Articles | Volume 17, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3697-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3697-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
20 Jun 2024
Research article |
| 20 Jun 2024
| 20 Jun 2024
Cost-effective off-grid automatic precipitation samplers for pollutant and biogeochemical atmospheric deposition
Alessia A. Colussi
Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Daniel Persaud
Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Melodie Lao
Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Bryan K. Place
Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
now at: SciGlob Instruments & Services LLC, Columbia, MD, USA
Rachel F. Hems
Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
now at: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College and Conservatory, OH, USA
Susan E. Ziegler
Department of Earth Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
Kate A. Edwards
Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
now at: Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Division, Lands and Minerals Sector, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Cora J. Young
Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Department of Earth Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
Related authors
No articles found.
Scout M. Quinn, Benjamin Misiuk, Mackenzie E. Patrick, and Susan E. Ziegler
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3475, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3475, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
Boreal forest soils store approximately one third of forest soil carbon globally. Stabilization of organic carbon in these soils is largely controlled by reactive aluminum content derived from parent material, which in boreal regions is typically glacial till. We used a Random Forest approach to predictively map and model reactive aluminum and its uncertainty in glacial till across Newfoundland. This supports future modelling efforts and estimates of the soil carbon reservoir in boreal forests.
Brian L. Boys, Randall V. Martin, and Trevor C. VandenBoer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2994, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2994, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A widely used dry deposition parameterization for NO2 is updated by including a well-known heterogeneous hydrolysis reaction on deposition surfaces. This mechanistic update eliminates a large low bias of -80 % in simulated NO2 nocturnal deposition velocities evaluated against long-term eddy covariance flux observations over Harvard Forest. We highlight the importance of canopy surface area effects as well as soil NO emission in formulating and evaluating NO2 dry deposition parameterizations.
Lisa Azzarello, Rebecca A. Washenfelder, Michael A. Robinson, Alessandro Franchin, Caroline C. Womack, Christopher D. Holmes, Steven S. Brown, Ann Middlebrook, Tim Newberger, Colm Sweeney, and Cora J. Young
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15643–15654, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15643-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15643-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a molecular size-resolved offline analysis of water-soluble brown carbon collected on an aircraft during FIREX-AQ. The smoke plumes were aged 0 to 5 h, where absorption was dominated by small molecular weight molecules, brown carbon absorption downwind did not consistently decrease, and the measurements differed from online absorption measurements of the same samples. We show how differences between online and offline absorption could be related to different measurement conditions.
Keri L. Bowering, Kate A. Edwards, and Susan E. Ziegler
Biogeosciences, 20, 2189–2206, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2189-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2189-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) mobilized from surface soils is a source of carbon (C) for deeper mineral horizons but also a mechanism of C loss. Composition of DOM mobilized in boreal forests varied more by season than as a result of forest harvesting. Results suggest reduced snowmelt and increased fall precipitation enhance DOM properties promoting mineral soil C stores. These findings, coupled with hydrology, can inform on soil C fate and boreal forest C balance in response to climate change.
Allison N. Myers-Pigg, Karl Kaiser, Ronald Benner, and Susan E. Ziegler
Biogeosciences, 20, 489–503, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-489-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-489-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Boreal forests, historically a global sink for atmospheric CO2, store carbon in vast soil reservoirs. To predict how such stores will respond to climate warming we need to understand climate–ecosystem feedbacks. We find boreal forest soil carbon stores are maintained through enhanced nitrogen cycling with climate warming, providing direct evidence for a key feedback. Further application of the approach demonstrated here will improve our understanding of the limits of climate–ecosystem feedbacks.
Christopher E. Lawrence, Paul Casson, Richard Brandt, James J. Schwab, James E. Dukett, Phil Snyder, Elizabeth Yerger, Daniel Kelting, Trevor C. VandenBoer, and Sara Lance
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1619–1639, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1619-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1619-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric aqueous chemistry can have profound effects on our environment, as illustrated by historical data from Whiteface Mountain (WFM) that were critical for uncovering the process of acid rain. The current study updates the long-term trends in cloud water composition at WFM for the period 1994 to 2021. We highlight the emergence of a new chemical regime at WFM dominated by organics and ammonium, quite different from the highly acidic regime observed in the past but not necessarily
clean.
Teles C. Furlani, RenXi Ye, Jordan Stewart, Leigh R. Crilley, Peter M. Edwards, Tara F. Kahan, and Cora J. Young
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 181–193, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-181-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-181-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study describes a new technique to measure total gaseous chlorine, which is the sum of gas-phase chlorine-containing chemicals. The method converts any chlorine-containing molecule to hydrogen chloride that can be detected in real time using a cavity ring-down spectrometer. The new method was validated through laboratory experiments, as well as by making measurements of ambient outdoor air and indoor air during cleaning with a chlorine-based cleaner.
Teles C. Furlani, Patrick R. Veres, Kathryn E. R. Dawe, J. Andrew Neuman, Steven S. Brown, Trevor C. VandenBoer, and Cora J. Young
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5859–5871, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5859-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5859-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study characterized and validated a commercial spectroscopic instrument for the measurement of hydrogen chloride (HCl) in the atmosphere. Near the Earth’s surface, HCl acts as the dominant reservoir for other chlorine-containing reactive chemicals that play an important role in atmospheric chemistry. The properties of HCl make it challenging to measure. This instrument can overcome many of these challenges, enabling reliable HCl measurements.
Frances A. Podrebarac, Sharon A. Billings, Kate A. Edwards, Jérôme Laganière, Matthew J. Norwood, and Susan E. Ziegler
Biogeosciences, 18, 4755–4772, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4755-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4755-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Soil respiration is a large and temperature-responsive flux in the global carbon cycle. We found increases in microbial use of easy to degrade substrates enhanced the temperature response of respiration in soils layered as they are in situ. This enhanced response is consistent with soil composition differences in warm relative to cold climate forests. These results highlight the importance of the intact nature of soils rarely studied in regulating responses of CO2 fluxes to changing temperature.
Melodie Lao, Leigh R. Crilley, Leyla Salehpoor, Teles C. Furlani, Ilann Bourgeois, J. Andrew Neuman, Andrew W. Rollins, Patrick R. Veres, Rebecca A. Washenfelder, Caroline C. Womack, Cora J. Young, and Trevor C. VandenBoer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 5873–5890, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5873-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5873-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrous acid (HONO) is a key intermediate in the generation of oxidants and fate of nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere. High-purity calibration sources that produce stable atmospherically relevant levels under field conditions have not been made to date, reducing measurement accuracy. In this study a simple salt-coated tube humidified with water vapor is demonstrated to produce pure stable low levels of HONO, with modifications allowing the generation of higher amounts.
Cited articles
Amodio, M., Catino, S., Dambruoso, P. R., de Gennaro, G., Di Gilio, A., Giungato, P., Laiola, E., Marzocca, A., Mazzone, A., Sardaro, A., and Tutino, M.: Atmospheric Deposition: Sampling Procedures, Analytical Methods, and Main Recent Findings from the Scientific Literature, Adv. Meteorol., 2014, 161730, https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/161730, 2014.
Argentino, C., Kalenitchenko, D., Lindgren, M., and Panieri, G.: HgCl2 addition to pore water samples from cold seeps can affect the geochemistry of dissolved inorganic carbon ([DIC], ä13CDIC), Mar. Chem., 251, 104236, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2023.104236, 2023.
Arisci, S., Rogora, M., Marchetto, A., and Dichiaro, F.: The role of forest type in the variability of DOC in atmospheric deposition at forest plots in Italy, Environ. Monit. Assess., 184, 3415–3425, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2196-2, 2012.
Audoux, T., Laurent, B., Desboeufs, K., Noyalet, G., Maisonneuve, F., Lauret, O., and Chevaillier, S.: Intra-event evolution of elemental and ionic concentrations in wet deposition in an urban environment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13485–13503, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13485-2023, 2023.
Avery, G. B., Willey, J. D., and Kieber, R. J.: Carbon isotopic characterization of dissolved organic carbon in rainwater: Terrestrial and marine influences, Atmos. Environ., 40, 7539–7545, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.07.014, 2006.
Barber, V. P. and Kroll, J. H.: Chemistry of Functionalized Reactive Organic Intermediates in the Earth's Atmosphere: Impact, Challenges, and Progress, J. Phys. Chem. A, 125, 10264–10279, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.1c08221, 2021.
Barrie, L. A. and Hales, J. M.: The spatial distributions of precipitation acidity and major ion wet deposition in North America during 1980, Tellus B, 36, 333–355, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v36i5.14915, 1984.
Beverland, I. J., Heal, M. R., Crowther, J. M., and Srinivas, M. S. N.: Real-time measurement and interpretation of the conductivity and pH of precipitation samples, Water. Air. Soil Pollut., 98, 325–344, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02047042, 1997.
Bowering, K. L., Edwards, K. A., Wiersma, Y. F., Billings, S. A., Warren, J., Skinner, A., and Ziegler, S. E.: Dissolved Organic Carbon Mobilization Across a Climate Transect of Mesic Boreal Forests Is Explained by Air Temperature and Snowpack Duration, Ecosystems, 26, 55–71, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-022-00741-0, 2022.
Bowering, K. L., Edwards, K. A., and Ziegler, S. E.: Seasonal controls override forest harvesting effects on the composition of dissolved organic matter mobilized from boreal forest soil organic horizons, Biogeosciences, 20, 2189–2206, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2189-2023, 2023.
Bowyer, P. J. (Ed.): Where the Wind Blows: A Guide to Marine Weather in Atlantic Canada, Breakwater Books Ltd., St John's, Newfoundland, 53 pp., ISBN 1-55081-119-3, 1995.
Boyd, C. E.: Carbon Dioxide, pH, and Alkalinity, in: Water Quality: An Introduction, edited by: Boyd, C. E., Springer International Publishing, Cham, 177–203, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23335-8_9, 2020.
Brahney, J., Wetherbee, G., Sexstone, G. A., Youngbull, C., Strong, P., and Heindel, R. C.: A new sampler for the collection and retrieval of dry dust deposition, Aeolian Res., 45, 100600, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2020.100600, 2020.
Burkhardt, J. and Drechsel, P.: The synergism between SO2 oxidation and manganese leaching on spruce needles – A chamber experiment, Environ. Pollut., 95, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(96)00126-1, 1997.
Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network: Inspector's reference manual, 1-1–2-14 pp., Cat. No. En56-273/1985E-PDF, 1985.
Cappellato, R., Peters, N. E., and Ragsdale, H. L.: Acidic atmospheric deposition and canopy interactions of adjacent deciduous and coniferous forests in the Georgia Piedmont, Can. J. For. Res., 23, 1114–1124, https://doi.org/10.1139/x93-142, 1993.
Carlson, J., Gough, W. A., Karagatzides, J. D., and Tsuji, L. J. S.: Canopy Interception of Acid Deposition in Southern Ontario, Can. Field-Nat., 117, 523–530, https://doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v117i4.799, 2003.
Casas-Ruiz, J. P., Bodmer, P., Bona, K. A., Butman, D., Couturier, M., Emilson, E. J. S., Finlay, K., Genet, H., Hayes, D., Karlsson, J., Paré, D., Peng, C., Striegl, R., Webb, J., Wei, X., Ziegler, S. E., and del Giorgio, P. A.: Integrating terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems to constrain estimates of land-atmosphere carbon exchange, Nat. Commun., 14, 1571, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37232-2, 2023.
Cha, J.-Y., Lee, S.-C., Lee, E.-J., Lee, K., Lee, H., Kim, H. S., Ahn, J., and Oh, N.-H.: Canopy Leaching Rather than Desorption of PM2.5 From Leaves Is the Dominant Source of Throughfall Dissolved Organic Carbon in Forest, Geophys. Res. Lett., 50, e2023GL103731, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL103731, 2023.
Chen, H., Tsai, K.-P., Su, Q., Chow, A. T., and Wang, J.-J.: Throughfall Dissolved Organic Matter as a Terrestrial Disinfection Byproduct Precursor, ACS Earth Space Chem., 3, 1603–1613, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.9b00088, 2019.
Ciruzzi, D. M. and Loheide, S. P.: Monitoring Tree Sway as an Indicator of Interception Dynamics Before, During, and Following a Storm, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL094980, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL094980, 2021.
Colli, M., Lanza, L. G., Rasmussen, R., and Thériault, J. M.: The Collection Efficiency of Shielded and Unshielded Precipitation Gauges. Part II: Modeling Particle Trajectories, J. Hydrometeorol., 17, 245–255, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-15-0011.1, 2016.
Colussi, A. A., Persaud, D., Lao, M. Place, B. K., Hems, R. F., Ziegler, S. E., Edwards, K. A., Young, C. J., and VandenBoer, T. C.: Off-grid automatic precipitation measurements of pH, conductivity, and dissolved organic carbon across the Newfoundland and Labrador Boreal Ecosystem Latitudinal Transect., Federated Research Data Repository [data set], https://doi.org/10.20383/103.0945, 2024.
Coward, E. K., Seech, K., Carter, M. L., Flick, R. E., and Grassian, V. H.: Of Sea and Smoke: Evidence of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter Deposition from 2020 Western United States Wildfires, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 9, 869–876, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00383, 2022.
Csavina, J., Field, J., Taylor, M. P., Gao, S., Landázuri, A., Betterton, E. A., and Sáez, A. E.: A review on the importance of metals and metalloids in atmospheric dust and aerosol from mining operations, Sci. Total Environ., 433, 58–73, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.013, 2012.
Dalva, M. and Moore, T. R.: Sources and sinks of dissolved organic carbon in a forested swamp catchment, Biogeochemistry, 15, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00002806, 1991.
Di Lorenzo, R. A., Place, B. K., VandenBoer, T. C., and Young, C. J.: Composition of Size-Resolved Aged Boreal Fire Aerosols: Brown Carbon, Biomass Burning Tracers, and Reduced Nitrogen, ACS Earth Space Chem., 2, 278–285, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.7b00137, 2018.
Dossett, S. R. and Bowersox, V. C.: National Trends Network Site Operation Manual, Illinois State Water Survey, 2-1–2-2, https://www.arlis.org/docs/vol1/123915417/opman.pdf (last access: 23 March 2021), 1999.
Eaton, J. S., Likens, G. E., and Bormann, F. H.: Throughfall and Stemflow Chemistry in a Northern Hardwood Forest, J. Ecol., 61, 495–508, https://doi.org/10.2307/2259041, 1973.
Environment Canada: Canadian Climate Normals, 1981 to 2010, https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/ (last accessed: 14 July 2023), 2023.
Erisman, J. W. and Draaijers, G.: Deposition to forests in Europe: most important factors influencing dry deposition and models used for generalisation, Environ. Pollut., 124, 379–388, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(03)00049-6, 2003.
Escarré, A., Carratalá, A., Àvila, A., Bellot, J., Piñol, J., and Milán, M.: Precipitation Chemistry and Air Pollution, in: Ecology of Mediterranean Evergreen Oak Forests, edited by: Rodà, F., Retana, J., Gracia, C. A., and Bellot, J., Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 195–208, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58618-7_14, 1999.
Farmer, D. K., Boedicker, E. K., and DeBolt, H. M.: Dry Deposition of Atmospheric Aerosols: Approaches, Observations, and Mechanisms, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 72, 375–397, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physchem-090519-034936, 2021.
Feng, J., Vet, R., Cole, A., Zhang, L., Cheng, I., O'Brien, J., and Macdonald, A.-M.: Inorganic chemical components in precipitation in the eastern U.S. and Eastern Canada during 1989–2016: Temporal and regional trends of wet concentration and wet deposition from the NADP and CAPMoN measurements, Atmos. Environ., 254, 118367, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118367, 2021.
Fingler, S., Tkalèeviæ, B., Fröbe, Z., and Drevenkar, V.: Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides and chlorophenols in rain and snow, Analyst, 119, 1135–1140, https://doi.org/10.1039/AN9941901135, 1994.
Fowler, D.: Wet and Dry Deposition of Sulphur and Nitrogen Compounds from the Atmosphere, Springer, Boston, MA, 9–27, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3033-2_3, 1980.
Galloway, J. N. and Likens, G. E.: The collection of precipitation for chemical analysis, Tellus, 30, 71–82, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v30i1.10318, 1978.
Gao, S., Hegg, D. A., Hobbs, P. V., Kirchstetter, T. W., Magi, B. I., and Sadilek, M.: Water-soluble organic components in aerosols associated with savanna fires in southern Africa: Identification, evolution, and distribution, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 02324, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002324, 2003.
Gatz, D. F., Selman, R. F., Langs, R. K., and Holtzman, R. B.: An Automatic Sequential Rain Sampler, J. Appl. Meteorol. 1962–1982, 10, 341–344, 1971.
George, C.: Photosensitization is in the air and impacts the multiphase on oxidation capacity, EGU23, the 25th EGU General Assembly, 23–28 April, Vienna, Austria and Online, 2023.
Germer, S., Neill, C., Krusche, A. V., Neto, S. C. G., and Elsenbeer, H.: Seasonal and within-event dynamics of rainfall and throughfall chemistry in an open tropical rainforest in Rondônia, Brazil, Biogeochemistry, 86, 155–174, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-007-9152-9, 2007.
Grennfelt, P., Engleryd, A., Forsius, M., Hov, Ø., Rodhe, H., and Cowling, E.: Acid rain and air pollution: 50 years of progress in environmental science and policy, Ambio, 49, 849–864, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01244-4, 2020.
Guinotte, J. M. and Fabry, V. J.: Ocean Acidification and Its Potential Effects on Marine Ecosystems, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1134, 320–342, https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1439.013, 2008.
Hadiwijaya, B., Isabelle, P.-E., Nadeau, D. F., and Pepin, S.: Observations of canopy storage capacity and wet canopy evaporation in a humid boreal forest, Hydrol. Process., 35, e14021, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14021, 2021.
Hall, D. J.: Precipitation collector for use in the Secondary National Acid Deposition Network, United States Department of Energy, Report No. PB-87-126181/XAB; LR-561(AP)M, 1985.
Han, G., Song, Z., Tang, Y., Wu, Q., and Wang, Z.: Ca and Sr isotope compositions of rainwater from Guiyang city, Southwest China: Implication for the sources of atmospheric aerosols and their seasonal variations, Atmos. Environ., 214, 116854, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.116854, 2019.
Heald, C. L. and Kroll, J. H.: The fuel of atmospheric chemistry: Toward a complete description of reactive organic carbon, Sci. Adv., 6, eaay8967, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay8967, 2020.
Heald, C. L., Gouw, J. de, Goldstein, A. H., Guenther, A. B., Hayes, P. L., Hu, W., Isaacman-VanWertz, G., Jimenez, J. L., Keutsch, F. N., Koss, A. R., Misztal, P. K., Rappenglück, B., Roberts, J. M., Stevens, P. S., Washenfelder, R. A., Warneke, C., and Young, C. J.: Contrasting Reactive Organic Carbon Observations in the Southeast United States (SOAS) and Southern California (CalNex), Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 14923–14935, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c05027, 2020.
Houle, D., Augustin, F., and Couture, S.: Rapid improvement of lake acid–base status in Atlantic Canada following steep decline in precipitation acidity, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 79, 2126–2137, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2021-0349, 2022.
Howard, M., Hathaway, J. M., Tirpak, R. A., Lisenbee, W. A., and Sims, S.: Quantifying urban tree canopy interception in the southeastern United States, Urban For. Urban Green., 77, 127741, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127741, 2022.
Iavorivska, L., Boyer, E. W., and DeWalle, D. R.: Atmospheric deposition of organic carbon via precipitation, Acid Rain Its Environ. Eff. Recent Sci. Adv., 146, 153–163, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.06.006, 2016.
Jacob, D. J.: Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 49 pp., 1999.
Jurado, E., Jaward, F. M., Lohmann, R., Jones, K. C., Simó, R., and Dachs, J.: Atmospheric Dry Deposition of Persistent Organic Pollutants to the Atlantic and Inferences for the Global Oceans, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 5505–5513, https://doi.org/10.1021/es049240v, 2004.
Jurado, E., Jaward, F., Lohmann, R., Jones, K. C., Simó, R., and Dachs, J.: Wet Deposition of Persistent Organic Pollutants to the Global Oceans, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 2426–2435, https://doi.org/10.1021/es048599g, 2005.
Kattner, G.: Storage of dissolved inorganic nutrients in seawater: poisoning with mercuric chloride, Mar. Chem., 67, 61–66, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(99)00049-3, 1999.
Kirkwood, D. S.: Stability of solutions of nutrient salts during storage, Mar. Chem., 38, 151–164, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(92)90032-6, 1992.
Kochendorfer, J., Meyers, T. P., Hall, M. E., Landolt, S. D., Lentz, J., and Diamond, H. J.: A new reference-quality precipitation gauge wind shield, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5647–5657, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5647-2023, 2023.
Kroll, J. H., Donahue, N. M., Jimenez, J. L., Kessler, S. H., Canagaratna, M. R., Wilson, K. R., Altieri, K. E., Mazzoleni, L. R., Wozniak, A. S., Bluhm, H., Mysak, E. R., Smith, J. D., Kolb, C. E., and Worsnop, D. R.: Carbon oxidation state as a metric for describing the chemistry of atmospheric organic aerosol, Nat. Chem., 3, 133–139, https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.948, 2011.
Kuylenstierna, J. C., Rodhe, H., Cinderby, S., and Hicks, K.: Acidification in developing countries: ecosystem sensitivity and the critical load approach on a global scale, Ambio, 30, 20–28, https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-30.1.20, 2001.
Laquer, F. C.: Sequential precipitation samplers: A literature review, Atmospheric Environ. Part Gen. Top., 24, 2289–2297, https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(90)90322-E, 1990.
Laurent, B., Losno, R., Chevaillier, S., Vincent, J., Roullet, P., Bon Nguyen, E., Ouboulmane, N., Triquet, S., Fornier, M., Raimbault, P., and Bergametti, G.: An automatic collector to monitor insoluble atmospheric deposition: application for mineral dust deposition, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 2801–2811, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-2801-2015, 2015.
Lawrence, C. E., Casson, P., Brandt, R., Schwab, J. J., Dukett, J. E., Snyder, P., Yerger, E., Kelting, D., VandenBoer, T. C., and Lance, S.: Long-term monitoring of cloud water chemistry at Whiteface Mountain: the emergence of a new chemical regime, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1619–1639, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1619-2023, 2023.
Likens, G. E. and Butler, T. J.: Atmospheric Acid Deposition, in: The Handbook of Natural Resources, Atmosphere and Climate, Vol. 6, edited by: Wang, Y., CRC Press, ISBN 9781138339675, 2020.
Lin, W.-C., Brondum, K., Monroe, C. W., and Burns, M. A.: Multifunctional Water Sensors for pH, ORP, and Conductivity Using Only Microfabricated Platinum Electrodes, Sensors, 17, 1655, https://doi.org/10.3390/s17071655, 2017.
Lindberg, S. E., Lovett, G. M., Richter, D. D., and Johnson, D. W.: Atmospheric Deposition and Canopy Interactions of Major Ions in a Forest, Science, 231, 141–145, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.231.4734.141, 1986.
Lovett, G. M.: Atmospheric Deposition of Nutrients and Pollutants in North America: An Ecological Perspective, Ecol. Appl., 4, 629–650, https://doi.org/10.2307/1941997, 1994.
Lovett, G. M. and Kinsman, J. D.: Atmospheric pollutant deposition to high-elevation ecosystems, Atmospheric Environ. Part Gen. Top., 24, 2767–2786, https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(90)90164-I, 1990.
Meteorological Service of Canada: 2004 Canadian Acid Deposition Science Assessment, Library and Archives Canada, ISBN 0-662-38754-6, https://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection/En4-46-2004E.pdf (last access: 28 July 2021), 2005.
Metzger, J. C., Schumacher, J., Lange, M., and Hildebrandt, A.: Neighbourhood and stand structure affect stemflow generation in a heterogeneous deciduous temperate forest, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 4433–4452, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4433-2019, 2019.
Michalzik, B. and Matzner, E.: Dynamics of dissolved organic nitrogen and carbon in a Central European Norway spruce ecosystem, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 50, 579–590, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.1999.00267.x, 1999.
Moore, T. R.: Dissolved organic carbon in a northern boreal landscape, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1109, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002050, 2003.
Myers-Pigg, A. N., Louchouarn, P., Amon, R. M. W., Prokushkin, A., Pierce, K., and Rubtsov, A.: Labile pyrogenic dissolved organic carbon in major Siberian Arctic rivers: Implications for wildfire-stream metabolic linkages, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 377–385, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062762, 2015.
National Atmospheric Deposition Program: NADP Site Selection and Installation Manual, https://nadp.slh.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/NADP-2010_Site_Selection_and_Installation_Manual_v1.pdf (last access: 1 September 2021),, 2009.
Oka, A., Takahashi, J., Endoh, Y., and Seino, T.: Bark Effects on Stemflow Chemistry in a Japanese Temperate Forest I. The Role of Bark Surface Morphology, Front. For. Glob. Change, 4, https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2021.654375, 2021.
Pacyna, J. M.: Ecological Processes: Atmospheric Deposition, in: Encyclopedia of Ecology, Vol. 1, edited by: Jorgensen, S. E. and Fath, B. D., Elsevier Science, 275–285, 2008.
Pan, Y., Wang, Y., Xin, J., Tang, G., Song, T., Wang, Y., Li, X., and Wu, F.: Study on dissolved organic carbon in precipitation in Northern China, Atmos. Environ., 44, 2350–2357, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.03.033, 2010.
Peden, M. E., Bachman, S. R., Brennan, C. J., Demir, B., James, K. O., Kaiser, B. W., Lockard, J. M., Rothery, J. E., Sauer, J., Skowron, L. M., and Slater, M. J.: Methods for collection and analysis of precipitation, Illinois State Water Survey, ISWS Contract Report CR 381, 1–7 pp., 1986.
Pomeroy, J. W., Granger, R., Pietroniro, J., Elliott, J., Toth, B., and Hedstrom, N.: Classification of the Boreal Forest for Hydrological Processes, in: Proceedings of the Ninth International Boreal Forest Research Association Conference, 21–23 September, 1998, Oslo, Norway, edited by: Woxholtt, S., 49–59 pp., 1999.
Pumpanen, J., Lindén, A., Miettinen, H., Kolari, P., Ilvesniemi, H., Mammarella, I., Hari, P., Nikinmaa, E., Heinonsalo, J., Bäck, J., Ojala, A., Berninger, F., and Vesala, T.: Precipitation and net ecosystem exchange are the most important drivers of DOC flux in upland boreal catchments, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci., 119, 1861–1878, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JG002705, 2014.
Ramanathan, V. and Carmichael, G.: Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon, Nat. Geosci., 1, 221–227, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo156, 2008.
Randall, David: An Introduction to the Global Circulation of the Atmosphere, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 43 pp., ISBN 9780691148960, 2015.
Reddy, M. M., Liebermann, T. D., Jelinski, J. C., and Caine, N.: Variation in pH During Summer Storms Near the Continental Divide in Central Colorado, U.S.A.*, Arct. Alp. Res., 17, 79–88, 1985.
Richter, D. D. and Lindberg, S. E.: Wet Deposition Estimates from Long-Term Bulk and Event Wet-Only Samples of Incident Precipitation and Throughfall, J. Environ. Qual., 17, 619–622, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1988.00472425001700040017x, 1988.
Ryan, K. A., Adler, T., Chalmers, A., Perdrial, J., Shanley, J. B., and Stubbins, A.: Event Scale Relationships of DOC and TDN Fluxes in Throughfall and Stemflow Diverge From Stream Exports in a Forested Catchment, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci., 126, e2021JG006281, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JG006281, 2021.
Safieddine, S. A. and Heald, C. L.: A Global Assessment of Dissolved Organic Carbon in Precipitation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 11672–11681, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075270, 2017.
Saleh, R.: From Measurements to Models: Toward Accurate Representation of Brown Carbon in Climate Calculations, Curr. Pollut. Rep., 6, 90–104, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-020-00139-3, 2020.
Sanei, H., Outridge, P. M., Goodarzi, F., Wang, F., Armstrong, D., Warren, K., and Fishback, L.: Wet deposition mercury fluxes in the Canadian sub-Arctic and southern Alberta, measured using an automated precipitation collector adapted to cold regions, Atmos. Environ., 44, 1672–1681, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.01.030, 2010.
Santín, C., Doerr, S. H., Kane, E. S., Masiello, C. A., Ohlson, M., de la Rosa, J. M., Preston, C. M., and Dittmar, T.: Towards a global assessment of pyrogenic carbon from vegetation fires, Glob. Change Biol., 22, 76–91, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12985, 2016.
Siksna, R.: The electrolytical conductivity of precipitation water as an aid to the chemical analysis, Geofis. Pura E Appl., 42, 32–41, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02113385, 1959.
Sleutel, S., Vandenbruwane, J., De Schrijver, A., Wuyts, K., Moeskops, B., Verheyen, K., and De Neve, S.: Patterns of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen fluxes in deciduous and coniferous forests under historic high nitrogen deposition, Biogeosciences, 6, 2743–2758, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2743-2009, 2009.
Smith, W. H.: Air Pollution and Forests: Interactions Between Air Contaminants and Forest Ecosystems, 1st Edn., Springer, New York, NY, 379 pp., 1981.
Stedman, J. R., Heyes, C. J., and Irwin, J. G.: A comparison of bulk and wet-only precipitation collectors at rural sites in the United Kingdom, Water. Air. Soil Pollut., 52, 377–395, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00229445, 1990.
Stoddard, J. L., Jeffries, D. S., Lükewille, A., Clair, T. A., Dillon, P. J., Driscoll, C. T., Forsius, M., Johannessen, M., Kahl, J. S., Kellogg, J. H., Kemp, A., Mannio, J., Monteith, D. T., Murdoch, P. S., Patrick, S., Rebsdorf, A., Skjelkvåle, B. L., Stainton, M. P., Traaen, T., van Dam, H., Webster, K. E., Wieting, J., and Wilander, A.: Regional trends in aquatic recovery from acidification in North America and Europe, Nature, 401, 575–578, https://doi.org/10.1038/44114, 1999.
Stubbins, A., Silva, L. M., Dittmar, T., and Van Stan, J. T.: Molecular and Optical Properties of Tree-Derived Dissolved Organic Matter in Throughfall and Stemflow from Live Oaks and Eastern Red Cedar, Front. Earth Sci., 5, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2017.00022, 2017.
Thornton, M. M., Shrestha, R., Wei, Y., Thornton, P. E., Kao, S.-C., and Wilson, B. E.: Daymet: Monthly Climate Summaries on a 1-km Grid for North America, Version 4 R1, https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/2131, 2022.
Thornton, P. E., Running, S. W., and White, M. A.: Generating surfaces of daily meteorological variables over large regions of complex terrain, Aggreg. Descr. Land-Atmosphere Interact., 190, 214–251, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03128-9, 1997.
Thornton, P. E., Shrestha, R., Thornton, M., Kao, S.-C., Wei, Y., and Wilson, B. E.: Gridded daily weather data for North America with comprehensive uncertainty quantification, Sci. Data, 8, 190, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00973-0, 2021.
United States Environmental Protection Agency: Integrated Science Assessment (ISA) for Oxides of Nitrogen, Oxides of Sulfur and Particulate Matter Ecological Criteria (Final Report, 2020), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/600/R-20/278, 2020.
Van Stan, J. T. and Stubbins, A.: Tree-DOM: Dissolved organic matter in throughfall and stemflow, Limnol. Oceanogr. Lett., 3, 199–214, https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.10059, 2018.
Van Stan, J. T., Wagner, S., Guillemette, F., Whitetree, A., Lewis, J., Silva, L., and Stubbins, A.: Temporal Dynamics in the Concentration, Flux, and Optical Properties of Tree-Derived Dissolved Organic Matter in an Epiphyte-Laden Oak-Cedar Forest, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci., 122, 2982–2997, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JG004111, 2017.
VandenBoer, T. C.: AIM-IC: Applications to Nitrous Acid (HONO) in the Ambient Atmosphere and Precipitation Monitoring, Masters of Science, University of Toronto, 2009.
Vermette, S. J. and Drake, J. J.: Simplified wet-only and sequential fraction rain collector, Atmos. Environ., 1967, 21, 715–716, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(87)90053-9, 1987.
Vet, R., Artz, R. S., Carou, S., Shaw, M., Ro, C.-U., Aas, W., Baker, A., Bowersox, V. C., Dentener, F., Galy-Lacaux, C., Hou, A., Pienaar, J. J., Gillett, R., Forti, M. C., Gromov, S., Hara, H., Khodzher, T., Mahowald, N. M., Nickovic, S., Rao, P. S. P., and Reid, N. W.: A global assessment of precipitation chemistry and deposition of sulfur, nitrogen, sea salt, base cations, organic acids, acidity and pH, and phosphorus, Glob. Assess. Precip. Chem. Depos. Sulfur Nitrogen Sea Salt Base Cations Org. Acids Acidity PH Phosphorus, 93, 3–100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.060, 2014.
Wang, X., Gemayel, R., Baboomian, V. J., Li, K., Boreave, A., Dubois, C., Tomaz, S., Perrier, S., Nizkorodov, S. A., and George, C.: Naphthalene-Derived Secondary Organic Aerosols Interfacial Photosensitizing Properties, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL093465, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093465, 2021.
Washenfelder, R. A., Azzarello, L., Ball, K., Brown, S. S., Decker, Z. C. J., Franchin, A., Fredrickson, C. D., Hayden, K., Holmes, C. D., Middlebrook, A. M., Palm, B. B., Pierce, R. B., Price, D. J., Roberts, J. M., Robinson, M. A., Thornton, J. A., Womack, C. C., and Young, C. J.: Complexity in the Evolution, Composition, and Spectroscopy of Brown Carbon in Aircraft Measurements of Wildfire Plumes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL098951, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098951, 2022.
Wetherbee, G. A., Shaw, M. J., Latysh, N. E., Lehmann, C. M. B., and Rothert, J. E.: Comparison of precipitation chemistry measurements obtained by the Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network and National Atmospheric Deposition Program for the period 1995–2004, Environ. Monit. Assess., 164, 111–132, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-0879-8, 2010.
Wonaschütz, A., Hersey, S. P., Sorooshian, A., Craven, J. S., Metcalf, A. R., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Impact of a large wildfire on water-soluble organic aerosol in a major urban area: the 2009 Station Fire in Los Angeles County, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 8257–8270, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8257-2011, 2011.
Ziegler, S. E., Benner, R., Billings, S. A., Edwards, K. A., Philben, M., Zhu, X., and Laganière, J.: Climate Warming Can Accelerate Carbon Fluxes without Changing Soil Carbon Stocks, Front. Earth Sci., 5, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2017.00002, 2017.
Short summary
A new modular and affordable instrument was developed to automatically collect wet deposition continuously with an off-grid solar top-up power package. Monthly collections were performed across the Newfoundland and Labrador Boreal Ecosystem Latitudinal Transect of experimental forest sites from 2015 to 2016. The proof-of-concept systems were validated with baseline measurements of pH and conductivity and then applied to dissolved organic carbon as an analyte of emerging biogeochemical interest.
A new modular and affordable instrument was developed to automatically collect wet deposition...
