Articles | Volume 16, issue 22
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5659-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5659-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
23 Nov 2023
Research article |
| 23 Nov 2023
| 23 Nov 2023
Quality evaluation for measurements of wind field and turbulent fluxes from a UAV-based eddy covariance system
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
Institute of Ecology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Regional Processes and Functions Assessment, Beijing 100012, China
Bilige Sude
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
Institute of Ecology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Regional Processes and Functions Assessment, Beijing 100012, China
Xingwen Lin
College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
Bing Geng
Beijing Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
Bo Liu
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
Institute of Ecology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Regional Processes and Functions Assessment, Beijing 100012, China
Shengnan Ji
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
Institute of Ecology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Regional Processes and Functions Assessment, Beijing 100012, China
Junping Jing
National Ocean Technology Center, Tianjin 300112, China
Zhiping Zhu
Kunming General Survey of Natural Resources Center, China Geological Survey, Kunming 650111, China
Technology Innovation Center for Natural Ecosystem Carbon Sink, Ministry of Natural Resources, Kunming 650100, China
Ziwei Xu
State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
Shaomin Liu
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
Zhanjun Quan
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
Institute of Ecology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Regional Processes and Functions Assessment, Beijing 100012, China
Related authors
No articles found.
Yaoming Ma, Zhipeng Xie, Yingying Chen, Shaomin Liu, Tao Che, Ziwei Xu, Lunyu Shang, Xiaobo He, Xianhong Meng, Weiqiang Ma, Baiqing Xu, Huabiao Zhao, Junbo Wang, Guangjian Wu, and Xin Li
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3017–3043, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3017-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3017-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Current models and satellites struggle to accurately represent the land–atmosphere (L–A) interactions over the Tibetan Plateau. We present the most extensive compilation of in situ observations to date, comprising 17 years of data on L–A interactions across 12 sites. This quality-assured benchmark dataset provides independent validation to improve models and remote sensing for the region, and it enables new investigations of fine-scale L–A processes and their mechanistic drivers.
Fei Pan, Xiaodan Wu, Qicheng Zeng, Rongqi Tang, Jingping Wang, Xingwen Lin, Dongqin You, Jianguang Wen, and Qing Xiao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 161–176, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-161-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-161-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To effectively tackle the challenges posed by spatial-scale differences and spatial heterogeneity, this paper presents a distinctive coarse pixel-scale ground “truth" dataset by upscaling sparsely distributed in situ measurements. This dataset is a valuable resource for validating and correcting global surface albedo products, enhancing reference data accuracy by 6.04 %. Remarkably, it substantially enhances 17.09 % in regions with strong spatial heterogeneity.
Shaomin Liu, Ziwei Xu, Tao Che, Xin Li, Tongren Xu, Zhiguo Ren, Yang Zhang, Junlei Tan, Lisheng Song, Ji Zhou, Zhongli Zhu, Xiaofan Yang, Rui Liu, and Yanfei Ma
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4959–4981, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4959-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4959-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a suite of observational datasets from artificial and natural oases–desert systems that consist of long-term turbulent flux and auxiliary data, including hydrometeorological, vegetation, and soil parameters, from 2012 to 2021. We confirm that the 10-year, long-term dataset presented in this study is of high quality with few missing data, and we believe that the data will support ecological security and sustainable development in oasis–desert areas.
Xinlei He, Yanping Li, Shaomin Liu, Tongren Xu, Fei Chen, Zhenhua Li, Zhe Zhang, Rui Liu, Lisheng Song, Ziwei Xu, Zhixing Peng, and Chen Zheng
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1583–1606, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1583-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1583-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study highlights the role of integrating vegetation and multi-source soil moisture observations in regional climate models via a hybrid data assimilation and machine learning method. In particular, we show that this approach can improve land surface fluxes, near-surface atmospheric conditions, and land–atmosphere interactions by implementing detailed land characterization information in basins with complex underlying surfaces.
Mo Zhang, Wenjiao Shi, and Ziwei Xu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2505–2526, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2505-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2505-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We systematically compared 45 models for direct and indirect soil texture classification and soil particle size fraction interpolation based on 5 machine-learning models and 3 log-ratio transformation methods. Random forest showed powerful performance in both classification of imbalanced data and regression assessment. Extreme gradient boosting is more meaningful and computationally efficient when dealing with large data sets. The indirect classification and log-ratio methods are recommended.
Tao Che, Xin Li, Shaomin Liu, Hongyi Li, Ziwei Xu, Junlei Tan, Yang Zhang, Zhiguo Ren, Lin Xiao, Jie Deng, Rui Jin, Mingguo Ma, Jian Wang, and Xiaofan Yang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1483–1499, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1483-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1483-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents a suite of datasets consisting of long-term hydrometeorological, snow cover and frozen ground data for investigating watershed science and functions from an integrated, distributed and multiscale observation network in the upper reaches of the Heihe River Basin in China. These data are expected to serve as a testing platform to provide accurate forcing data and validate and evaluate remote-sensing products and hydrological models in cold regions for a broader community.
Feinan Xu, Weizhen Wang, Jiemin Wang, Ziwei Xu, Yuan Qi, and Yueru Wu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 4037–4051, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4037-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4037-2017, 2017
Wenjun Tang, Jun Qin, Kun Yang, Shaomin Liu, Ning Lu, and Xiaolei Niu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 2543–2557, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2543-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2543-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we develop a new method to quickly retrieve high-resolution surface solar radiation (SSR) over China by combining MODIS and MTSAT data. The RMSEs of the retrieved SSR at hourly, daily, and monthly scales are about 98.5, 34.2, and 22.1 W m−2. The accuracy is comparable to or even higher than other two satellite radiation products. Finally, we derive an 8-year high-resolution SSR data set (hourly, 5 km) from 2007 to 2014, which would contribute to studies of land surface processes.
X. Chen, Z. Su, Y. Ma, S. Liu, Q. Yu, and Z. Xu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 13097–13117, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-13097-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-13097-2014, 2014
T. R. Xu, S. M. Liu, Z. W. Xu, S. Liang, and L. Xu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-3927-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-3927-2013, 2013
Preprint withdrawn
Related subject area
Subject: Others (Wind, Precipitation, Temperature, etc.) | Technique: In Situ Measurement | Topic: Instruments and Platforms
High-resolution wind speed measurements with quadcopter uncrewed aerial systems: calibration and verification in a wind tunnel with an active grid
High-altitude balloon-launched uncrewed aircraft system measurements of atmospheric turbulence and qualitative comparison with infrasound microphone response
Evaluation of the hyperspectral radiometer (HSR1) at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) site
Cost-effective off-grid automatic precipitation samplers for pollutant and biogeochemical atmospheric deposition
Modelling of cup anemometry and dynamic overspeeding in average wind speed measurements
Introducing the Video In Situ Snowfall Sensor (VISSS)
A new reference-quality precipitation gauge wind shield
Long-term airborne measurements of pollutants over the United Kingdom to support air quality model development and evaluation
Acquiring high-resolution wind measurements by modifying radiosonde sounding procedures
A new accurate low-cost instrument for fast synchronized spatial measurements of light spectra
Drone-based meteorological observations up to the tropopause – a concept study
A new airborne broadband radiometer system and an efficient method to correct dynamic thermal offsets
Toward quantifying turbulent vertical airflow and sensible heat flux in tall forest canopies using fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing
A fiber-optic distributed temperature sensor for continuous in situ profiling up to 2 km beneath constant-altitude scientific balloons
New Absolute Cavity Pyrgeometer equation by application of Kirchhoff's law and adding a convection term
The DataHawk2 uncrewed aircraft system for atmospheric research
The measurement of mean wind, variances, and covariances from an instrumented mobile car in a rural environment
ICE-CAMERA: a flatbed scanner to study inland Antarctic polar precipitation
3D trajectories and velocities of rainfall drops in a multifractal turbulent wind field
Towards vertical wind and turbulent flux estimation with multicopter uncrewed aircraft systems
Instabilities, Dynamics, and Energetics accompanying Atmospheric Layering (IDEAL): high-resolution in situ observations and modeling in and above the nocturnal boundary layer
Infrasound measurement system for real-time in situ tornado measurements
Quantifying the coastal urban surface layer structure using distributed temperature sensing in Helsinki, Finland
On the quality of RS41 radiosonde descent data
Idealized simulation study of the relationship of disdrometer sampling statistics with the precision of precipitation rate measurement
Use of thermal signal for the investigation of near-surface turbulence
Drone measurements of surface-based winter temperature inversions in the High Arctic at Eureka
Ground mobile observation system for measuring multisurface microwave emissivity
A differential emissivity imaging technique for measuring hydrometeor mass and type
Effect of snow-covered ground albedo on the accuracy of air temperature measurements
Distributed wind measurements with multiple quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles in the atmospheric boundary layer
The INFRA-EAR: a low-cost mobile multidisciplinary measurement platform for monitoring geophysical parameters
A dedicated robust instrument for water vapor generation at low humidity for use with a laser water isotope analyzer in cold and dry polar regions
Arctic observations and numerical simulations of surface wind effects on Multi-Angle Snowflake Camera measurements
The development of the “Storm Tracker” and its applications for atmospheric high-resolution upper-air observations
Use of automatic radiosonde launchers to measure temperature and humidity profiles from the GRUAN perspective
Using global reanalysis data to quantify and correct airflow distortion bias in shipborne wind speed measurements
The CopterSonde: an insight into the development of a smart unmanned aircraft system for atmospheric boundary layer research
Microphysical properties and fall speed measurements of snow ice crystals using the Dual Ice Crystal Imager (D-ICI)
The Disdrometer Verification Network (DiVeN): a UK network of laser precipitation instruments
The new BELUGA setup for collocated turbulence and radiation measurements using a tethered balloon: first applications in the cloudy Arctic boundary layer
Identification of platform exhaust on the RV Investigator
Evaluation of Windsond S1H2 performance in Kumasi during the 2016 DACCIWA field campaign
Recovery of the three-dimensional wind and sonic temperature data from a physically deformed sonic anemometer
Considerations for temperature sensor placement on rotary-wing unmanned aircraft systems
New calibration procedures for airborne turbulence measurements and accuracy of the methane fluxes during the AirMeth campaigns
Is it feasible to estimate radiosonde biases from interlaced measurements?
Vertical wind velocity measurements using a five-hole probe with remotely piloted aircraft to study aerosol–cloud interactions
Calibration and evaluation of CCD spectroradiometers for ground-based and airborne measurements of spectral actinic flux densities
Revising shortwave and longwave radiation archives in view of possible revisions of the WSG and WISG reference scales: methods and implications
Johannes Kistner, Lars Neuhaus, and Norman Wildmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4941–4955, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4941-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4941-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use a fleet of multicopter drones to measure wind. To improve the accuracy of this wind measurement and to evaluate this improvement, we conducted experiments with the drones in a wind tunnel under various conditions. This wind tunnel can generate different kinds and intensities of wind. Here we measured with the drones and with other sensors as a reference and compared the results. We were able to improve our wind measurement and show how accurately it works in different situations.
Anisa N. Haghighi, Ryan D. Nolin, Gary D. Pundsack, Nick Craine, Aliaksei Stratsilatau, and Sean C. C. Bailey
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4863–4889, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4863-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4863-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work summarizes measurements conducted in June 2021 using a small, uncrewed, stratospheric glider that was launched from a weather balloon to altitudes up to 30 km above sea level. The aircraft conducted measurements of wind speed and direction, pressure, temperature, and humidity during its descent as well as measurements of infrasonic sound levels. These data were used to evaluate the atmospheric turbulence observed during the descent phase of the flight.
Kelly A. Balmes, Laura D. Riihimaki, John Wood, Connor Flynn, Adam Theisen, Michael Ritsche, Lynn Ma, Gary B. Hodges, and Christian Herrera
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3783–3807, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3783-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3783-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A new hyperspectral radiometer (HSR1) was deployed and evaluated in the central United States (northern Oklahoma). The HSR1 total spectral irradiance agreed well with nearby existing instruments, but the diffuse spectral irradiance was slightly smaller. The HSR1-retrieved aerosol optical depth (AOD) also agreed well with other retrieved AODs. The HSR1 performance is encouraging: new hyperspectral knowledge is possible that could inform atmospheric process understanding and weather forecasting.
Alessia A. Colussi, Daniel Persaud, Melodie Lao, Bryan K. Place, Rachel F. Hems, Susan E. Ziegler, Kate A. Edwards, Cora J. Young, and Trevor C. VandenBoer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3697–3718, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3697-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3697-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A new modular and affordable instrument was developed to automatically collect wet deposition continuously with an off-grid solar top-up power package. Monthly collections were performed across the Newfoundland and Labrador Boreal Ecosystem Latitudinal Transect of experimental forest sites from 2015 to 2016. The proof-of-concept systems were validated with baseline measurements of pH and conductivity and then applied to dissolved organic carbon as an analyte of emerging biogeochemical interest.
Troels Friis Pedersen and Jan-Åke Dahlberg
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1441–1461, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1441-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1441-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Accuracy is important in wind speed measurements with cup anemometers. Dynamic overspeeding is historically considered an inherent and significant error, supported by a two-cup drag model. But lower (and even zero) overspeeding might be present for low-to-medium turbulence intensities for conical cups with short arms. A parabolic torque model reveals various dynamic overspeeding characteristics of cup anemometers, but modelling of actual cup anemometers is best made with tabulated data.
Maximilian Maahn, Dmitri Moisseev, Isabelle Steinke, Nina Maherndl, and Matthew D. Shupe
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 899–919, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-899-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-899-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The open-source Video In Situ Snowfall Sensor (VISSS) is a novel instrument for characterizing particle shape, size, and sedimentation velocity in snowfall. It combines a large observation volume with relatively high resolution and a design that limits wind perturbations. The open-source nature of the VISSS hardware and software invites the community to contribute to the development of the instrument, which has many potential applications in atmospheric science and beyond.
John Kochendorfer, Tilden P. Meyers, Mark E. Hall, Scott D. Landolt, Justin Lentz, and Howard J. Diamond
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5647–5657, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5647-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5647-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A new wind shield has been designed to reduce the effects of precipitation gauge undercatch. Tested at three separate sites, it compared well to a well-established refence-quality precipitation wind shield. The new wind shield is smaller and more durable than other reference-quality shields, and it was designed for use in operational weather and climate networks.
Angela Mynard, Joss Kent, Eleanor R. Smith, Andy Wilson, Kirsty Wivell, Noel Nelson, Matthew Hort, James Bowles, David Tiddeman, Justin M. Langridge, Benjamin Drummond, and Steven J. Abel
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4229–4261, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4229-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4229-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Air quality models are key in understanding complex air pollution processes and assist in developing strategies to mitigate the impacts of air pollution. The ability of regional air quality models to skilfully represent pollutant distributions aloft is important to enabling their skilful prediction at the surface. To assist in model development and evaluation, a long-term, quality-assured dataset of the 3-D distribution of key pollutants was collected over the United Kingdom (2019–2022).
Jens Faber, Michael Gerding, and Torsten Köpnick
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4183–4193, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4183-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4183-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Weather forecasters around the world use uncrewed balloons to measure wind and temperature for their weather models. In these measurements, wind is recorded from the shift of the balloon by the moving air. However, the balloons and the measurement devices also move by themselves in still air. This creates artificial wind measurements that are normally removed from the data. We show new techniques to avoid these movements and increase the altitude resolution of the wind measurement by 6 times.
Bert G. Heusinkveld, Wouter B. Mol, and Chiel C. van Heerwaarden
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 3767–3785, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3767-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3767-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a new instrument for fast measurements of solar irradiance in 18 wavebands (400–950 nm): GPS perfectly synchronizes 10 Hz measurement speed to universal time, low-cost (< EUR 200) complete standalone solution for realizing dense measurement grids to study cloud-shading dynamics, 940 nm waveband reveals atmospheric moisture column information, 11 wavebands to study photosynthetic active radiation and light interaction with vegetation, and good reflection spectra performance.
Konrad B. Bärfuss, Holger Schmithüsen, and Astrid Lampert
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 3739–3765, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3739-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3739-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The first atmospheric soundings with an electrically powered small uncrewed aircraft system (UAS) up to an altitude of 10 km are presented and assessed for quality, revealing the potential to augment atmospheric observations and fill observation gaps for numerical weather prediction. This is significant because of the need for high-resolution meteorological data, in particular in remote areas with limited in situ measurements, and for reference data for satellite measurement calibration.
André Ehrlich, Martin Zöger, Andreas Giez, Vladyslav Nenakhov, Christian Mallaun, Rolf Maser, Timo Röschenthaler, Anna E. Luebke, Kevin Wolf, Bjorn Stevens, and Manfred Wendisch
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1563–1581, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1563-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1563-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of the broadband radiative energy budget from aircraft are needed to study the effect of clouds, aerosol particles, and surface conditions on the Earth's energy budget. However, the moving aircraft introduces challenges to the instrument performance and post-processing of the data. This study introduces a new radiometer package, outlines a greatly simplifying method to correct thermal offsets, and provides exemplary measurements of solar and thermal–infrared irradiance.
Mohammad Abdoli, Karl Lapo, Johann Schneider, Johannes Olesch, and Christoph K. Thomas
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 809–824, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-809-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-809-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we compute the distributed sensible heat flux using a distributed temperature sensing technique, whose magnitude, sign, and temporal dynamics compare reasonably well to estimates from classical eddy covariance measurements from sonic anemometry. Despite the remaining uncertainty in computed fluxes, the results demonstrate the potential of the novel method to compute spatially resolving sensible heat flux measurement and encourage further research.
J. Douglas Goetz, Lars E. Kalnajs, Terry Deshler, Sean M. Davis, Martina Bramberger, and M. Joan Alexander
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 791–807, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-791-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-791-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
An instrument for in situ continuous 2 km vertical profiles of temperature below high-altitude balloons was developed for high-temporal-resolution measurements within the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere using fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing. The mechanical, electrical, and temperature calibration systems were validated from a short mid-latitude constant-altitude balloon flight within the lower stratosphere. The instrument observed small-scale and inertial gravity waves.
Bruce W. Forgan, Julian Gröbner, and Ibrahim Reda
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 727–743, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-727-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-727-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates the Absolute Cavity Pyrgeometer (ACP) and its use in measuring atmospheric terrestrial irradiances traceable to the standard system of units (SI). This work fits into the objective of the Expert Team on Radiation References, established by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), to develop and validate instrumentation that can be used as reference instruments for terrestrial radiation measurements.
Jonathan Hamilton, Gijs de Boer, Abhiram Doddi, and Dale A. Lawrence
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 6789–6806, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6789-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6789-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The DataHawk2 is a small, low-cost, rugged, uncrewed aircraft system (UAS) used to observe the thermodynamic and turbulence structures of the lower atmosphere, supporting an advanced understanding of the physical processes that regulate weather and climate. This paper discusses the development, performance, and sensing capabilities of the DataHawk2 using data collected during several recent field deployments.
Stefan J. Miller and Mark Gordon
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 6563–6584, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6563-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6563-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This research investigates the measurement of atmospheric turbulence using a low-cost instrumented car that travels at near-highway speeds and is impacted by upwind obstructions and other on-road traffic. We show that our car design can successfully measure the mean flow and atmospheric turbulence near the surface. We outline a technique to isolate and remove the effects of sporadic passing traffic from car-measured velocity variances and discuss potential measurement uncertainties.
Massimo Del Guasta
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 6521–6544, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6521-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6521-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Any instrument on the Antarctic plateau must cope with a harsh environment. Concordia station is a special place for testing new instruments. With low temperatures and weak winds, precipitation can be studied by simply collecting it on horizontal surfaces. This is typically done manually. ICE-CAMERA is intended as an automatic alternative. The combined construction of rugged equipment for taking photographs of particles and the adoption of machine learning techniques have served this purpose.
Auguste Gires, Ioulia Tchiguirinskaia, and Daniel Schertzer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 5861–5875, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5861-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5861-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Weather radars measure rainfall in altitude whereas hydro-meteorologists are mainly interested in rainfall at ground level. During their fall, drops are advected by the wind which affects the location of the measured field. Governing equation linking acceleration, gravity, buoyancy, and drag force is updated to account for oblateness of drops. Then multifractal wind is used as input to explore velocities and trajectories of drops. Finally consequence on radar rainfall estimation is discussed.
Norman Wildmann and Tamino Wetz
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 5465–5477, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5465-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5465-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Multicopter uncrewed aerial systems (UAS, also known as drones) are very easy to use systems for collecting data in the lowest part of the atmosphere. Wind and turbulence are parameters that are particularly important for understanding the dynamics in the atmosphere. Only with three-dimensional measurements of the wind can a full understanding can be achieved. In this study, we show how even the vertical wind through the UAS can be measured with good accuracy.
Abhiram Doddi, Dale Lawrence, David Fritts, Ling Wang, Thomas Lund, William Brown, Dragan Zajic, and Lakshmi Kantha
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4023–4045, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4023-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4023-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Small-scale turbulent structures are ubiquitous in the atmosphere, yet our understanding of their structure and dynamics is vastly incomplete. IDEAL aimed to improve our understanding of small-scale turbulent flow features in the lower atmosphere. A small, unmanned, fixed-wing aircraft was employed to make targeted observations of atmospheric columns. Measured data were used to guide atmospheric model simulations designed to describe the structure and dynamics of small-scale turbulence.
Brandon C. White, Brian R. Elbing, and Imraan A. Faruque
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2923–2938, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2923-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2923-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Tornadic storms have been hypothesized to emit sound at frequencies below human hearing which animals and certain microphones can detect. This study covers the design, fabrication, and deployment of a specialized microphone that can be carried by first responders and storm chasers. The study also presents real-time processing methods, analyzes several recorded severe weather events including a tornado, and introduces a real-time web interface to allow for live monitoring of the mobile sensor.
Sasu Karttunen, Ewan O'Connor, Olli Peltola, and Leena Järvi
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2417–2432, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2417-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2417-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To study the complex structure of the lowest tens of metres of atmosphere in urban areas, measurement methods with great spatial and temporal coverage are needed. In our study, we analyse measurements with a promising and relatively new method, distributed temperature sensing, capable of providing detailed information on the near-surface atmosphere. We present multiple ways to utilise these kinds of measurements, as well as important considerations for planning new studies using the method.
Bruce Ingleby, Martin Motl, Graeme Marlton, David Edwards, Michael Sommer, Christoph von Rohden, Holger Vömel, and Hannu Jauhiainen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 165–183, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-165-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-165-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Radiosonde descent data could provide extra profiles of the atmosphere for forecasting and other uses. Descent data from Vaisala RS41 radiosondes have been compared with the ascent profiles and with ECMWF short-range forecasts. The agreement is mostly good. The descent rate is very variable and high descent rates cause temperature biases, especially at upper levels. Ascent winds are affected by pendulum motion; on average, the descent winds are smoother.
Karlie N. Rees and Timothy J. Garrett
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7681–7691, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7681-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7681-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Monte Carlo simulations are used to establish baseline precipitation measurement uncertainties according to World Meteorological Organization standards. Measurement accuracy depends on instrument sampling area, time interval, and precipitation rate. Simulations are compared with field measurements taken by an emerging hotplate precipitation sensor. We find that the current collection area is sufficient for light rain, but a larger collection area is required to detect moderate to heavy rain.
Matthias Zeeman
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7475–7493, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7475-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7475-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding turbulence near the surface is important for many applications. In this work, methods for observing and analysing temperature structures in a near-surface volume were explored. Experiments were conducted to identify modes of organised motion. These help explain interactions between the vegetation and the atmosphere that are not currently well understood. Techniques used include fibre-optic sensing, thermal infrared imaging, signal decomposition, and machine learning.
Alexey B. Tikhomirov, Glen Lesins, and James R. Drummond
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7123–7145, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7123-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7123-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Two commercial quadcopters (DJI Matrice 100 and M210 RTK) were equipped with an air temperature measurement system. They were flown at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Eureka, Nunavut, Canada, at 80° N latitude to study surface-based temperature inversion during February–March field campaigns in 2017 and 2020. It was demonstrated that the drones can be effectively used in the High Arctic to measure vertical temperature profiles up to 75 m off the ground.
Wenying He, Hongbin Chen, Yuejian Xuan, Jun Li, Minzheng Duan, and Weidong Nan
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7069–7078, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7069-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7069-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Large microwave surface emissivities (ε) cause difficulties in widely using satellite microwave data over land. Usually, ground-based radiometers are fixed to a scan field to obtain the temporal evolution of ε over a single land-cover area. To obtain the long-term temporal evolution of ε over different land-cover surfaces simultaneously, we developed a ground mobile observation system to enhance in situ ε observations and presented some preliminary results.
Dhiraj K. Singh, Spencer Donovan, Eric R. Pardyjak, and Timothy J. Garrett
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6973–6990, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6973-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6973-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes a new instrument for quantifying the physical characteristics of hydrometeors such as snow and rain. The device can measure the mass, size, density and type of individual hydrometeors as well as their bulk properties. The instrument is called the Differential Emissivity Imaging Disdrometer (DEID) and is composed of a thermal camera and hotplate. The DEID measures hydrometeors at sampling frequencies up to 1 Hz with masses and effective diameters greater than 1 µg and 200 µm.
Chiara Musacchio, Graziano Coppa, Gaber Begeš, Christina Hofstätter-Mohler, Laura Massano, Guido Nigrelli, Francesca Sanna, and Andrea Merlone
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6195–6212, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6195-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6195-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In the context of the overhaul of the WMO/CIMO guide (no. 8) on instruments and methods of observation, we performed an experiment to quantify uncertainties in air temperature measurements due to reflected solar radiation from a snow-covered surface. Coupled sensors with different radiation shields were put under different ground conditions (grass vs. snow) for a whole winter. Results show that different shields may reduce the influence of backward radiation, which can produce errors up to 3 °C.
Tamino Wetz, Norman Wildmann, and Frank Beyrich
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3795–3814, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3795-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3795-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A fleet of quadrotors is presented as a system to measure the spatial distribution of atmospheric boundary layer flow. The big advantage of this approach is that multiple and flexible measurement points in space can be sampled synchronously. The algorithm to calculate the horizontal wind is based on the principle of aerodynamic drag and the related quadrotor dynamics. The validation reveals that an average accuracy of < 0.3 m s−1 for the wind speed and < 8° for the wind direction was achieved.
Olivier F. C. den Ouden, Jelle D. Assink, Cornelis D. Oudshoorn, Dominique Filippi, and Läslo G. Evers
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3301–3317, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3301-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3301-2021, 2021
Christophe Leroy-Dos Santos, Mathieu Casado, Frédéric Prié, Olivier Jossoud, Erik Kerstel, Morgane Farradèche, Samir Kassi, Elise Fourré, and Amaëlle Landais
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2907–2918, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2907-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2907-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We developed an instrument that can generate water vapor at low humidity at a very stable level. This instrument was conceived to calibrate water vapor isotopic records obtained in very dry places such as central Antarctica. Here, we provide details on the instrument as well as results obtained for correcting water isotopic records for diurnal variability during a long field season at the Concordia station in East Antarctica.
Kyle E. Fitch, Chaoxun Hang, Ahmad Talaei, and Timothy J. Garrett
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1127–1142, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1127-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1127-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Snow measurements are very sensitive to wind. Here, we compare airflow and snowfall simulations to Arctic observations for a Multi-Angle Snowflake Camera to show that measurements of fall speed, orientation, and size are accurate only with a double wind fence and winds below 5 m s−1. In this case, snowflakes tend to fall with a nearly horizontal orientation; the largest flakes are as much as 5 times more likely to be observed. Adjustments are needed for snow falling in naturally turbulent air.
Wei-Chun Hwang, Po-Hsiung Lin, and Hungjui Yu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 5395–5406, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5395-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5395-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed a small, light-weight (radiosonde of 20 g with battery), low-cost, and easy-to-use upper-air radiosonde system: the Storm Tracker. With the ability to receive multiple radiosondes simultaneously, the system enables high temporal and spatial resolution atmospheric observations. In the 2018 field campaign, the accuracy of the Storm tracker was tested using co-launched data with Vaisala RS41-SGP radiosondes, and the measurements show an overall good agreement.
Fabio Madonna, Rigel Kivi, Jean-Charles Dupont, Bruce Ingleby, Masatomo Fujiwara, Gonzague Romanens, Miguel Hernandez, Xavier Calbet, Marco Rosoldi, Aldo Giunta, Tomi Karppinen, Masami Iwabuchi, Shunsuke Hoshino, Christoph von Rohden, and Peter William Thorne
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 3621–3649, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-3621-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-3621-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Radiosondes are one of the primary sources of upper-air data for weather and climate monitoring. In the last two decades, technological progress made available automated radiosonde launchers (ARLs), which are able to replace measurements typically performed manually. This work presents a comparative analysis of the technical performance of the ARLs currently available on the market and contribute to define a strategy to achieve the full traceability of the ARL products.
Sebastian Landwehr, Iris Thurnherr, Nicolas Cassar, Martin Gysel-Beer, and Julia Schmale
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 3487–3506, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-3487-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-3487-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Shipborne wind speed measurements are relevant for field studies of air–sea interaction processes. Distortion of the airflow by the ship’s structure can, however, lead to errors. We estimate the flow distortion bias by comparing the observations to ERA-5 reanalysis data. The underlying assumptions are that the bias depends only on the relative orientation of the ship to the wind direction and that the ERA-5 wind speeds are (on average) representative of the true wind speed.
Antonio R. Segales, Brian R. Greene, Tyler M. Bell, William Doyle, Joshua J. Martin, Elizabeth A. Pillar-Little, and Phillip B. Chilson
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 2833–2848, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2833-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2833-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The CopterSonde is an unmanned aircraft system designed with the purpose of sampling thermodynamic and kinematic parameters of the lower Earth's atmosphere, with a focus on vertical profiles in the planetary boundary layer. By incorporating adaptive sampling techniques and optimizing the sensor placement, our study shows that CopterSonde can provide similar information as a radiosonde, but with more control of its sampling location at much higher temporal and spatial resolution.
Thomas Kuhn and Sandra Vázquez-Martín
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 1273–1285, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1273-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1273-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Directly measured shape and fall speed are two important parameters needed for models and remote sensing. This can be done by the new Dual Ice Crystal Imager (D-ICI) instrument, which takes two high-resolution pictures of falling snow crystals from two different angles. Fall speed is measured by doubly exposing the side-view picture. Size and shape are determined from the second picture providing the top view of the snow crystal. D-ICI has been tested on the ground in Kiruna, northern Sweden.
Ben S. Pickering, Ryan R. Neely III, and Dawn Harrison
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 5845–5861, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-5845-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-5845-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A new network of precipitation instruments has been established for the UK. The instruments are capable of detecting the fall velocity and diameter of each particle that falls through a laser beam. The particle characteristics are derived from the duration and amount of decrease in beam brightness as perceived by a receiving diode. A total of 14 instruments make up the network and all instruments upload 60 s frequency data in near-real time to a publicly available website with plots.
Ulrike Egerer, Matthias Gottschalk, Holger Siebert, André Ehrlich, and Manfred Wendisch
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 4019–4038, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4019-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4019-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we introduce the new tethered balloon system BELUGA, which includes different modular instrument packages for measuring turbulence and radiation in the atmospheric boundary layer. BELUGA was deployed in an Arctic field campaign in 2017, providing details of boundary layer processes in combination with low-level clouds. Those processes are still not fully understood and in situ measurements in the Arctic improve our understanding of the Arctic response in terms of global warming.
Ruhi S. Humphries, Ian M. McRobert, Will A. Ponsonby, Jason P. Ward, Melita D. Keywood, Zoe M. Loh, Paul B. Krummel, and James Harnwell
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 3019–3038, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3019-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3019-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Undertaking atmospheric observations from ships provides important data in regions where measurements are impossible by other means. However, making measurements so close to a diesel exhaust plume is difficult. In this paper, we describe an algorithm that utilises ongoing measurements of aerosol number concentrations, black carbon mass concentrations, and mixing ratios of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide to accurately distinguish between exhaust and background data periods.
Geoffrey Elie Quentin Bessardon, Kwabena Fosu-Amankwah, Anders Petersson, and Barbara Jane Brooks
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 1311–1324, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-1311-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-1311-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the first performance assessment during a field campaign of a new reusable radiosonde: the Windsond S1H2. The reuse feature of the S1H2 requires evaluation of the data alteration due to sonde reuse in addition to performance and reproducibility assessments. A comparison with the Vaisala RS41-SG, a well-proven system, shows the potential of the S1H2, with no major performance degradation arising from S1H2 sonde reuse but shows the need for improving the S1H2 GPS system.
Xinhua Zhou, Qinghua Yang, Xiaojie Zhen, Yubin Li, Guanghua Hao, Hui Shen, Tian Gao, Yirong Sun, and Ning Zheng
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 5981–6002, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5981-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5981-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The three-dimensional wind and sonic temperature data from a physically deformed sonic anemometer was successfully recovered by developing equations, algorithms, and related software. Using two sets of geometry data from production calibration and return re-calibration, this algorithm can recover wind with/without transducer shadow correction and sonic temperature with crosswind correction, and then obtain fluxes at quality as expected. This study is applicable as a reference for related topics.
Brian R. Greene, Antonio R. Segales, Sean Waugh, Simon Duthoit, and Phillip B. Chilson
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 5519–5530, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5519-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5519-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
With the recent commercial availability of rotary-wing unmanned aircraft systems (rwUAS), their ability to collect observations in the lower atmosphere is quickly being realized. However, integrating sensors with an rwUAS can introduce errors if not sited properly. This study discusses an objective method of determining some of these error sources in temperature, including improper airflow and rotary motor heating. Errors can be mitigated by mounting thermistors under propellers near the tips.
Jörg Hartmann, Martin Gehrmann, Katrin Kohnert, Stefan Metzger, and Torsten Sachs
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 4567–4581, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4567-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4567-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We present new in-flight calibration procedures for airborne turbulence measurements that exploit suitable regular flight legs without the need for dedicated calibration patterns. Furthermore we estimate the accuracy of the airborne wind measurement and of the turbulent fluxes of the traces gases methane and carbon dioxide.
Stefanie Kremser, Jordis S. Tradowsky, Henning W. Rust, and Greg E. Bodeker
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 3021–3029, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-3021-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-3021-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the feasibility of quantifying the difference in biases of two instrument types (i.e. radiosondes) by flying the old and new instruments on alternating days, so-called interlacing, to statistically derive the systematic biases between the instruments. While it is in principle possible to estimate the difference between two instrument biases from interlaced measurements, the number of required interlaced flights is very large for reasonable autocorrelation coefficient values.
Radiance Calmer, Gregory C. Roberts, Jana Preissler, Kevin J. Sanchez, Solène Derrien, and Colin O'Dowd
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 2583–2599, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-2583-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-2583-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS), commonly called UAVs, are used in atmospheric science for in situ measurements. The presented work shows wind measurements from a five-hole probe on an RPAS. Comparisons with other instruments (sonic anemometer and cloud radar) show good agreement, validating the RPAS measurements. In situ vertical wind measurements at cloud base are highlighted because they are a major parameter needed for simulating aerosol–cloud interactions, though rarely collected.
Birger Bohn and Insa Lohse
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 3151–3174, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3151-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3151-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
CCD spectroradiometers are widely used for measurements of atmospheric photolysis frequencies. Their fast response makes them suitable for airborne applications despite the well-known stray-light problem. In this work we describe simple and reliable procedures to minimize the stray-light influence on calibrations and field measurements. Comparisons with a reference instrument confirm high accuracies and low detection limits of important photolysis frequencies.
Stephan Nyeki, Stefan Wacker, Julian Gröbner, Wolfgang Finsterle, and Martin Wild
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 3057–3071, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3057-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3057-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
A large number of radiometers used to measure solar and terrestrial broadband radiation are traceable to World Standard Groups at PMOD/WRC in Davos, Switzerland. A small correction of each group may be required in the future, and this study examines the methods and implications of this on data sets collected at four remote baseline stations since the 1990s. The goal is to develop a better estimate of the solar and terrestrial radiation budget at the Earth's surface.
Cited articles
Anderson, K. and Gaston, K. J.: Lightweight unmanned aerial vehicles will revolutionize spatial ecology, Front. Ecol. Environ., 11, 138–146, https://doi.org/10.1890/120150, 2013.
Båserud, L., Reuder, J., Jonassen, M. O., Kral, S. T., Paskyabi, M. B., and Lothon, M.: Proof of concept for turbulence measurements with the RPAS SUMO during the BLLAST campaign, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 4901–4913, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-4901-2016, 2016.
Billesbach, D. P.: Estimating uncertainties in individual eddy covariance flux measurements: A comparison of methods and a proposed new method, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 151, 394–405, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.12.001, 2011.
Calmer, R., Roberts, G. C., Sanchez, K. J., Sciare, J., Sellegri, K., Picard, D., Vrekoussis, M., and Pikridas, M.: Aerosol–cloud closure study on cloud optical properties using remotely piloted aircraft measurements during a BACCHUS field campaign in Cyprus, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 13989–14007, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13989-2019, 2019.
Chandra, N., Patra, P. K., Niwa, Y., Ito, A., Iida, Y., Goto, D., Morimoto, S., Kondo, M., Takigawa, M., Hajima, T., and Watanabe, M.: Estimated regional CO2 flux and uncertainty based on an ensemble of atmospheric CO2 inversions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9215–9243, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9215-2022, 2022.
Chen, J. M., Leblanc, S. G., Cihlar, J., Desjardins, R. L., and MacPherson, J. I.: Extending aircraft- and tower-based CO2 flux measurements to a boreal region using a Landsat thematic mapper land cover map, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 16859–16877, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900129, 1999.
Chen, W., Wang, D., Huang, Y., Chen, L., Zhang, L., Wei, X., Sang, M., Wang, F., Liu, J., and Hu, B.: Monitoring and analysis of coastal reclamation from 1995–2015 in Tianjin Binhai New Area, China, Sci. Rep.-UK, 7, 3850, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-04155-0, 2017.
Chu, H., Luo, X., Ouyang, Z., Chan, W. S., Dengel, S., Biraud, S. C., Torn, M. S., Metzger, S., Kumar, J., Arain, M. A., Arkebauer, T. J., Baldocchi, D., Bernacchi, C., Billesbach, D., Black, T. A., Blanken, P. D., Bohrer, G., Bracho, R., Brown, S., Brunsell, N. A., Chen, J., Chen, X., Clark, K., Desai, A. R., Duman, T., Durden, D., Fares, S., Forbrich, I., Gamon, J. A., Gough, C. M., Griffis, T., Helbig, M., Hollinger, D., Humphreys, E., Ikawa, H., Iwata, H., Ju, Y., Knowles, J. F., Knox, S. H., Kobayashi, H., Kolb, T., Law, B., Lee, X., Litvak, M., Liu, H., Munger, J. W., Noormets, A., Novick, K., Oberbauer, S. F., Oechel, W., Oikawa, P., Papuga, S. A., Pendall, E., Prajapati, P., Prueger, J., Quinton, W. L., Richardson, A. D., Russell, E. S., Scott, R. L., Starr, G., Staebler, R., Stoy, P. C., Stuart-Haëntjens, E., Sonnentag, O., Sullivan, R. C., Suyker, A., Ueyama, M., Vargas, R., Wood, J. D., and Zona, D.: Representativeness of Eddy-Covariance flux footprints for areas surrounding AmeriFlux sites, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 301–302, 108350, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108350, 2021.
Crawford, T. L. and Dobosy, R. J.: A sensitive fast-response probe to measure turbulence and heat flux from any airplane, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 59, 257–278, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00119816, 1992.
Crawford, T. L., Dobosy, R. J., and Dumas, E. J.: Aircraft wind measurement considering lift-induced upwash, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 80, 79–94, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00119012, 1996.
Desjardins, R. L., Brach, E. J., Alvo, P., and Schuepp, P. H.: Aircraft Monitoring of Surface Carbon Dioxide Exchange, Science, 216, 733–735, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.216.4547.733, 1982.
Desjardins, R. L., Worth, D. E., MacPherson, J. I., Bastian, M., and Srinivasan, R.: Flux measurements by the NRC Twin Otter atmospheric research aircraft: 1987–2011, Adv. Sci. Res., 13, 43–49, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-13-43-2016, 2016.
Drüe, C. and Heinemann, G.: A Review and Practical Guide to In-Flight Calibration for Aircraft Turbulence Sensors, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 30, 2820–2837, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00103.1, 2013.
Elston, J., Argrow, B., Stachura, M., Weibel, D., Lawrence, D., and Pope, D.: Overview of Small Fixed-Wing Unmanned Aircraft for Meteorological Sampling, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 32, 97–115, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00236.1, 2015.
Enriquez, A. G. and Friehe, C. A.: Effects of Wind Stress and Wind Stress Curl Variability on Coastal Upwelling, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1651–1671, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1995)025<1651:EOWSAW>2.0.CO;2, 1995.
Finkelstein, P. L. and Sims, P. F.: Sampling error in eddy correlation flux measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 3503–3509, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900731, 2001.
Garman, K. E., Hill, K. A., Wyss, P., Carlsen, M., Zimmerman, J. R., Stirm, B. H., Carney, T. Q., Santini, R., and Shepson, P. B.: An Airborne and Wind Tunnel Evaluation of a Wind Turbulence Measurement System for Aircraft-Based Flux Measurements, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 23, 1696–1708, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH1940.1, 2006.
Garman, K. E., Wyss, P., Carlsen, M., Zimmerman, J. R., Stirm, B. H., Carney, T. Q., Santini, R., and Shepson, P. B.: The Contribution of Variability of Lift-induced Upwash to the Uncertainty in Vertical Winds Determined from an Aircraft Platform, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 126, 461–476, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-007-9237-y, 2008.
Gioli, B., Miglietta, F., De Martino, B., Hutjes, R. W. A., Dolman, H. A. J., Lindroth, A., Schumacher, M., Sanz, M. J., Manca, G., Peressotti, A., and Dumas, E. J.: Comparison between tower and aircraft-based eddy covariance fluxes in five European regions, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 127, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.08.004, 2004.
Gioli, B., Miglietta, F., Vaccari, F. P., and Zaldei, A.: The Sky Arrow ERA, an innovative airborne platform to monitor mass, momentum and energy exchange of ecosystems, Ann. Geophys., 49, 109–116, https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-3159, 2006.
Hannun, R. A., Wolfe, G. M., Kawa, S. R., Hanisco, T. F., Newman, P. A., Alfieri, J. G., Barrick, J., Clark, K. L., DiGangi, J. P., Diskin, G. S., King, J., Kustas, W. P., Mitra, B., Noormets, A., Nowak, J. B., Thornhill, K. L., and Vargas, R.: Spatial heterogeneity in CO2, CH4, and energy fluxes: insights from airborne eddy covariance measurements over the Mid-Atlantic region, Environ. Res. Lett., 15, 035008, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab7391, 2020.
Hu, G. and Jia, L.: Monitoring of Evapotranspiration in a Semi-Arid Inland River Basin by Combining Microwave and Optical Remote Sensing Observations, Remote Sens.-Basel, 7, 3056-3087, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70303056, 2015.
Kaimal, J. C., Clifford, S. F., and Lataitis, R. J.: Effect of finite sampling on atmospheric spectra, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 47, 337–347, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00122338, 1989.
Kalogiros, J. A. and Wang, Q.: Aerodynamic Effects on Wind Turbulence Measurements with Research Aircraft, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 19, 1567–1576, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<1567:AEOWTM>2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Khelif, D., Burns, S. P., and Friehe, C. A.: Improved Wind Measurements on Research Aircraft, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 16, 860–875, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1999)016<0860:IWMORA>2.0.CO;2, 1999.
Kowalski, A. S., Serrano-Ortiz, P., Miranda-García, G., and Fratini, G.: Disentangling Turbulent Gas Diffusion from Non-diffusive Transport in the Boundary Layer, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 179, 347–367, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-021-00605-5, 2021.
Lenschow, D. H.: Aircraft Measurements in the Boundary Layer, in: Probing the Atmospheric Boundary Layer, edited by: Lenschow, D. H., American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-944970-14-7_5, 1986.
Lenschow, D. H. and Sun, J.: The spectral composition of fluxes and variances over land and sea out to the mesoscale, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 125, 63–84, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-007-9191-8, 2007.
Lenschow, D. H., Delany, A. C., Stankov, B. B., and Stedman, D. H.: Airborne measurements of the vertical flux of ozone in the boundary layer, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 19, 249–265, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00117223, 1980.
Li, X., Liu, S., Xiao, Q., Ma, M., Jin, R., Che, T., Wang, W., Hu, X., Xu, Z., Wen, J., and Wang, L.: A multiscale dataset for understanding complex eco-hydrological processes in a heterogeneous oasis system, Scientific Data, 4, 170083, https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.83, 2017.
Li, X., Liu, S., Li, H., Ma, Y., Wang, J., Zhang, Y., Xu, Z., Xu, T., Song, L., Yang, X., Lu, Z., Wang, Z., and Guo, Z.: Intercomparison of Six Upscaling Evapotranspiration Methods: From Site to the Satellite Pixel, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 6777–6803, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028422, 2018.
Li, X., Liu, S., Yang, X., Ma, Y., He, X., Xu, Z., Xu, T., Song, L., Zhang, Y., Hu, X., Ju, Q., and Zhang, X.: Upscaling Evapotranspiration from a Single-Site to Satellite Pixel Scale, Remote Sensing, 13, 4072, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13204072, 2021.
Liu, H., Randerson, J. T., Lindfors, J., Massman, W. J., and Foken, T.: Consequences of Incomplete Surface Energy Balance Closure for CO2 Fluxes from Open-Path CO2/H2O Infrared Gas Analysers, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 120, 65–85, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-005-9047-z, 2006.
Liu, J., Chen, J. M., Cihlar, J., and Chen, W.: Net primary productivity distribution in the BOREAS region from a process model using satellite and surface data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 27735–27754, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900768, 1999.
Liu, S., Xu, Z., Song, L., Zhao, Q., Ge, Y., Xu, T., Ma, Y., Zhu, Z., Jia, Z., and Zhang, F.: Upscaling evapotranspiration measurements from multi-site to the satellite pixel scale over heterogeneous land surfaces, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 230–231, 97–113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.04.008, 2016.
Liu, S., Li, X., Xu, Z., Che, T., Xiao, Q., Ma, M., Liu, Q., Jin, R., Guo, J., Wang, L., Wang, W., Qi, Y., Li, H., Xu, T., Ran, Y., Hu, X., Shi, S., Zhu, Z., Tan, J., Zhang, Y., and Ren, Z.: The Heihe Integrated Observatory Network: A Basin-Scale Land Surface Processes Observatory in China, Vadose Zone J., 17, 180072, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2018.04.0072, 2018.
Mahrt, L.: Flux Sampling Errors for Aircraft and Towers, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 15, 416–429, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1998)015<0416:FSEFAA>2.0.CO;2, 1998.
Massman, W. and Clement, R.: Uncertainty in Eddy Covariance Flux Estimates Resulting from Spectral Attenuation, in: Handbook of Micrometeorology: A Guide for Surface Flux Measurement and Analysis, edited by: Lee, X., Massman, W., and Law, B., Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 67–99, https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2265-4_4, 2005.
Mathez, E. and Smerdon, J. (Eds.): Climate Change3. Ocean–Atmosphere Interactions, in: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press, 69–100, https://doi.org/10.7312/math17282-005, 2018.
Mauder, M., Cuntz, M., Drüe, C., Graf, A., Rebmann, C., Schmid, H. P., Schmidt, M., and Steinbrecher, R.: A strategy for quality and uncertainty assessment of long-term eddy-covariance measurements, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 169, 122–135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.09.006, 2013.
Mayer, J., Mayer, M., Haimberger, L., and Liu, C.: Comparison of Surface Energy Fluxes from Global to Local Scale, J. Climate, 35, 4551–4569, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0598.1, 2022.
Metzger, S., Junkermann, W., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Schmid, H. P., and Foken, T.: Measuring the 3-D wind vector with a weight-shift microlight aircraft, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 1421–1444, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-1421-2011, 2011.
Metzger, S., Junkermann, W., Mauder, M., Beyrich, F., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Schmid, H. P., and Foken, T.: Eddy-covariance flux measurements with a weight-shift microlight aircraft, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 1699–1717, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-1699-2012, 2012.
Mohan, M. M. P., Rajitha, K., and Murari, R. R. V.: Review of approaches for the estimation of sensible heat flux in remote sensing-based evapotranspiration models, J. Appl. Remote Sens., 14, 1–31, https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JRS.14.041501, 2020.
Peltola, O., Aslan, T., Ibrom, A., Nemitz, E., Rannik, Ü., and Mammarella, I.: The high-frequency response correction of eddy covariance fluxes – Part 1: An experimental approach and its interdependence with the time-lag estimation, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5071–5088, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5071-2021, 2021.
Prudden, S., Fisher, A., Marino, M., Mohamed, A., Watkins, S., and Wild, G.: Measuring wind with Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 176, 197–210, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2018.03.029, 2018.
Prueger, J. H., Hatfield, J. L., Parkin, T. B., Kustas, W. P., Hipps, L. E., Neale, C. M. U., MacPherson, J. I., Eichinger, W. E., and Cooper, D. I.: Tower and Aircraft Eddy Covariance Measurements of Water Vapor, Energy, and Carbon Dioxide Fluxes during SMACEX, J. Hydrometeorol., 6, 954–960, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM457.1, 2005.
Rannik, Ü., Peltola, O., and Mammarella, I.: Random uncertainties of flux measurements by the eddy covariance technique, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 5163–5181, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5163-2016, 2016.
Reineman, B. D., Lenain, L., Statom, N. M., and Melville, W. K.: Development and Testing of Instrumentation for UAV-Based Flux Measurements within Terrestrial and Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layers, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 30, 1295–1319, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00176.1, 2013.
Reuder, J., Båserud, L., Jonassen, M. O., Kral, S. T., and Müller, M.: Exploring the potential of the RPA system SUMO for multipurpose boundary-layer missions during the BLLAST campaign, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 2675–2688, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2675-2016, 2016.
Reuter, M., Bovensmann, H., Buchwitz, M., Borchardt, J., Krautwurst, S., Gerilowski, K., Lindauer, M., Kubistin, D., and Burrows, J. P.: Development of a small unmanned aircraft system to derive CO2 emissions of anthropogenic point sources, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 153–172, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-153-2021, 2021.
Serrano-Ortiz, P., Kowalski, A. S., Domingo, F., Ruiz, B., and Alados-Arboledas, L.: Consequences of Uncertainties in CO2 Density for Estimating Net Ecosystem CO2 Exchange by Open-path Eddy Covariance, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 126, 209–218, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-007-9234-1, 2008.
Sun, Y., Jia, L., Chen, Q., and Zheng, C.: Optimizing Window Length for Turbulent Heat Flux Calculations from Airborne Eddy Covariance Measurements under Near Neutral to Unstable Atmospheric Stability Conditions, Remote Sens.-Basel, 10, 670, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10050670, 2018.
Sun, Y., Ma, J., Sude, B., Lin, X., Shang, H., Geng, B., Diao, Z., Du, J., and Quan, Z.: A UAV-Based Eddy Covariance System for Measurement of Mass and Energy Exchange of the Ecosystem: Preliminary Results, Sensors, 21, 403, https://doi.org/10.3390/s21020403, 2021a.
Sun, Y., Sude, B., Geng, B., Ma, J., Lin, X., Hao, Z., Jing, W., Chen, Q., and Quan, Z.: Observation of the winter regional evaporative fraction using a UAV-based eddy covariance system over wetland area, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 310, 108619, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108619, 2021b.
Tadić, J. M., Miller, S., Yadav, V., and Biraud, S. C.: Greenhouse gas fluxes from Alaska's North Slope inferred from the Airborne Carbon Measurements campaign (ACME-V), Atmos. Environ., 248, 118239, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118239, 2021.
Thomas, R. M., Lehmann, K., Nguyen, H., Jackson, D. L., Wolfe, D., and Ramanathan, V.: Measurement of turbulent water vapor fluxes using a lightweight unmanned aerial vehicle system, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 243–257, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-243-2012, 2012.
van den Kroonenberg, A., Martin, T., Buschmann, M., Bange, J., and Vörsmann, P.: Measuring the Wind Vector Using the Autonomous Mini Aerial Vehicle M2AV, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 25, 1969–1982, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JTECHA1114.1, 2008.
Vellinga, O. S., Dobosy, R. J., Dumas, E. J., Gioli, B., Elbers, J. A., and Hutjes, R. W. A.: Calibration and Quality Assurance of Flux Observations from a Small Research Aircraft, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 30, 161–181, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-11-00138.1, 2013.
Wang, H., Jia, G., Zhang, A., and Miao, C.: Assessment of Spatial Representativeness of Eddy Covariance Flux Data from Flux Tower to Regional Grid, Remote Sens.-Basel, 8, 742, 2016.
Webb, E. K., Pearman, G. I., and Leuning, R.: Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 85–100, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710644707, 1980.
Williams, A. and Marcotte, D.: Wind Measurements on a Maneuvering Twin-Engine Turboprop Aircraft Accounting for Flow Distortion, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 17, 795–810, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2000)017<0795:WMOAMT>2.0.CO;2, 2000.
Witte, B. M., Singler, R. F., and Bailey, S. C. C.: Development of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for the Measurement of Turbulence in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer, Atmosphere, 8, 195, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos8100195, 2017.
Wolfe, G. M., Kawa, S. R., Hanisco, T. F., Hannun, R. A., Newman, P. A., Swanson, A., Bailey, S., Barrick, J., Thornhill, K. L., Diskin, G., DiGangi, J., Nowak, J. B., Sorenson, C., Bland, G., Yungel, J. K., and Swenson, C. A.: The NASA Carbon Airborne Flux Experiment (CARAFE): instrumentation and methodology, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 1757–1776, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-1757-2018, 2018.
Xu, S., Xu, S., Zhou, Y., Yue, S., Zhang, X., Gu, R., Zhang, Y., Qiao, Y., and Liu, M.: Long-Term Changes in the Unique and Largest Seagrass Meadows in the Bohai Sea (China) Using Satellite (1974–2019) and Sonar Data: Implication for Conservation and Restoration, Remote Sens.-Basel, 13, 856, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13050856, 2021.
Yang, X., Yong, B., Ren, L., Zhang, Y., and Long, D.: Multi-scale validation of GLEAM evapotranspiration products over China via ChinaFLUX ET measurements, Int. J. Remote Sens., 38, 5688–5709, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2017.1346400, 2017.
Zappa, C. J., Brown, S. M., Laxague, N. J. M., Dhakal, T., Harris, R. A., Farber, A. M., and Subramaniam, A.: Using Ship-Deployed High-Endurance Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for the Study of Ocean Surface and Atmospheric Boundary Layer Processes, Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, 777, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00777, 2020.
Zhang, G., Zhang, J., and Meng, P.: Estimation of kilometer-scale heat fluxes over a hilly area in Northern China using an optical-microwave scintillometer, Agr. Water Manage., 244, 106582, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106582, 2021.
Zheng, C., Liu, S., Song, L., Xu, Z., Guo, J., Ma, Y., Ju, Q., and Wang, J.: Comparison of sensible and latent heat fluxes from optical-microwave scintillometers and eddy covariance systems with respect to surface energy balance closure, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 331, 109345, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2023.109345, 2023.
Short summary
Unoccupied aerial vehicles (UAVs) provide a versatile platform for eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements at regional scales with low cost, transport, and infrastructural requirements. This study evaluates the measurement performance in the wind field and turbulent flux of a UAV-based EC system based on the data from a set of calibration flights and standard operational flights and concludes that the system can measure the georeferenced wind vector and turbulent flux with sufficient precision.
Unoccupied aerial vehicles (UAVs) provide a versatile platform for eddy covariance (EC) flux...
