Articles | Volume 17, issue 14
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4227-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4227-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
17 Jul 2024
Research article |
| 17 Jul 2024
| 17 Jul 2024
An oxidation flow reactor for simulating and accelerating secondary aerosol formation in aerosol liquid water and cloud droplets
Ningjin Xu
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
College of Engineering – Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92507, USA
Chen Le
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
College of Engineering – Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92507, USA
David R. Cocker
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
College of Engineering – Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92507, USA
Kunpeng Chen
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
Ying-Hsuan Lin
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
College of Engineering – Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92507, USA
Related authors
Ningjin Xu and Don R. Collins
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2891–2906, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2891-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2891-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Oxidation flow reactors (OFRs) are frequently used to study atmospheric chemistry and aerosol formation by accelerating by up to 10 000 times the reactions that can take hours, days, or even weeks in the atmosphere. Here we present the design and evaluation of a new all-Teflon OFR. The computational, laboratory, and field use data we present demonstrate that the PFA OFR is suitable for a range of applications, including the study of rapidly changing ambient concentrations.
Aino Ovaska, Elio Rauth, Daniel Holmberg, Paulo Artaxo, John Backman, Benjamin Bergmans, Don Collins, Marco Aurélio Franco, Shahzad Gani, Roy M. Harrison, Rakes K. Hooda, Tareq Hussein, Antti-Pekka Hyvärinen, Kerneels Jaars, Adam Kristensson, Markku Kulmala, Lauri Laakso, Ari Laaksonen, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Colin O'Dowd, Jakub Ondracek, Tuukka Petäjä, Kristina Plauškaitė, Mira Pöhlker, Ximeng Qi, Peter Tunved, Ville Vakkari, Alfred Wiedensohler, Kai Puolamäki, Tuomo Nieminen, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Victoria A. Sinclair, and Pauli Paasonen
Aerosol Research Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2025-18, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2025-18, 2025
Preprint under review for AR
Short summary
Short summary
We trained machine learning models to estimate the number of aerosol particles large enough to form clouds and generated daily estimates for the entire globe. The models performed well in many continental regions but struggled in remote and marine areas. Still, this approach offers a way to quantify these particles in areas that lack direct measurements, helping us understand their influence on clouds and climate on a global scale.
Zihan Zhu, Javier González-Rocha, Yifan Ding, Isis Frausto-Vicencio, Sajjan Heerah, Akula Venkatram, Manvendra Dubey, Don Collins, and Francesca M. Hopkins
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3883–3895, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3883-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3883-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Increases in agriculture, oil and gas, and waste management activities have contributed to the increase in atmospheric methane levels and resultant climate warming. In this paper, we explore the use of small uncrewed aircraft systems (sUASs) and AirCore technology to detect and quantify methane emissions. Results from field experiments demonstrate that sUASs and AirCore technology can be effective for detecting and quantifying methane emissions in near real time.
Russell J. Perkins, Peter J. Marinescu, Ezra J. T. Levin, Don R. Collins, and Sonia M. Kreidenweis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6197–6215, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6197-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6197-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We used 5 years (2009–2013) of aerosol and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) data from a total of seven instruments housed at the Southern Great Plains site, which were merged into a quality-controlled, continuous dataset of CCN spectra at ~45 min resolution. The data cover all seasons, are representative of a rural, agricultural mid-continental site, and are useful for model initialization and validation. Our analysis of this dataset focuses on seasonal and hourly variability.
Qi Li, Jia Jiang, Isaac K. Afreh, Kelley C. Barsanti, and David R. Cocker III
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3131–3147, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3131-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3131-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Chamber-derived secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yields from camphene are reported for the first time. The role of peroxy radicals (RO2) was investigated using chemically detailed box models. We observed higher SOA yields (up to 64 %) in the experiments with added NOx than without due to the formation of highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) when
NOx is present. This work can improve the representation of camphene in air quality models and provide insights into other monoterpene studies.
Lu Chen, Fang Zhang, Don Collins, Jingye Ren, Jieyao Liu, Sihui Jiang, and Zhanqing Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2293–2307, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2293-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2293-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the volatility and mixing state of atmospheric aerosols is important for elucidating their formation. Here, the size-resolved volatility of fine particles is characterized using field measurements. On average, the particles are more volatile in the summer. The retrieved mixing state shows that black carbon (BC)-containing particles dominate and contribute 67–77 % toward the total number concentration in the winter, while the non-BC particles accounted for 52–69 % in the summer.
Sophia M. Charan, Yuanlong Huang, Reina S. Buenconsejo, Qi Li, David R. Cocker III, and John H. Seinfeld
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 917–928, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-917-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-917-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we investigate the secondary organic aerosol formation potential of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), which is used as a tracer for volatile chemical products and measured in high concentrations both outdoors and indoors. By performing experiments in different types of reactors, we find that D5’s aerosol formation is highly dependent on OH, and, at low OH concentrations or exposures, D5 forms little aerosol. We also reconcile results from other studies.
Candice L. Sirmollo, Don R. Collins, Jordan M. McCormick, Cassandra F. Milan, Matthew H. Erickson, James H. Flynn, Rebecca J. Sheesley, Sascha Usenko, Henry W. Wallace, Alexander A. T. Bui, Robert J. Griffin, Matthew Tezak, Sean M. Kinahan, and Joshua L. Santarpia
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3351–3370, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3351-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3351-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The newly developed portable 1 m3 CAGE chamber systems were characterized using data acquired during a 2-month field study in 2016 in a forested area north of Houston, TX, USA. Concentrations of several oxidant and organic compounds measured in the chamber were found to closely agree with those calculated with a zero-dimensional model. By tracking the modes of injected monodisperse particles, a pattern change was observed for hourly averaged growth rates between late summer and early fall.
Ningjin Xu and Don R. Collins
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2891–2906, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2891-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2891-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Oxidation flow reactors (OFRs) are frequently used to study atmospheric chemistry and aerosol formation by accelerating by up to 10 000 times the reactions that can take hours, days, or even weeks in the atmosphere. Here we present the design and evaluation of a new all-Teflon OFR. The computational, laboratory, and field use data we present demonstrate that the PFA OFR is suitable for a range of applications, including the study of rapidly changing ambient concentrations.
Cited articles
Ahlberg, E., Falk, J., Eriksson, A., Holst, T., Brune, W. H., Kristensson, A., Roldin, P., and Svenningsson, B.: Secondary organic aerosol from VOC mixtures in an oxidation flow reactor, Atmos. Environ., 161, 210–220, 2017.
Akimoto, H.: Global air quality and pollution, Science, 302, 1716–1719, 2003.
Andreae, M. and Rosenfeld, D.: Aerosol–cloud–precipitation interactions. Part 1. The nature and sources of cloud-active aerosols, Earth-Sci. Rev., 89, 13–41, 2008.
Beder, E., Bass, C., and Shackleford, W.: Transmissivity and absorption of fused quartz between 0.22 µ and 3.5 µ from room temperature to 1500 °C, Appl. Optics, 10, 2263–2268, 1971.
Berndt, T., Böge, O., and Stratmann, F.: Atmospheric H2SO4/H2O Particle Formation: Mechanistic Investigations, in: Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols, Springer, 69–72, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6475-3_13, 2007.
Bianchi, F., Kurteìn, T., Riva, M., Mohr, C., Rissanen, M. P., Roldin, P., Berndt, T., Crounse, J. D., Wennberg, P. O., and Mentel, T. F.: Highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOM) from gas-phase autoxidation involving peroxy radicals: A key contributor to atmospheric aerosol, Chem. Rev., 119, 3472–3509, 2019.
Blando, J. D. and Turpin, B. J.: Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud and fog droplets: a literature evaluation of plausibility, Atmos. Environ., 34, 1623–1632, 2000.
Brown, J. A.: An internet database for the classification and dissemination of information about hazardous chemicals and occupational diseases, Am. J. Ind. Med., 51, 428–435, 2008.
Budisulistiorini, S. H., Nenes, A., Carlton, A. G., Surratt, J. D., McNeill, V. F., and Pye, H. O.: Simulating aqueous-phase isoprene-epoxydiol (IEPOX) secondary organic aerosol production during the 2013 Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS), Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 5026–5034, 2017.
Caffrey, P., Hoppel, W., Frick, G., Pasternack, L., Fitzgerald, J., Hegg, D., Gao, S., Leaitch, R., Shantz, N., and Albrechcinski, T.: In-cloud oxidation of SO2 by O3 and H2O2: Cloud chamber measurements and modeling of particle growth, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 27587–27601, 2001.
Canagaratna, M., Jayne, J., Jimenez, J., Allan, J., Alfarra, M., Zhang, Q., Onasch, T., Drewnick, F., Coe, H., and Middlebrook, A.: Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer, Mass Spectrom. Rev., 26, 185–222, 2007.
Cao, J., Wang, Q., Li, L., Zhang, Y., Tian, J., Chen, L. A., Ho, S. S. H., Wang, X., Chow, J. C., and Watson, J. G.: Evaluation of the oxidation flow reactor for particulate matter emission limit certification, Atmos. Environ., 224, 117086, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117086, 2020.
Carlton, A. G., Turpin, B. J., Lim, H. J., Altieri, K. E., and Seitzinger, S.: Link between isoprene and secondary organic aerosol (SOA): Pyruvic acid oxidation yields low volatility organic acids in clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06822, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL025374, 2006.
Carlton, A. G., Turpin, B. J., Altieri, K. E., Seitzinger, S., Reff, A., Lim, H.-J., and Ervens, B.: Atmospheric oxalic acid and SOA production from glyoxal: Results of aqueous photooxidation experiments, Atmos. Environ., 41, 7588–7602, 2007.
Carlton, A. G., Turpin, B. J., Altieri, K. E., Seitzinger, S. P., Mathur, R., Roselle, S. J., and Weber, R. J.: CMAQ model performance enhanced when in-cloud secondary organic aerosol is included: comparisons of organic carbon predictions with measurements, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 8798–8802, 2008.
Chhabra, P. S., Ng, N. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Corrigan, A. L., Russell, L. M., Worsnop, D. R., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Elemental composition and oxidation of chamber organic aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 8827–8845, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8827-2011, 2011.
DeCarlo, P. F., Kimmel, J. R., Trimborn, A., Northway, M. J., Jayne, J. T., Aiken, A. C., Gonin, M., Fuhrer, K., Horvath, T., and Docherty, K. S.: Field-deployable, high-resolution, time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer, Anal. Chem., 78, 8281–8289, 2006.
De Haan, D. O., Corrigan, A. L., Tolbert, M. A., Jimenez, J. L., Wood, S. E., and Turley, J. J.: Secondary organic aerosol formation by self-reactions of methylglyoxal and glyoxal in evaporating droplets, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 8184–8190, 2009.
Docherty, K. S., Stone, E. A., Ulbrich, I. M., DeCarlo, P. F., Snyder, D. C., Schauer, J. J., Peltier, R. E., Weber, R. J., Murphy, S. M., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Apportionment of primary and secondary organic aerosols in Southern California during the 2005 Study of Organic Aerosols in Riverside (SOAR-1), Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 7655–7662, 2008.
Ehn, M., Thornton, J. A., Kleist, E., Sipilä, M., Junninen, H., Pullinen, I., Springer, M., Rubach, F., Tillmann, R., and Lee, B.: A large source of low-volatility secondary organic aerosol, Nature, 506, 476–479, 2014.
Eiguren Fernandez, A., Lewis, G. S., and Hering, S. V.: Design and laboratory evaluation of a sequential spot sampler for time-resolved measurement of airborne particle composition, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 48, 655–663, 2014.
Ervens, B. and Volkamer, R.: Glyoxal processing by aerosol multiphase chemistry: towards a kinetic modeling framework of secondary organic aerosol formation in aqueous particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8219–8244, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8219-2010, 2010.
Ervens, B., Turpin, B. J., and Weber, R. J.: Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA): a review of laboratory, field and model studies, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 11069–11102, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-11069-2011, 2011.
Freney, E. J., Martin, S. T., and Buseck, P. R.: Deliquescence and efflorescence of potassium salts relevant to biomass-burning aerosol particles, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 43, 799–807, 2009.
Froyd, K. D., Murphy, D. M., Sanford, T. J., Thomson, D. S., Wilson, J. C., Pfister, L., and Lait, L.: Aerosol composition of the tropical upper troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4363–4385, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-4363-2009, 2009.
Galloway, M. M., Powelson, M. H., Sedehi, N., Wood, S. E., Millage, K. D., Kononenko, J. A., Rynaski, A. D., and De Haan, D. O.: Secondary organic aerosol formation during evaporation of droplets containing atmospheric aldehydes, amines, and ammonium sulfate, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 14417–14425, 2014.
Ge, W., Liu, J., Yi, K., Xu, J., Zhang, Y., Hu, X., Ma, J., Wang, X., Wan, Y., Hu, J., Zhang, Z., Wang, X., and Tao, S.: Influence of atmospheric in-cloud aqueous-phase chemistry on the global simulation of SO2 in CESM2, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16093–16120, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16093-2021, 2021.
George, I. J., Vlasenko, A., Slowik, J. G., Broekhuizen, K., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Heterogeneous oxidation of saturated organic aerosols by hydroxyl radicals: uptake kinetics, condensed-phase products, and particle size change, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4187–4201, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4187-2007, 2007.
Gilardoni, S., Massoli, P., Paglione, M., Giulianelli, L., Carbone, C., Rinaldi, M., Decesari, S., Sandrini, S., Costabile, F., Gobbi, G. P., Pietrogrande, M. C., Visentin, M., Scotto, F., Fuzzi, S., and Facchini, M. C.: Direct observation of aqueous secondary organic aerosol from biomass-burning emissions, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 10013–10018, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1602212113, 2016.
Guo, J., Wang, Y., Shen, X., Wang, Z., Lee, T., Wang, X., Li, P., Sun, M., Collett Jr, J. L., and Wang, W.: Characterization of cloud water chemistry at Mount Tai, China: Seasonal variation, anthropogenic impact, and cloud processing, Atmos. Environ., 60, 467–476, 2012.
Hallquist, M., Wenger, J. C., Baltensperger, U., Rudich, Y., Simpson, D., Claeys, M., Dommen, J., Donahue, N. M., George, C., Goldstein, A. H., Hamilton, J. F., Herrmann, H., Hoffmann, T., Iinuma, Y., Jang, M., Jenkin, M. E., Jimenez, J. L., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Maenhaut, W., McFiggans, G., Mentel, Th. F., Monod, A., Prévôt, A. S. H., Seinfeld, J. H., Surratt, J. D., Szmigielski, R., and Wildt, J.: The formation, properties and impact of secondary organic aerosol: current and emerging issues, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5155–5236, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5155-2009, 2009.
Hering, S. V. and Stolzenburg, M. R.: A method for particle size amplification by water condensation in a laminar, thermally diffusive flow, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 39, 428–436, 2005.
Hering, S. V., Spielman, S. R., and Lewis, G. S.: Moderated, water-based, condensational particle growth in a laminar flow, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 48, 401–408, 2014.
Hofzumahaus, A., Kraus, A., and Müller, M.: Solar actinic flux spectroradiometry: A technique for measuring photolysis frequencies in the atmosphere, Appl. Optics, 38, 4443–4460, 1999.
Hoyle, C. R., Fuchs, C., Järvinen, E., Saathoff, H., Dias, A., El Haddad, I., Gysel, M., Coburn, S. C., Tröstl, J., Bernhammer, A.-K., Bianchi, F., Breitenlechner, M., Corbin, J. C., Craven, J., Donahue, N. M., Duplissy, J., Ehrhart, S., Frege, C., Gordon, H., Höppel, N., Heinritzi, M., Kristensen, T. B., Molteni, U., Nichman, L., Pinterich, T., Prévôt, A. S. H., Simon, M., Slowik, J. G., Steiner, G., Tomé, A., Vogel, A. L., Volkamer, R., Wagner, A. C., Wagner, R., Wexler, A. S., Williamson, C., Winkler, P. M., Yan, C., Amorim, A., Dommen, J., Curtius, J., Gallagher, M. W., Flagan, R. C., Hansel, A., Kirkby, J., Kulmala, M., Möhler, O., Stratmann, F., Worsnop, D. R., and Baltensperger, U.: Aqueous phase oxidation of sulphur dioxide by ozone in cloud droplets, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 1693–1712, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1693-2016, 2016.
Huang, Y., Coggon, M. M., Zhao, R., Lignell, H., Bauer, M. U., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: The Caltech Photooxidation Flow Tube reactor: design, fluid dynamics and characterization, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 839–867, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-839-2017, 2017.
Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M., Donahue, N., Prevot, A., Zhang, Q., Kroll, J. H., DeCarlo, P. F., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., and Ng, N.: Evolution of organic aerosols in the atmosphere, Science, 326, 1525–1529, 2009.
Kanakidou, M., Seinfeld, J. H., Pandis, S. N., Barnes, I., Dentener, F. J., Facchini, M. C., Van Dingenen, R., Ervens, B., Nenes, A., Nielsen, C. J., Swietlicki, E., Putaud, J. P., Balkanski, Y., Fuzzi, S., Horth, J., Moortgat, G. K., Winterhalter, R., Myhre, C. E. L., Tsigaridis, K., Vignati, E., Stephanou, E. G., and Wilson, J.: Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1053–1123, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-1053-2005, 2005.
Kang, E., Root, M. J., Toohey, D. W., and Brune, W. H.: Introducing the concept of Potential Aerosol Mass (PAM), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5727–5744, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-5727-2007, 2007.
Kaur, R. and Anastasio, C.: First measurements of organic triplet excited states in atmospheric waters, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 5218–5226, 2018.
Keller, A. and Burtscher, H.: A continuous photo-oxidation flow reactor for a defined measurement of the SOA formation potential of wood burning emissions, J. Aerosol Sci., 49, 9–20, 2012.
Knopf, D. A., Alpert, P. A., and Wang, B.: The role of organic aerosol in atmospheric ice nucleation: a review, ACS Earth Space Chem., 2, 168–202, 2018.
Kylling, A., Webb, A., Bais, A., Blumthaler, M., Schmitt, R., Thiel, S., Kazantzidis, A., Kift, R., Misslbeck, M., and Schallhart, B.: Actinic flux determination from measurements of irradiance, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4506, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003236, 2003.
Lambe, A. T., Ahern, A. T., Williams, L. R., Slowik, J. G., Wong, J. P. S., Abbatt, J. P. D., Brune, W. H., Ng, N. L., Wright, J. P., Croasdale, D. R., Worsnop, D. R., Davidovits, P., and Onasch, T. B.: Characterization of aerosol photooxidation flow reactors: heterogeneous oxidation, secondary organic aerosol formation and cloud condensation nuclei activity measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 445–461, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-445-2011, 2011.
Lamkaddam, H., Dommen, J., Ranjithkumar, A., Gordon, H., Wehrle, G., Krechmer, J., Majluf, F., Salionov, D., Schmale, J., and Bjelić, S.: Large contribution to secondary organic aerosol from isoprene cloud chemistry, Science Advances, 7, eabe2952, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe2952, 2021.
Lewis, G. S. and Hering, S. V.: Minimizing concentration effects in water-based, laminar-flow condensation particle counters, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 47, 645–654, 2013.
Li, K., Liggio, J., Lee, P., Han, C., Liu, Q., and Li, S.-M.: Secondary organic aerosol formation from α-pinene, alkanes, and oil-sands-related precursors in a new oxidation flow reactor, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 9715–9731, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-9715-2019, 2019.
Li, R., Palm, B. B., Ortega, A. M., Hlywiak, J., Hu, W., Peng, Z., Day, D. A., Knote, C., Brune, W. H., and De Gouw, J. A.: Modeling the radical chemistry in an oxidation flow reactor: Radical formation and recycling, sensitivities, and the OH exposure estimation equation, J. Phys. Chem. A, 119, 4418–4432, 2015.
Lim, H.-J., Carlton, A. G., and Turpin, B. J.: Isoprene forms secondary organic aerosol through cloud processing: Model simulations, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 4441–4446, 2005.
Lim, Y. B., Tan, Y., Perri, M. J., Seitzinger, S. P., and Turpin, B. J.: Aqueous chemistry and its role in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10521–10539, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10521-2010, 2010.
Lim, Y. B., Tan, Y., and Turpin, B. J.: Chemical insights, explicit chemistry, and yields of secondary organic aerosol from OH radical oxidation of methylglyoxal and glyoxal in the aqueous phase, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8651–8667, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8651-2013, 2013.
Lin, G., Sillman, S., Penner, J. E., and Ito, A.: Global modeling of SOA: the use of different mechanisms for aqueous-phase formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5451–5475, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5451-2014, 2014.
Litjens, R. A., Quickenden, T. I., and Freeman, C. G.: Visible and near-ultraviolet absorption spectrum of liquid water, Appl. Optics, 38, 1216–1223, 1999.
Liu, T., Clegg, S. L., and Abbatt, J. P.: Fast oxidation of sulfur dioxide by hydrogen peroxide in deliquesced aerosol particles, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 117, 1354–1359, 2020.
Liu, Y., Monod, A., Tritscher, T., Praplan, A. P., DeCarlo, P. F., Temime-Roussel, B., Quivet, E., Marchand, N., Dommen, J., and Baltensperger, U.: Aqueous phase processing of secondary organic aerosol from isoprene photooxidation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 5879–5895, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-5879-2012, 2012a.
Liu, Y., Siekmann, F., Renard, P., El Zein, A., Salque, G., El Haddad, I., Temime-Roussel, B., Voisin, D., Thissen, R., and Monod, A.: Oligomer and SOA formation through aqueous phase photooxidation of methacrolein and methyl vinyl ketone, Atmos. Environ., 49, 123–129, 2012b.
Ma, P., Quan, J., Jia, X., Liao, Z., Wang, Q., Cheng, Z., Dou, Y., Su, J., and Pan, Y.: Effects of ozone and relative humidity in secondary inorganic aerosol formation during haze events in Beijing, China, Atmos. Res., 264, 105855, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105855, 2021.
McNeill, V. F.: Aqueous organic chemistry in the atmosphere: Sources and chemical processing of organic aerosols, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 1237–1244, https://doi.org/10.1021/es5043707, 2015.
McNeill, V. F., Woo, J. L., Kim, D. D., Schwier, A. N., Wannell, N. J., Sumner, A. J., and Barakat, J. M.: Aqueous-phase secondary organic aerosol and organosulfate formation in atmospheric aerosols: a modeling study, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 8075–8081, 2012.
Mitroo, D., Sun, Y., Combest, D. P., Kumar, P., and Williams, B. J.: Assessing the degree of plug flow in oxidation flow reactors (OFRs): a study on a potential aerosol mass (PAM) reactor, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 1741–1756, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-1741-2018, 2018.
Myhre, G., Myhre, C., Samset, B., and Storelvmo, T.: Aerosols and their relation to global climate and climate sensitivity, Nature Education Knowledge, 4, 7, http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/aerosols-and-their-relation-to-global-climate-102215345 (last access: October 2022), 2013.
Nakao, S., Clark, C., Tang, P., Sato, K., and Cocker III, D.: Secondary organic aerosol formation from phenolic compounds in the absence of NOx, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10649–10660, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-10649-2011, 2011.
Ortega, A. M., Day, D. A., Cubison, M. J., Brune, W. H., Bon, D., de Gouw, J. A., and Jimenez, J. L.: Secondary organic aerosol formation and primary organic aerosol oxidation from biomass-burning smoke in a flow reactor during FLAME-3, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11551–11571, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11551-2013, 2013.
Peng, J., Hu, M., Guo, S., Du, Z., Shang, D., Zheng, J., Zheng, J., Zeng, L., Shao, M., Wu, Y., Collins, D., and Zhang, R.: Ageing and hygroscopicity variation of black carbon particles in Beijing measured by a quasi-atmospheric aerosol evolution study (QUALITY) chamber, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 10333–10348, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10333-2017, 2017.
Peng, Z. and Jimenez, J. L.: KinSim: a research-grade, user-friendly, visual kinetics simulator for chemical-kinetics and environmental-chemistry teaching, J. Chem. Educ. 96, 806–811, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.9b00033, 2019.
Peng, Z., Day, D. A., Stark, H., Li, R., Lee-Taylor, J., Palm, B. B., Brune, W. H., and Jimenez, J. L.: HOx radical chemistry in oxidation flow reactors with low-pressure mercury lamps systematically examined by modeling, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 4863–4890, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-4863-2015, 2015.
Peng, Z., Day, D. A., Ortega, A. M., Palm, B. B., Hu, W., Stark, H., Li, R., Tsigaridis, K., Brune, W. H., and Jimenez, J. L.: Non-OH chemistry in oxidation flow reactors for the study of atmospheric chemistry systematically examined by modeling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 4283–4305, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4283-2016, 2016.
Perri, M. J., Seitzinger, S., and Turpin, B. J.: Secondary organic aerosol production from aqueous photooxidation of glycolaldehyde: Laboratory experiments, Atmos. Environ., 43, 1487–1497, 2009.
Reinhardt, A., Emmenegger, C., Gerrits, B., Panse, C., Dommen, J., Baltensperger, U., Zenobi, R., and Kalberer, M.: Ultrahigh mass resolution and accurate mass measurements as a tool to characterize oligomers in secondary organic aerosols, Anal. Chem., 79, 4074–4082, 2007.
Salcedo, D., Onasch, T. B., Dzepina, K., Canagaratna, M. R., Zhang, Q., Huffman, J. A., DeCarlo, P. F., Jayne, J. T., Mortimer, P., Worsnop, D. R., Kolb, C. E., Johnson, K. S., Zuberi, B., Marr, L. C., Volkamer, R., Molina, L. T., Molina, M. J., Cardenas, B., Bernabé, R. M., Márquez, C., Gaffney, J. S., Marley, N. A., Laskin, A., Shutthanandan, V., Xie, Y., Brune, W., Lesher, R., Shirley, T., and Jimenez, J. L.: Characterization of ambient aerosols in Mexico City during the MCMA-2003 campaign with Aerosol Mass Spectrometry: results from the CENICA Supersite, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 925–946, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-925-2006, 2006.
Schnitzler, E. G., Dutt, A., Charbonneau, A. M., Olfert, J. S., and Jäger, W.: Soot aggregate restructuring due to coatings of secondary organic aerosol derived from aromatic precursors, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 14309–14316, 2014.
Schroder, J., Campuzano-Jost, P., Day, D., Shah, V., Larson, K., Sommers, J., Sullivan, A., Campos, T., Reeves, J., and Hills, A.: Sources and secondary production of organic aerosols in the northeastern United States during WINTER, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 7771–7796, 2018.
Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-1-118-94740-1, 2016.
Shiraiwa, M., Li, Y., Tsimpidi, A. P., Karydis, V. A., Berkemeier, T., Pandis, S. N., Lelieveld, J., Koop, T., and Pöschl, U.: Global distribution of particle phase state in atmospheric secondary organic aerosols, Nat. Commun., 8, 1–7, 2017.
Shrivastava, M., Cappa, C. D., Fan, J., Goldstein, A. H., Guenther, A. B., Jimenez, J. L., Kuang, C., Laskin, A., Martin, S. T., and Ng, N. L.: Recent advances in understanding secondary organic aerosol: Implications for global climate forcing, Rev. Geophys., 55, 509–559, 2017.
Simonen, P., Saukko, E., Karjalainen, P., Timonen, H., Bloss, M., Aakko-Saksa, P., Rönkkö, T., Keskinen, J., and Dal Maso, M.: A new oxidation flow reactor for measuring secondary aerosol formation of rapidly changing emission sources, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 1519–1537, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-1519-2017, 2017.
Smith, J. D., Sio, V., Yu, L., Zhang, Q., and Anastasio, C.: Secondary organic aerosol production from aqueous reactions of atmospheric phenols with an organic triplet excited state, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 1049–1057, 2014.
Smith, J. D., Kinney, H., and Anastasio, C.: Aqueous benzene-diols react with an organic triplet excited state and hydroxyl radical to form secondary organic aerosol, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 17, 10227–10237, 2015.
Spracklen, D. V., Jimenez, J. L., Carslaw, K. S., Worsnop, D. R., Evans, M. J., Mann, G. W., Zhang, Q., Canagaratna, M. R., Allan, J., Coe, H., McFiggans, G., Rap, A., and Forster, P.: Aerosol mass spectrometer constraint on the global secondary organic aerosol budget, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12109–12136, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-12109-2011, 2011.
Stolzenburg, M., Kreisberg, N., and Hering, S.: Atmospheric size distributions measured by differential mobility optical particle size spectrometry, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 29, 402–418, 1998.
Tsui, W. G., Rao, Y., Dai, H.-L., and McNeill, V. F.: Modeling photosensitized secondary organic aerosol formation in laboratory and ambient aerosols, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 7496–7501, 2017.
Volkamer, R., Platt, U., and Wirtz, K.: Primary and secondary glyoxal formation from aromatics: experimental evidence for the bicycloalkyl- radical pathway from benzene, toluene, and p-xylene, J. Phys. Chem. A, 105, 7865–7874, 2001.
Volkamer, R., Ziemann, P. J., and Molina, M. J.: Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Acetylene (C2H2): seed effect on SOA yields due to organic photochemistry in the aerosol aqueous phase, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1907–1928, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-1907-2009, 2009.
Wang, J., Doussin, J. F., Perrier, S., Perraudin, E., Katrib, Y., Pangui, E., and Picquet-Varrault, B.: Design of a new multi-phase experimental simulation chamber for atmospheric photosmog, aerosol and cloud chemistry research, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 2465–2494, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-2465-2011, 2011.
Wang, S., Wang, L., Wang, N., Ma, S., Su, F., and Zhang, R.: Formation of droplet-mode secondary inorganic aerosol dominated the increased PM2.5 during both local and transport haze episodes in Zhengzhou, China, Chemosphere, 269, 128744, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128744, 2021.
Warneck, P.: In-cloud chemistry opens pathway to the formation of oxalic acid in the marine atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 37, 2423–2427, 2003.
Xu, N. and Collins, D. R.: Design and characterization of a new oxidation flow reactor for laboratory and long-term ambient studies, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2891–2906, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2891-2021, 2021.
Ye, Z., Zhuang, Y., Chen, Y., Zhao, Z., Ma, S., Huang, H., Chen, Y., and Ge, X.: Aqueous-phase oxidation of three phenolic compounds by hydroxyl radical: Insight into secondary organic aerosol formation yields, mechanisms, products and optical properties, Atmos. Environ., 223, 117240, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117240, 2020.
Short summary
A flow-through reactor was developed that exposes known mixtures of gases or ambient air to very high concentrations of the oxidants that are responsible for much of the chemistry that takes place in the atmosphere. Like other reactors of its type, it is primarily used to study the formation of particulate matter from the oxidation of common gases. Unlike other reactors of its type, it can simulate the chemical reactions that occur in liquid water that is present in particles or cloud droplets.
A flow-through reactor was developed that exposes known mixtures of gases or ambient air to very...
