison, and C. Nicholas Hewitt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15283–15298, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15283-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15283-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Validating emissions estimates of atmospheric pollutants is a vital pathway towards reducing urban concentrations of air pollution and ensuring effective legislative controls are implemented. The work presented here highlights a strategy capable of quantifying and spatially disaggregating NOx emissions over challenging urban terrain. This work shows great scope as a tool for emission inventory validation and independent generation of high-resolution surface emissions on a city-wide scale.
Letizia Abis, Carmen Kalalian, Bastien Lunardelli, Tao Wang, Liwu Zhang, Jianmin Chen, Sébastien Perrier, Benjamin Loubet, Raluca Ciuraru, and Christian George
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12613–12629, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12613-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12613-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions from rapeseed leaf litter have been investigated by means of a controlled atmospheric simulation chamber. The diversity of emitted VOCs increased also in the presence of UV light irradiation. SOA formation was observed when leaf litter was exposed to both UV light and ozone, indicating a potential contribution to particle formation or growth at local scales.
Basit Khan, Sabine Banzhaf, Edward C. Chan, Renate Forkel, Farah Kanani-Sühring, Klaus Ketelsen, Mona Kurppa, Björn Maronga, Matthias Mauder, Siegfried Raasch, Emmanuele Russo, Martijn Schaap, and Matthias Sühring
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 1171–1193, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1171-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1171-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
An atmospheric chemistry model has been implemented in the microscale PALM model system 6.0. This article provides a detailed description of the model, its structure, input requirements, various features and limitations. Several pre-compiled ready-to-use chemical mechanisms are included in the chemistry model code; however, users can also easily implement other mechanisms. A case study is presented to demonstrate the application of the new chemistry model in the urban environment.
David C. Loades, Mingxi Yang, Thomas G. Bell, Adam R. Vaughan, Ryan J. Pound, Stefan Metzger, James D. Lee, and Lucy J. Carpenter
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 6915–6931, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6915-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6915-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The loss of ozone to the sea surface was measured from the south coast of the UK and was found to be more rapid than previous observations over the open ocean. This is likely a consequence of different chemistry and biology in coastal environments. Strong winds appeared to speed up the loss of ozone. A better understanding of what influences ozone loss over the sea will lead to better model estimates of total ozone in the troposphere.
W. Joe F. Acton, Zhonghui Huang, Brian Davison, Will S. Drysdale, Pingqing Fu, Michael Hollaway, Ben Langford, James Lee, Yanhui Liu, Stefan Metzger, Neil Mullinger, Eiko Nemitz, Claire E. Reeves, Freya A. Squires, Adam R. Vaughan, Xinming Wang, Zhaoyi Wang, Oliver Wild, Qiang Zhang, Yanli Zhang, and C. Nicholas Hewitt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15101–15125, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15101-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15101-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Air quality in Beijing is of concern to both policy makers and the general public. In order to address concerns about air quality it is vital that the sources of atmospheric pollutants are understood. This work presents the first top-down measurement of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions in Beijing. These measurements are used to evaluate the emissions inventory and assess the impact of VOC emission from the city centre on atmospheric chemistry.
Cited articles
Aubinet, M., Vesala, T., and Papale, D. (Eds.): Eddy covariance: a practical guide to measurement and data analysis, Springer Science and Business Media, ISBN 978-94-007-2350-4, 2012.
Biraud, S. and Chen, J.: Eddy Covariance Measurements in Urban Environments, White paper, AmeriFlux Urban Fluxes ad hoc committee, https://ameriflux.lbl.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/EC-in-Urban-Environment-2021-07-31-Final.pdf (last access: 3 May 2024), 2021.
Brock, F. V.: A nonlinear filter to remove impulse noise from meteorological data, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 3, 51–58, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1986)003<0051:ANFTRI>2.0.CO;2, 1986.
C-40: C40 Cities, C-40 Cities Leadership Group, https://www.c40.org/ (last access: 2 May 2024), 2022.
Cheng, X. L., Liu, X. M., Liu, Y. J., and Hu, F.: Characteristics of CO2 concentration and flux in the Beijing urban area, Geophys. Res. Atmos., 123, 1785–1801, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027409, 2018.
Christen, A., Coops, N. C., Crawford, B. R., Kellett, R., Liss, K. N., Olchovski, I., Tooke, T. R., van der Laan, M., and Voogt, J. A.: Validation of modeled carbon-dioxide emissions from an urban neighborhood with direct eddy-covariance measurements, Atmos. Environ, 45, 6057–6069, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.07.040, 2011.
Drysdale, W. S., Vaughan, A. R., Squires, F. A., Cliff, S. J., Metzger, S., Durden, D., Pingintha-Durden, N., Helfter, C., Nemitz, E., Grimmond, C. S. B., Barlow, J., Beevers, S., Stewart, G., Dajnak, D., Purvis, R. M., and Lee, J. D.: Eddy covariance measurements highlight sources of nitrogen oxide emissions missing from inventories for central London, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9413–9433, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9413-2022, 2022.
European Commission: EU Missions: 100 Climate-neutral and Smart Cities, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, https://doi.org/10.2777/191876, 2022.
Finnigan, J. J., Clement, R., Malhi, Y., Leuning, R., and Cleugh, H. A.: A re-evaluation of long-term flux measurement techniques part I: averaging and coordinate rotation, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 107, 1–48, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021554900225, 2003.
Foken, T., Göockede, M., Mauder, M., Mahrt, L., Amiro, B., and Munger, W.: Post-Field Data Quality Control, in: Handbook of Micrometeorology, edited by: Lee, X., Massman, W., and Law, B., Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences Library, vol. 29, Springer, Dordrecht, https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2265-4, 2004.
Foken, T., Leuning, R., Oncley, S. R., Mauder, M., and Aubinet, M.: Corrections and data quality control. Eddy covariance: a practical guide to measurement and data analysis, Springer Dordrecht, 85–131, ISBN 978-94-007-2350-4, 2012.
Fratini, G. and Mauder, M.: Towards a consistent eddy-covariance processing: an intercomparison of EddyPro and TK3, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 2273–2281, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2273-2014, 2014.
Hartmann, J., Gehrmann, M., Kohnert, K., Metzger, S., and Sachs, T.: New calibration procedures for airborne turbulence measurements and accuracy of the methane fluxes during the AirMeth campaigns, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 4567–4581, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4567-2018, 2018.
Helfter, C., Tremper, A. H., Halios, C. H., Kotthaus, S., Bjorkegren, A., Grimmond, C. S. B., Barlow, J. F., and Nemitz, E.: Spatial and temporal variability of urban fluxes of methane, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide above London, UK, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 10543–10557, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10543-2016, 2016.
ICOS Cities: ICOS Cities data portal, ICOS Cities [data set], (https://citydata.icos-cp.eu/portal/, last access: 2 May 2024.
IPCC: Climate Change: Mitigation of Climate Change. Summary for policymakers. Contribution of Working Group III to the 6th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC Working Group III, edited by: Shukla, P. R., Skea, J., Slade, R., Al Khourdajie, A., Hasija, A., Malley, J., Fradera, R., Belkacemi, M., Lisboa, G., McCollum, D., Vyas, P., Pathak, M., van Diemen, R., Luz, S., and Some, S., IPCC, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_FullReport.pdf (last access: 2 May 2024), 2022.
Järvi, L., Nordbo, A., Junninen, H., Riikonen, A., Moilanen, J., Nikinmaa, E., and Vesala, T.: Seasonal and annual variation of carbon dioxide surface fluxes in Helsinki, Finland, in 2006–2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 8475–8489, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-8475-2012, 2012.
Jenkins, J. D., Mayfield, E. N., Larson, E. D., Pacala, S. W., and Greig, C.: Mission net-zero America: The nation-building path to a prosperous, net-zero emissions economy, Joule, 5, 2755–2761, 2021.
Lee, X., Massman, W., and Law, B. (Eds.): Handbook of micrometeorology: a guide for surface flux measurement and analysis, Vol. 29, Springer Science and Business Media, Dordrecht, ISBN 1-4020-2264-6, 2004.
LI-COR, Inc.: EddyPro® 7 Software, LI-COR, Inc. [code], https://www.licor.com/env/support/EddyPro/software.html, last access: 2 May 2024.
Lin, J. C., Mitchell, L., Crosman, E., Mendoza, D. L., Buchert, M., Bares, R., Fasoli, B., Bowling, D. R., Pataki, D., Catharine, D., Strong, C., Gurney, K. R., Ratarasuk, R., Baasandorj, M., Jacques, A., Hoch, S., Horel, J., and Ehleringer, J.: CO2 and carbon emissions from cities: Linkages to air quality, socioeconomic activity, and stakeholders in the Salt Lake City urban area, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 99, 2325–2339, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0037.1, 2018.
Liu, Z., He, C., Zhou, Y., and Wu, J.: How much of the world's land has been urbanized, really? A hierarchical framework for avoiding confusion, Landsc. Ecol., 29, 763–771, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-014-0034-y, 2014.
Liu, Z., Deng, Z., He, G., Wang, H., Zhang, X., Lin, J., Qi, Y., and Liang, X.: Challenges and opportunities for carbon neutrality in China, Nat. Rev. Earth. Environ., 3, 141–155, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-021-00244-x, 2022.
Mammarella, I., Peltola, O., Nordbo, A., Järvi, L., and Rannik, Ü.: Quantifying the uncertainty of eddy covariance fluxes due to the use of different software packages and combinations of processing steps in two contrasting ecosystems, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 4915–4933, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-4915-2016, 2016.
Matthews, B. and Schume, H.: Tall tower eddy covariance measurements of CO2 fluxes in Vienna, Austria, Atmos. Environ., 274, 118941, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.118941, 2022.
Mauder, M. and Foken, T.: Documentation and instruction manual of the eddy-covariance software package TK3, Arbeitsergebnisse, Nr. 46, Universität Bayreuth, Abt. Mikrometeorologie, Bayreuth, 2004.
Mauder, M. and Foken, T.: Impact of post-field data processing on eddy covariance flux estimates and energy balance closure, Meteorol. Z., 15, 597–610, https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0167, 2006.
Mauder, M. and Foken, T.: Eddy-Covariance Software TK3, in: Documentation and Instruction Manual of the Eddy-Covariance Software Package TK3 (update) (p. 67), University of Bayreuth, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20349, 2015.
Mauder, M., Oncley, S. P., Vogt, R., Weidinger, T., Ribeiro, L., Bernhofer, C., Foken, T., Kohsiek, W., De Bruin, H. A., and Liu, H.: The energy balance experiment EBEX-2000. Part II: Intercomparison of eddy-covariance sensors and post-field data processing methods, Bound-Lay. Meteorol., 123, 29–54, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-006-9139-4, 2007.
Mauder, M., Foken, T., Clement, R., Elbers, J. A., Eugster, W., Grünwald, T., Heusinkveld, B., and Kolle, O.: Quality control of CarboEurope flux data – Part 2: Inter-comparison of eddy-covariance software, Biogeosciences, 5, 451–462, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-451-2008, 2008.
Mauder, M., Cuntz, M., Drüe C., Graf A., Rebmann C., Schmid, H. P., Schmidt, M., and Steinbrecher, R.: A strategy for quality and uncertainty assessment of long-term eddy-covariance measurements, Agr. Forest. Meteorol. 169, 122–135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.09.006, 2013.
Menzer, O. and McFadden, J. P.: Statistical partitioning of a three-year time series of direct urban net CO2 flux measurements into biogenic and anthropogenic components, Atmos. Environ., 170, 319–333, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.09.049, 2017.
Metzger, S.: Surface-atmosphere exchange in a box: Making the control volume a suitable representation for in-situ observations, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 255, 68–80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.08.037, 2018.
Metzger, S., Junkermann, W., Mauder, M., Beyrich, F., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Schmid, H. P., and Foken, T.: Eddy-covariance flux measurements with a weight-shift microlight aircraft, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 1699–1717, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-1699-2012, 2012.
Metzger, S., Junkermann, W., Mauder, M., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Trancón y Widemann, B., Neidl, F., Schäfer, K., Wieneke, S., Zheng, X. H., Schmid, H. P., and Foken, T.: Spatially explicit regionalization of airborne flux measurements using environmental response functions, Biogeosciences, 10, 2193–2217, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2193-2013, 2013.
Metzger, S., Durden, D., Sturtevant, C., Luo, H., Pingintha-Durden, N., Sachs, T., Serafimovich, A., Hartmann, J., Li, J., Xu, K., and Desai, A. R.: eddy4R 0.2.0: a DevOps model for community-extensible processing and analysis of eddy-covariance data based on R, Git, Docker, and HDF5, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3189–3206, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3189-2017, 2017 (code available at: https://github.com/NEONScience/eddy4R, last access: 3 May 2024).
Moncrieff, J. B., Massheder, J. M., De Bruin, H., Elbers, J., Friborg, T., Heusinkveld, B., Kabat, P., Scott, S., Seogaard, H., and Verhoef, A.: A system to measure surface fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, water vapour and carbon dioxide, J. Hydrol. Hydromech., 188, 589–611, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03194-0, 1997.
Moncrieff, J., Clement, R., Finnigan, J., and Meyers, T.: Averaging, detrending, and filtering of eddy covariance time series, in: Handbook of micrometeorology, edited by: Lee, X., Massman, W., and Law, B., Kluwer, Dordrecht, 7–31, ISBN 1-4020-2264-6, 2004.
Moore, C. J.: Frequency response corrections for eddy correlation systems, Bound-Lay. Meteorol., 37, 17–35, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00122754, 1986.
Nicolini, G., Antoniella, G., Carotenuto, F., Christen, A., Ciais, P., Feigenwinter, C., Gioli, B., Stagakis, S., Velasco, E., Vogt, R., Ward, H., Barlow, J., Chrysoulakis, N., Duce, P., Graus, M., Helfter, C., Heusinkveld, B., Jarvi, L., Karl, T., Marras, S., and Papale, D.: Direct observations of CO2 emission reductions due to COVID-19 lockdown across European urban districts, Sci. Total. Environ., 830, 154662, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154662, 2022.
Nordbo, A. and Katul, G.: A wavelet-based correction method for eddy-covariance high-frequency losses in scalar concentration measurements, Bound-Lay. Meteorol., 146, 81–102, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-012-9759-9, 2013..
Rannik, Ü. and Vesala, T.: Autoregressive filtering versus linear detrending in estimation of fluxes by the eddy covariance method, Bound-Lay. Meteorol., 91, 259–280, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1001840416858, 1999.
Sabbatini, S., Mammarella, I., Arriga, N., Fratini, G., Graf, A., Hoertriagl, L., Ibrom, A., Longdoz, B., Mauder, M., Merbold, L., Metzger, S., Montagnani, L., Pitacco, A., Rebmann, C., Sedlak, P., Sigut, L., Citale, D., and Papale, D.: Eddy covariance raw data processing for CO2 and energy fluxes calculation at ICOS ecosystem stations, Int. Agrophys., 32, 495–515, https://doi.org/10.1515/intag-2017-0043, 2018.
Schotanus, P., Nieuwstadt, F., and De Bruin, H. A. R.: Temperature measurement with a sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluxes, Bound-Lay. Meteorol., 26, 81–93, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00164332, 1983.
Serafimovich, A., Metzger, S., Hartmann, J., Kohnert, K., Zona, D., and Sachs, T.: Upscaling surface energy fluxes over the North Slope of Alaska using airborne eddy-covariance measurements and environmental response functions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 10007–10023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10007-2018, 2018.
Stagakis, S., Chrysoulakis, N., Spyridakis, N., Feigenwinter, C., and Vogt, R.: Eddy Covariance measurements and source partitioning of CO2 emissions in an urban environment: Application for Heraklion, Greece, Atmos. Environ., 201, 278–292, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.01.009, 2019.
Starkenburg, D., Metzger, S., Fochesatto, G. J., Alfieri, J. G., Gens, R., Prakash, A., and Cristóbal, J.: Assessment of despiking methods for turbulence data in micrometeorology, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 33(9), 2001–2013, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-15-0154.1, 2016.
Ueyama, M. and Ando, T.: Diurnal, weekly, seasonal, and spatial variabilities in carbon dioxide flux in different urban landscapes in Sakai, Japan, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 14727–14740, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14727-2016, 2016.
UN: World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, https://doi.org/10.18356/b9e995fe-en, 2019.
Vaughan, A. R., Lee, J. D., Metzger, S., Durden, D., Lewis, A. C., Shaw, M. D., Drysdale, W. S., Purvis, R. M., Davison, B., and Hewitt, C. N.: Spatially and temporally resolved measurements of NOx fluxes by airborne eddy covariance over Greater London, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15283–15298, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15283-2021, 2021.
Vickers, D. and Mahrt, L.: The cospectral gap and turbulent flux calculations, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 20, 660–672, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2003)20<660:TCGATF>2.0.CO;2, 2003.
Vogt, R., Christen, A., Rotach, M. W., Roth, M., and Satyanarayana, A. N. V.: Temporal dynamics of CO 2 fluxes and profiles over a Central European city, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 84, 117–126, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-005-0149-9, 2006.
Ward, H. C., Rotach, M. W., Gohm, A., Graus, M., Karl, T., Haid, M., Umek, L., and Muschinski, T.: Energy and mass exchange at an urban site in mountainous terrain – the Alpine city of Innsbruck, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6559–6593, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6559-2022, 2022.
Webb, E. K., Pearman, G. I., and Leuning, R.: Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 85–100, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710644707, 1980.
Wiesner, S., Desai, A. R., Duff, A. J., Metzger, S., and Stoy, P. C.: Quantifying the natural climate solution potential of agricultural systems by combining eddy covariance and remote sensing, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 127, e2022JG006895, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JG006895, 2022.
Xu, K., Metzger, S., and Desai, A. R.: Upscaling tower-observed turbulent exchange at fine spatio-temporal resolution using environmental response functions, Agr. Forest Meterol., 232, 10–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.07.019, 2017.
Xu, K., Metzger, S., and Desai, A. R.: Surface-atmosphere exchange in a box: Space-time resolved storage and net vertical fluxes from tower-based eddy covariance, Agr. Forest Meterol., 255, 81–91, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.10.011, 2018.
Xu, K., Sühring, M., Metzger, S., Durden, D., and Desai, A. R.: Can data mining help eddy covariance see the landscape? A large-eddy simulation study, Bound-Lay. Meteorol., 176, 85–103, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-020-00513-0, 2020.
Short summary
Using eddy-covariance systems deployed in three cities, we aimed to elucidate the sources of discrepancies in flux estimations from different software packages. One crucial finding is the impact of low-frequency spectral loss corrections on tall-tower flux estimations. Our findings emphasize the significance of a standardized measurement setup and consistent postprocessing configurations in minimizing the systematic flux uncertainty resulting from the usage of different software packages.
Using eddy-covariance systems deployed in three cities, we aimed to elucidate the sources of...
