Brun, E., Martin, E., Simon, V., Gendre, C., and Coleou, C.: An energy and mass
model of snow cover suitable for operational avalanche forecasting, J.
Glaciol., 35, 333–342, 1989. a
Böhm, H. P.: A general equation for the terminal fall speed of solid
hydrometeors, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2419–2427, 1998. a
Colli, M., Rasmussen, R., Thériault J. M and, Lanza, L., Baker, C., and
Kochendorfer, J.: An improved trajectory model to evaluate the collection
performance of snow gauges, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 54, 1826–1836, 2015. a
Deshler, T.: Corrections of surface particle probe measurements for the effects
of aspiration, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 5, 547–560, 1988. a
Feingold, A.: Radiant-interchange configuration factors between various
selected plane surfaces, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, 292, 51–60, 1966. a
Finklin, A. I.: Climate of the Frank Church-River of No
Return Wilderness, central Idaho, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain
Research Station, Technical Report: INT-240, 222 pp., 1988. a
Fitch, K. E., Hang, C., Talaei, A., and Garrett, T. J.: Arctic observations and numerical simulations of surface wind effects on Multi-Angle Snowflake Camera measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1127–1142,
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1127-2021, 2021.
a
Friedrich, K., Higgins, S., Masters, F. J., and Lopez, C. R.: Articulating and
stationary PARSIVEL disdrometer measurements in conditions with strong winds
and heavy rainfall, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 30, 2063–2080, 2013. a
Garrett, T. J.: Analytical solutions for precipitation size distributions at
steady state, J. Atmos. Sci., 76, 1031–1037, 2019. a
Garrett, T. J., Fallgatter, C., Shkurko, K., and Howlett, D.: Fall speed measurement and high-resolution multi-angle photography of hydrometeors in free fall, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 2625–2633,
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-2625-2012, 2012.
a,
b,
c
Golubev, V. S.: On the problem of actual precipitation measurements at the
observation site, Proc. Int. Workshop on the Correction of Precipitation
Measurements, WMO/TD-104, Geneva, Switzerland, 1–3 April 1985, WMO, pp. 57–59,
1985a. a
Golubev, V. S.: On the problem of actual precipitation measurements at the
observation site, Proc. Int. Workshop on the Correction of Precipitation
Measurements, WMO/TD-104, Geneva, Switzerland, 1–3 April 1985, WMO, pp. 61–64,
1985b. a
Goodison, B. E., Sevruk, B., and Klemm, S.: WMO solid
precipitation measurement intercomparison: Objectives, methodology, analysis, in Atmospheric
Deposition, IAHS pub., Gentbrugge, Belgium, 179, pp. 57–64, 1989. a
Goodison, B. E., Louie, P. Y. T., and Yang, D.: WMO solid precipitation
measurement intercomparison, Final Rep., World Meteorological Organization
Instruments and Observing Methods Rep, 67, WMO/TD-872, 212 pp., 1998. a
Gultepe, I. and Milbrandt, J.: Probabilistic parameterizations of visibility
using observations of rain precipitation rate, relative humidity, and
visibility, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 49, 36–46, 2010. a
Gultepe, I., Pearson, G. Milbrandt, J. A., Hansen, B., Platnick, S., Taylor,
P., Gordon, M., Oakley, J. P., and Cober, S. G.: The fog remote sensing and
modeling field project, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 90, 341–360, 2009.
a,
b
Gunn, K. L. S. and Marshall, J. S.: The distribution with size of aggregate
snowflakes, J. Meteorol., 15, 452–461, 1958.
a,
b
Judson, A. and Doesken, A.: Density of freshly fallen snow in the central Rocky
Mountains, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 81, 1577–1587, 2000. a
Knollenberg, R. G.: The optical array: An alternative to scattering or
extinction for airborne particle size determination, J. Appl. Meteorol., 9,
86–103, 1970. a
Kosky, P., Balmer, R., Keat, W., and Wise, G.: Exploring engineering, 3rd
edn., Book, Academic Press, Boston, MA, USA, pp. 451–462, 2013. a
Lempio, G. E., Bumke, K., and Macke, A.: Measurement of solid precipitation with an optical disdrometer, Adv. Geosci., 10, 91–97,
https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-10-91-2007, 2007.
a
Loeb, N. and Kennedy, A.: Blowing snow at McMurdo station, Antarctica during
the AWARE Field Campaign: surface and ceilometer observations, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 126, e2020JD033935,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033935, 2021.
a
Loffler-Mang, M. and Joss, J.: An optical disdrometer for measuring size and
velocity of hydrometeors, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 17, 130–139, 2000. a
Marshall, J. S. and Palmer, W. M. K.: The distribution of raindrops with size,
J. Meteorol., 5, 165–166, 1948.
a,
b,
c
Naaim-Bouvet, F., Bellot, H., Nishimura, K., Genthon, C., Palerme, C., and
Guyomarc'h, G., and Vionnet, V.: Detection of snowfall occurrence during
blowing snow events using photoelectric sensors, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol.,
106, 11–21, 2014. a
Notaroš, B. M., Bringi, V. N., Kleinkort, C., Kennedy, P., Huang, G.-J.,
Thurai, M., Newman, A. J., Bang, W., and Lee, G.: Accurate characterization
of winter precipitation using multi-angle snowflake camera, visual hull,
advanced scattering methods and polarimetric radar, Atmosphere, 7, 81, 2016. a
Parsakhoo, A., Lotfalian, M., Kavian, A., Hoseini, S., and Demir, M.:
Calibration of a portable single nozzle rainfall simulator for soil
erodibility study in hyrcanian forests, Afr. J. Agric. Res., 7, 3957–3963,
2012. a
Pomeroy, J. W., and D. M. Gray: Snowcover
accumulation, relocation and management, National Hydrology Research Institute Science Rep., available from National Hydrology Research Institute, Saskatoon, SK S7K 0J5,
Canada, 7, 144 pp., 1995. a
Randeu, W. L., Kozu, T., Shimomai, T., Hashiguchi, H., and M, S.: Raindrop axis
ratios, fall velocities and size distribution over Sumatra from 2D-Video
Disdrometer measurement, Atmos. Res., 119, 23–37, 2013. a
Rasmussen, R. M., Vivekanandan, J., Cole, J., Myers, B., and Masters, C.: The
estimation of snowfall rate using visibility, J. Appl. Meteorol., 38,
1542–1563, 1999. a
Rasmussen, R. M., Hallett, R., and Purcell, J.: The hotplate precipitation
gauge, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 28, 148–164, 2011.
a,
b,
c,
d
Rasmussen, R., Baker, B., Kochendorfer, J.,
Meyers, T., Landolt, S., Fischer, A. P., Black, J., Thériault, J. M., Kucera, P., Gochis, D.,
Smith, C., Nitu, R., Hall, M., Kyoko, I., and Gutmann, E.: How well are we measuring snow: The
NOAA/FAA/NCAR winter precipitation test bed, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 93,
811–829, 2012. a
Rees, K. and Garrett, T. J.: Effect of disdrometer sampling area and time on the precision of precipitation rate measurement, Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss. [preprint],
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2020-393, in review, 2020.
a
Rees, K. N., Singh, D. K., Pardyjak, E. R., and Garrett, T. J.: Mass and density of individual frozen hydrometeors, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14235–14250,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14235-2021, 2021
a
Sevruk, B. and Klemm, S.: Catalogue of national standard
precipitation gauges: Instruments and Observing Methods, Rep. 39, WMO/TD, 313, World
Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 50 pp., 1989. a
Stendel, M. and Arpe, K.: Evaluation of the hydrological cycle
in reanalyses and observations, Report No. 228, Max-Planck Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany, 52 pp., 1997. a
Theofilatos, A. and Yannis, G.: A review of the effect of traffic and weather
characteristics on road safety, Accident Anal. Prev., 72,
244–256, 2014. a
Thériault, M. J., Rasmussen, R., Ikeda, K., and Landolt, S.: Dependence of
snow gauge collection efficiency on snowflake characteristics, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 51, 745–762, 2012. a
Thériault, M. J., Leroux, R. N., and Rasmussen, R.: Improvement of solid
precipitation measurements using a hotplate precipitation gauge, J. Hydrometeorol., 22, 877–885,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-20-0168.1, 2021.
a
University of Utah: Meso West, University of Utah [data set], Station ID: CLN, available at:
https://mesowest.utah.edu, last access: 16 April 2021. a
Vincent, O. R. and Folorunso, O.: A descriptive algorithm for Sobel image edge
detection, in: Proceedings of Informing Science and IT Education Conference, Macon, GA, USA, 12–15 June 2009, pp. 97–107, 2009. a
Wiesner, J.: Contributions to the knowledge of the tropical rain, Atmos.
Electr., 104, 1397–1434, 1895. a
Yang, D.: Double Fence Intercomparison Reference (DFIR) vs. Bush Gauge for
“true” snowfall measurement, J. Hydrol., 509, 94–100, 2014. a
Yang, D., Goodison, B., Metcalfe, J. R., Golubev, V. S., Bates, R., and
Pangburn, T.and Hanson, C. L.: Accuracy of NWS 8
′′ standard nonrecording
precipitation gauge: Results and applications of WMO intercomparison, J.
Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 15, 54–68,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1998)015<0054:AONSNP>2.0.CO;2, 1998.
a
Yang, D., Ishida, S., Goodison, B. E., and Gunther, T.: Bias correction of
daily precipitation measurements for Greenland, J. Geophys. Res, 104,
6171–6178, 1999. a
Yang, D., Kane, D., Zhang, Z., Legates, D., and Goodison, B.: Bias corrections
of long-term (1973–2004) daily precipitation data over the northern
regions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L19501,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024057, 2005.
a
