Articles | Volume 14, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4355-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4355-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
14 Jun 2021
Research article |
| 14 Jun 2021
| 14 Jun 2021
Quantifying organic matter and functional groups in particulate matter filter samples from the southeastern United States – Part 2: Spatiotemporal trends
Air Quality Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
Satoshi Takahama
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Andrew T. Weakley
Air Quality Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
Bruno M. Debus
Air Quality Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
Stephanie L. Shaw
Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
Eric S. Edgerton
Atmospheric Research & Analysis, Inc., Cary, NC 27513, USA
Taekyu Joo
School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
Nga L. Ng
School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
School of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
Ann M. Dillner
Air Quality Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
Related authors
No articles found.
Lindsay D. Yee, Emily B. Franklin, Robin J. Weber, Jessica Zhao, Tiger Zhang, Stephanie Xu, Isaac Santillan, Fangyuan Li, Coty N. Jen, Haofei Zhang, Yutong Liang, Gabriel Isaacman Van-Wertz, Rebecca A. Wernis, John Offenberg, Michael Lewandowski, Taekyu Joo, Masayuki Takeuchi, Gamze Eris, Weiqi Xu, Nga L. Ng, Yuzhi Chen, John E. Shilling, Mary Alice Upshur, Ariana Gray Bé, Regan J. Thomson, Franz M. Geiger, and Allen H. Goldstein
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-116, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-116, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
Short summary
Short summary
An open-access mass spectral database of identified and unidentified compounds in atmospheric and laboratory-generated organic aerosols is released to aid in future molecular discoveries in the environmental sciences. Identification of air pollution sources and origins are improved using the ~27,000 mass spectral records in the UCB-GLOBES database.
Wendell W. Walters, Masayuki Takeuchi, Danielle E. Blum, Gamze Eris, David Tanner, Weiqi Xu, Jean Rivera-Rios, Fobang Liu, Tianchang Xu, Greg Huey, Justin B. Min, Rodney Weber, Nga L. Ng, and Meredith G. Hastings
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 10707–10730, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-10707-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-10707-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We studied how chemicals released from plants and pollution interact in the atmosphere, affecting air quality and climate. By combining laboratory experiments and chemistry models, we tracked unique chemical fingerprints to understand how nitrogen compounds transform to form particles in the air. Our findings help explain the role of these reactions in pollution and provide tools to improve predictions for cleaner air and better climate policies.
Yuting Lyu, Taekyu Joo, Ruihan Ma, Mark Kristan Espejo Cabello, Tianye Zhou, Shun Yeung, Cheuk Ki Wong, Yifang Gu, Yiming Qin, and Theodora Nah
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 10731–10745, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-10731-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-10731-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the aqueous nitrate-mediated photooxidation of four green leaf volatiles (GLVs). The aqueous reaction medium conditions, dilute cloud/fog vs. concentrated aqueous aerosol conditions, governed the effects that pH, ionic strength, and sulfate have on the GLV degradation rates and aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA) mass yields. Most notably, reactions initiated by sulfate photolysis have significant effects in aqueous aerosols but not in cloud/fog droplets.
Yuchen Wang, Xiang Zhang, Yuanlong Huang, Yutong Liang, and Nga L. Ng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 5215–5231, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5215-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5215-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This work provides the first fundamental laboratory data to evaluate SOA (secondary organic aerosol) production from styrene and NO3 chemistry. Additionally, the formation mechanisms of aromatic organic nitrates (ONs) are reported, highlighting that previously identified nitroaromatics in ambient field campaigns can be aromatic ONs. Finally, the hydrolysis lifetimes observed for ONs generated from styrene and NO3 oxidation can serve as experimentally constrained parameters for modeling hydrolysis of aromatic ONs in general.
Nagendra Raparthi, Anthony S. Wexler, and Ann M. Dillner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 603–618, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-603-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-603-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Quantifying the composition-dependent hygroscopicity of aerosol particles is essential for advancing our understanding of atmospheric processes. Existing methods do not integrate chemical composition with hygroscopicity. We developed a novel method to assess the water uptake of particles sampled on aerosol filters at relative humidity levels up to 97 % and link it with their composition. This approach allows for the separation of total water uptake into inorganic and organic components.
Wendell W. Walters, Masayuki Takeuchi, Nga L. Ng, and Meredith G. Hastings
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4673–4687, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4673-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4673-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study introduces a novel chemical mechanism for explicitly tracking oxygen isotope transfer in oxidized reactive nitrogen and odd oxygen using the Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism, version 2. This model enhances our ability to simulate and compare oxygen isotope compositions of reactive nitrogen, revealing insights into oxidation chemistry. The approach shows promise for improving atmospheric chemistry models and tropospheric oxidation capacity predictions.
Emily Y. Li, Amir Yazdani, Ann M. Dillner, Guofeng Shen, Wyatt M. Champion, James J. Jetter, William T. Preston, Lynn M. Russell, Michael D. Hays, and Satoshi Takahama
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2401–2413, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2401-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2401-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Infrared spectroscopy is a cost-effective measurement technique to characterize the chemical composition of organic aerosol emissions. This technique differentiates the organic matter emission factor from different fuel sources by their characteristic functional groups. Comparison with collocated measurements suggests that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in emissions estimated by conventional chromatography may be substantially underestimated.
Andrew T. Lambe, Bin Bai, Masayuki Takeuchi, Nicole Orwat, Paul M. Zimmerman, Mitchell W. Alton, Nga L. Ng, Andrew Freedman, Megan S. Claflin, Drew R. Gentner, Douglas R. Worsnop, and Pengfei Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13869–13882, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13869-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13869-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a new method to generate nitrate radicals (NO3) for atmospheric chemistry applications that works by irradiating mixtures containing ceric ammonium nitrate with a UV light at room temperature. It has several advantages over traditional NO3 sources. We characterized its performance over a range of mixture and reactor conditions as well as other irradiation products. Proof of concept was demonstrated by generating and characterizing oxidation products of the β-pinene + NO3 reaction.
Yutong Liang, Rebecca A. Wernis, Kasper Kristensen, Nathan M. Kreisberg, Philip L. Croteau, Scott C. Herndon, Arthur W. H. Chan, Nga L. Ng, and Allen H. Goldstein
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12441–12454, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12441-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12441-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We measured the gas–particle partitioning behaviors of biomass burning markers and examined the effect of wildfire organic aerosol on the partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds. Most compounds measured are less volatile than model predictions. Wildfire aerosol enhanced the condensation of polar compounds and caused some nonpolar (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) compounds to partition into the gas phase, thus affecting their lifetimes in the atmosphere and the mode of exposure.
Marife B. Anunciado, Miranda De Boskey, Laura Haines, Katarina Lindskog, Tracy Dombek, Satoshi Takahama, and Ann M. Dillner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 3515–3529, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3515-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3515-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Organic sulfur compounds are used to identify sources and atmospheric processing of aerosol. Our paper evaluates the potential of using a non-destructive measurement technique to measure organic sulfur compounds in filter samples by assessing their chemical stability over time. Some were stable, but some evaporated or changed chemically. Future work includes evaluating the stability and potential interference of multiple organic sulfur compounds in laboratory mixtures and ambient aerosol.
Amir Yazdani, Satoshi Takahama, John K. Kodros, Marco Paglione, Mauro Masiol, Stefania Squizzato, Kalliopi Florou, Christos Kaltsonoudis, Spiro D. Jorga, Spyros N. Pandis, and Athanasios Nenes
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7461–7477, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7461-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7461-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Organic aerosols directly emitted from wood and pellet stove combustion are found to chemically transform (approximately 15 %–35 % by mass) under daytime aging conditions simulated in an environmental chamber. A new marker for lignin-like compounds is found to degrade at a different rate than previously identified biomass burning markers and can potentially provide indication of aging time in ambient samples.
John T. Walker, Xi Chen, Zhiyong Wu, Donna Schwede, Ryan Daly, Aleksandra Djurkovic, A. Christopher Oishi, Eric Edgerton, Jesse Bash, Jennifer Knoepp, Melissa Puchalski, John Iiames, and Chelcy F. Miniat
Biogeosciences, 20, 971–995, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-971-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-971-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Better estimates of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition are needed to accurately assess ecosystem risk and impacts from deposition of nutrients and acidity. Using measurements and modeling, we estimate total N deposition of 6.7 kg N ha−1 yr−1 at a forest site in the southern Appalachian Mountains, a region sensitive to atmospheric deposition. Reductions in deposition of reduced forms of N (ammonia and ammonium) will be needed to meet the lowest estimates of N critical loads for the region.
Nikunj Dudani and Satoshi Takahama
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4693–4707, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4693-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4693-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We designed and fabricated an aerosol collector with high collection efficiency that enables quantitative infrared spectroscopy analysis. By collecting particles on optical windows, typical substrate interferences are eliminated. New methods for fabricating aerosol devices using 3D printing with post-treatment to reduce the time and cost of prototyping are described.
Amir Yazdani, Nikunj Dudani, Satoshi Takahama, Amelie Bertrand, André S. H. Prévôt, Imad El Haddad, and Ann M. Dillner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2857–2874, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2857-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2857-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
While the aerosol mass spectrometer provides high-time-resolution characterization of the overall extent of oxidation, the extensive fragmentation of molecules and specificity of the technique have posed challenges toward deeper understanding of molecular structures in aerosols. This work demonstrates how functional group information can be extracted from a suite of commonly measured mass fragments using collocated infrared spectroscopy measurements.
Bruno Debus, Andrew T. Weakley, Satoshi Takahama, Kathryn M. George, Anahita Amiri-Farahani, Bret Schichtel, Scott Copeland, Anthony S. Wexler, and Ann M. Dillner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2685–2702, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2685-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2685-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In the US, routine particulate matter composition is measured on samples collected on three types of filter media and analyzed using several techniques. We propose an alternate approach that uses one analytical technique, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and one filter type to measure the chemical composition of particulate matter in a major US monitoring network. This method could be used to add low-cost sites to the network, fill-in missing data, or for quality control.
Mária Lbadaoui-Darvas, Satoshi Takahama, and Athanasios Nenes
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17687–17714, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17687-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17687-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol–cloud interactions constitute the most uncertain contribution to climate change. The uptake kinetics of water by aerosol is a central process of cloud droplet formation, yet its molecular-scale mechanism is unknown. We use molecular simulations to study this process for phase-separated organic particles. Our results explain the increased cloud condensation activity of such particles and can be generalized over various compositions, thus possibly serving as a basis for future models.
Amir Yazdani, Ann M. Dillner, and Satoshi Takahama
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4805–4827, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4805-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4805-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a spectroscopic method for estimating several mixture-averaged molecular properties (carbon number and molecular weight) in particulate matter relevant for understanding its chemical origins. This estimation is enabled by calibration models built and tested using laboratory standards containing molecules with known structure, and can be applied to filter samples of PM2.5 currently collected in existing air pollution monitoring networks and field campaigns.
Amir Yazdani, Nikunj Dudani, Satoshi Takahama, Amelie Bertrand, André S. H. Prévôt, Imad El Haddad, and Ann M. Dillner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10273–10293, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10273-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10273-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Functional group compositions of primary and aged aerosols from wood burning and coal combustion sources from chamber experiments are interpreted through compounds present in the fuels and known gas-phase oxidation products. Infrared spectra of aged wood burning in the chamber and ambient biomass burning samples reveal striking similarities, and a new method for identifying burning-impacted samples in monitoring network measurements is presented.
Weiqi Xu, Masayuki Takeuchi, Chun Chen, Yanmei Qiu, Conghui Xie, Wanyun Xu, Nan Ma, Douglas R. Worsnop, Nga Lee Ng, and Yele Sun
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3693–3705, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3693-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3693-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Here we developed a method for estimation of particulate organic nitrates (pON) from the measurements of a high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer coupled with a thermodenuder based on the volatility differences between inorganic nitrate and pON. The results generally had improvements in reducing negative values due to the influences of a high concentration of inorganic nitrate and a constant ratio of NO+ to NO2+ of organic nitrates (RON).
Weiqi Xu, Chun Chen, Yanmei Qiu, Ying Li, Zhiqiang Zhang, Eleni Karnezi, Spyros N. Pandis, Conghui Xie, Zhijie Li, Jiaxing Sun, Nan Ma, Wanyun Xu, Pingqing Fu, Zifa Wang, Jiang Zhu, Douglas R. Worsnop, Nga Lee Ng, and Yele Sun
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5463–5476, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5463-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5463-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Here aerosol volatility and viscosity at a rural site (Gucheng) and an urban site (Beijing) in the North China Plain (NCP) were investigated in summer and winter. Our results showed that organic aerosol (OA) in winter in the NCP is more volatile than that in summer due to enhanced primary emissions from coal combustion and biomass burning. We also found that OA existed mainly as a solid in winter in Beijing but as semisolids in Beijing in summer and Gucheng in winter.
Cited articles
Alabama Forestry Commission: Current Burn Restrictions: https://forestry.alabama.gov/Pages/Fire/BurnRestrictions.aspx, last access: 16 May 2021.
Al-Naiema, I. M., Hettiyadura, A. P. S., Wallace, H. W., Sanchez, N. P., Madler, C. J., Cevik, B. K., Bui, A. A. T., Kettler, J., Griffin, R. J., and Stone, E. A.: Source apportionment of fine particulate matter in Houston, Texas: insights to secondary organic aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15601–15622, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15601-2018, 2018.
Bell, T. L., Rosenfeld, D., Kim, K.-M., Yoo, J.-M., Lee, M.-I., and Hahnenberger, M.: Midweek increase in US summer rain and storm heights suggests air pollution invigorates rainstorms, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D02209, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008623, 2008.
Blanchard, C. L., Hidy, G. M., Tanenbaum, S., Edgerton, E., Hartsell, B., and Jansen, J.: Carbon in southeastern US aerosol particles: Empirical estimates of secondary organic aerosol formation, Atmos. Environ., 42, 6710–6720, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.04.011, 2008.
Blanchard, C. L., Tanenbaum, S., and Hidy, G. M.: Source attribution of air pollutant concentrations and trends in the Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization (SEARCH) network, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 13536–13545, https://doi.org/10.1021/es402876s, 2013a.
Blanchard, C. L., Hidy, G. M., Tanenbaum, S., Edgerton, E. S., and Hartsell, B. E.: The Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization (SEARCH) study: Temporal trends in gas and PM concentrations and composition, 1999–2010, J. Air Waste Manage., 63, 247–259, https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2012.748523, 2013b.
Blanchard, C. L., Chow, J. C., Edgerton, E. S., Watson, J. G., Hidy, G. M., and Shaw, S.: Organic aerosols in the southeastern United States: Speciated particulate carbon measurements from the SEARCH network, 2006–2010, Atmos. Environ., 95, 327–333, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.06.050, 2014.
Blanchard, C. L., Hidy, G. M., Shaw, S., Baumann, K., and Edgerton, E. S.: Effects of emission reductions on organic aerosol in the southeastern United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 215–238, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-215-2016, 2016.
Boris, A. J., Takahama, S., Weakley, A. T., Debus, B. M., Fredrickson, C. D., Esparza-Sanchez, M., Burki, C., Reggente, M., Shaw, S. L., Edgerton, E. S., and Dillner, A. M.: Quantifying organic matter and functional groups in particulate matter filter samples from the southeastern United States – Part 1: Methods, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 5391–5415, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-5391-2019, 2019.
Budisulistiorini, S. H., Li, X., Bairai, S. T., Renfro, J., Liu, Y., Liu, Y. J., McKinney, K. A., Martin, S. T., McNeill, V. F., Pye, H. O. T., Nenes, A., Neff, M. E., Stone, E. A., Mueller, S., Knote, C., Shaw, S. L., Zhang, Z., Gold, A., and Surratt, J. D.: Examining the effects of anthropogenic emissions on isoprene-derived secondary organic aerosol formation during the 2013 Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) at the Look Rock, Tennessee ground site, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 8871–8888, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8871-2015, 2015.
Bürki, C., Reggente, M., Dillner, A. M., Hand, J. L., Shaw, S. L., and Takahama, S.: Analysis of functional groups in atmospheric aerosols by infrared spectroscopy: method development for probabilistic modeling of organic carbon and organic matter concentrations, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 1517–1538, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1517-2020, 2020.
Carlton, A. G., Pinder, R. W., Bhave, P. V., and Pouliot, G. A.: To what extent can biogenic SOA be controlled?, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 3376–3380, https://doi.org/10.1021/es903506b, 2010.
Carlton, A. G., de Gouw, J., Jimenez, J. L., Ambrose, J. L., Attwood, A. R., Brown, S., Baker, K. R., Brock, C., Cohen, R. C., Edgerton, S., Farkas, C. M., Farmer, D., Goldstein, A. H., Gratz, L., Guenther, A., Hunt, S., Jaeglé, L., Jaffe, D. A., Mak, J., McClure, C., Nenes, A., Nguyen, T. K., Pierce, J. R., de Sa, S., Selin, N. E., Shah, V., Shaw, S., Shepson, P. B., Song, S., Stutz, J., Surratt, J. D., Turpin, B. J., Warneke, C., Washenfelder, R. A., Wennberg, P. O., and Zhou, X.: Synthesis of the southeast atmosphere studies: Investigating fundamental atmospheric chemistry questions, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 99, 547–567, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0048.1, 2018.
Chen, Y., Zheng, M., Edgerton, E. S., Ke, L., Sheng, G., and Fu, J.: PM2.5 source apportionment in the southeastern US: Spatial and seasonal variations during 2001–2005, J. Geophys. Res., 117, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016572, 2012.
Chen, Y., Takeuchi, M., Nah, T., Xu, L., Canagaratna, M. R., Stark, H., Baumann, K., Canonaco, F., Prévôt, A. S. H., Huey, L. G., Weber, R. J., and Ng, N. L.: Chemical characterization of secondary organic aerosol at a rural site in the southeastern US: insights from simultaneous high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and FIGAERO chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 8421–8440, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8421-2020, 2020.
Chen, Y., Guo, H., Nah, T., Tanner, D. J., Sullivan, A. P., Takeuchi, M., Gao, Z., Vasilakos, P., Russell, A. G., Baumann, K., Huey, L. G., Weber, R. J., and Ng, N. L.: Low-Molecular-Weight Carboxylic Acids in the Southeastern U.S.: Formation, Partitioning, and Implications for Organic Aerosol Aging, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 6688–6699, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c01413, 2021.
Chhabra, P. S., Ng, N. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Corrigan, A. L., Russell, L. M., Worsnop, D. R., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Elemental composition and oxidation of chamber organic aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 8827–8845, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8827-2011, 2011.
Corrigan, A. L., Russell, L. M., Takahama, S., Äijälä, M., Ehn, M., Junninen, H., Rinne, J., Petäjä, T., Kulmala, M., Vogel, A. L., Hoffmann, T., Ebben, C. J., Geiger, F. M., Chhabra, P., Seinfeld, J. H., Worsnop, D. R., Song, W., Auld, J., and Williams, J.: Biogenic and biomass burning organic aerosol in a boreal forest at Hyytiälä, Finland, during HUMPPA-COPEC 2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 12233–12256, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-12233-2013, 2013.
Coury, C. and Dillner, A. M.: A method to quantify organic functional groups and inorganic compounds in ambient aerosols using attenuated total reflectance FTIR spectroscopy and multivariate chemometric techniques, Atmos. Environ., 42, 5923–5932, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.03.026, 2008.
Coury, C. and Dillner, A. M.: ATR-FTIR characterization of organic functional groups and inorganic ions in ambient aerosols at a rural site, Atmos. Environ., 43, 940–948, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.10.056, 2009.
Debus, B., Takahama, S., Weakley, A. T., Seibert, K., and Dillner, A. M.: Long-Term Strategy for Assessing Carbonaceous Particulate Matter Concentrations from Multiple Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Instruments: Influence of Spectral Dissimilarities on Multivariate Calibration Performance, Appl. Spectrosc., 73, 271–283, https://doi.org/10.1177/0003702818804574, 2019.
de Foy, B., Lu, Z., and Streets, D. G.: Impacts of control strategies, the Great Recession and weekday variations on NO2 columns above North American cities, Atmos. Environ., 138, 74–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.04.038, 2016.
Diem, J. E. and Mote, T. L.: Interepochal changes in summer precipitation in the Southeastern United States: Evidence of possible urban effects near Atlanta, Georgia, J. Appl. Meteorol., 44, 717–730, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2221.1, 2005.
Dillner, A. M., Boris, A. J., Takahama, S., Weakley, A. T., Debus, B., Frederickson, C. D., Esparza-Sanchez, M., Burke, C., Reggente, M., Shaw, S. L., and Edgerton, E. S.: Data from: Organic functional group and organic matter concentrations from FT-IR measurements of particulate matter samples in the Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization (SEARCH) network from 2009–2016, Dryad [data set], https://doi.org/10.25338/B8SG73, 2019.
Ditto, J. C., Barnes, E. B., Khare, P., Takeuchi, M., Joo, T., Bui, A. A. T., Lee-Taylor, J., Eris, G., Chen, Y., Aumont, B., Jimenez, J. L., Ng, N. L., Griffin, R. J., and Gentner, D. R.: An omnipresent diversity and variability in the chemical composition of atmospheric functionalized organic aerosol, Communications Chemistry, 1, 75, https://doi.org/10.1038/s42004-018-0074-3, 2018.
Edgerton, E. S., Hartsell, B. E., Saylor, R. D., Jansen, J. J., Hansen, D. A., and Hidy, G. M.: The Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization Study: Part II. Filter-based measurements of fine and coarse particulate matter mass and composition, J. Air Waste Manage., 55, 1527–1542, https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2005.10464744, 2005.
Edgerton, E. S., Hartsell, B. E., Saylor, R. D., Jansen, J. J., Hansen, D. A., and Hidy, G. M.: The Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization Study, part 3: Continuous measurements of fine particulate matter mass and composition, J. Air Waste Manage., 56, 1325–1341, https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2006.10464585, 2006.
El-Zanan, H. S., Zielinska, B., Mazzoleni, L. R., and Hansen, D. A.: Analytical determination of the aerosol organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio, J. Air Waste Manage., 59, 58–69, https://doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.59.1.58, 2009.
Feng, J., Chan, E., and Vet, R.: Air quality in the eastern United States and Eastern Canada for 1990–2015: 25 years of change in response to emission reductions of SO2 and NOx in the region, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 3107–3134, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3107-2020, 2020.
Ford, B., Val Martin, M., Zelasky, S. E., Fischer, E. V., Anenberg, S. C., Heald, C. L., and Pierce, J. R.: Future fire impacts on smoke concentrations, visibility, and health in the contiguous United States, GeoHealth, 2, 229–247, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GH000144, 2018.
Gao, S., Surratt, J. D., Knipping, E. M., Edgerton, E. S., Shahgholi, M., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Characterization of polar organic components in fine aerosols in the southeastern United States: Identity, origin, and evolution, J. Geophys. Res., 111, 1–27, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006601, 2006.
Georgia Environmental Protection Division: Summer Open Burning Ban: https://epd.georgia.gov/air-protection-branch/open-burning-rules-georgia/summer-open-burning-ban, last access: 16 May 2021.
Geron, C. D. and Arnts, R. R.: Seasonal monoterpene and sesquiterpene emissions from Pinus taeda and Pinus virginiana, Atmos. Environ., 44, 4240–4251, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.06.054, 2010.
Goldstein, A. H., Koven, C. D., Heald, C. L., and Fung, I. Y.: Biogenic carbon and anthropogenic pollutants combine to form a cooling haze over the southeastern United States, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 8835–8840, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0904128106, 2009.
Greene, C. A., Thirumalai, K., Kearney, K. A., Delgado, J. M., Schwanghart, W., Wolfenbarger, N. S., Thyng, K. M., Gwyther, D. E., Gardner, A. S., and Blankenship, D. D.: The Climate Data Toolbox for MATLAB, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 20, 3774–3781, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GC008392, 2019.
Guenther, A., Zimmerman, P., and Wildermuth, M.: Natural volatile organic compound emission rate estimates for US woodland landscapes, Atmos. Environ., 28, 1197–1210, https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)90297-6, 1994.
Guenther, A. B., Jiang, X., Heald, C. L., Sakulyanontvittaya, T., Duhl, T., Emmons, L. K., and Wang, X.: The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1): an extended and updated framework for modeling biogenic emissions, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 1471–1492, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-1471-2012, 2012.
Hand, J. L., Schichtel, B. A., Malm, W. C., and Pitchford, M. L.: Particulate sulfate ion concentration and SO2 emission trends in the United States from the early 1990s through 2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 10353–10365, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-10353-2012, 2012a.
Hand, J. L., Schichtel, B. A., Pitchford, M., Malm, W. C., and Frank, N. H.: Seasonal composition of remote and urban fine particulate matter in the United States: Composition of remote and urban aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 117, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD017122, 2012b.
Hand, J. L., Prenni, A. J., Schichtel, B. A., Malm, W. C., and Chow, J. C.: Trends in remote PM2.5 residual mass across the United States: Implications for aerosol mass reconstruction in the IMPROVE network, Atmos. Environ., 203, 141–152, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.01.049, 2019.
Hansen, D. A., Edgerton, E. S., Hartsell, B. E., Jansen, J. J., Kandasamy, N., Hidy, G. M., and Blanchard, C. L.: The Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization Study: Part 1 – overview, J. Air Waste Manage., 53, 1460–1471, https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2003.10466318, 2003.
Hay, M. B. and Myneni, S. C. B.: Structural environments of carboxyl groups in natural organic molecules from terrestrial systems. Part 1: Infrared spectroscopy, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 71, 3518–3532, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2007.03.038, 2007.
Hidy, G. M., Blanchard, C. L., Baumann, K., Edgerton, E., Tanenbaum, S., Shaw, S., Knipping, E., Tombach, I., Jansen, J., and Walters, J.: Chemical climatology of the southeastern United States, 1999–2013, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 11893–11914, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-11893-2014, 2014.
Hyslop, N. and White, W.: An evaluation of interagency monitoring of protected visual environments (IMPROVE) collocated precision and uncertainty estimates, Atmos. Environ., 42, 2691–2705, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.06.053, 2008.
Hyslop, N. P. and White, W. H.: Estimating precision using duplicate measurements, J. Air Waste Manage., 59, 1032–1039, https://doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.59.9.1032, 2009.
Kim, J.-C.: Factors controlling natural VOC emissions in a southeastern US pine forest, Atmos. Environ., 35, 3279–3292, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00522-7, 2001.
Kim, P. S., Jacob, D. J., Fisher, J. A., Travis, K., Yu, K., Zhu, L., Yantosca, R. M., Sulprizio, M. P., Jimenez, J. L., Campuzano-Jost, P., Froyd, K. D., Liao, J., Hair, J. W., Fenn, M. A., Butler, C. F., Wagner, N. L., Gordon, T. D., Welti, A., Wennberg, P. O., Crounse, J. D., St. Clair, J. M., Teng, A. P., Millet, D. B., Schwarz, J. P., Markovic, M. Z., and Perring, A. E.: Sources, seasonality, and trends of southeast US aerosol: an integrated analysis of surface, aircraft, and satellite observations with the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 10411–10433, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10411-2015, 2015.
Kleeman, M. J., Ying, Q., and Kaduwela, A.: Control strategies for the reduction of airborne particulate nitrate in California's San Joaquin Valley, Atmos. Environ., 39, 5325–5341, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.05.044, 2005.
Kleindienst, T. E., Lewandowski, M., Offenberg, J. H., Edney, E. O., Jaoui, M., Zheng, M., Ding, X., and Edgerton, E. S.: Contribution of primary and secondary sources to organic aerosol and PM2.5 at SEARCH network sites, J. Air Waste Manage., 60, 1388–1399, https://doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.60.11.1388, 2010.
Konrad II, C. E. and Knox, P.: The Southeastern Drought and Wildfires of 2016, NOAA Southeast Regional Climate Center, 2018.
Kroll, J. H., Donahue, N. M., Jimenez, J. L., Kessler, S. H., Canagaratna, M. R., Wilson, K. R., Altieri, K. E., Mazzoleni, L. R., Wozniak, A. S., Bluhm, H., Mysak, E. R., Smith, J. D., Kolb, C. E., and Worsnop, D. R.: Carbon oxidation state as a metric for describing the chemistry of atmospheric organic aerosol, Nat. Chem., 3, 133–139, https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.948, 2011.
Larkin, N. K., Raffuse, S. M., and Strand, T. M.: Wildland fire emissions, carbon, and climate: US emissions inventories, Forest Ecol. Manag., 317, 61–69, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.09.012, 2014.
Liu, J., Russell, L. M., Ruggeri, G., Takahama, S., Claflin, M. S., Ziemann, P. J., Pye, H. O. T., Murphy, B. N., Xu, L., Ng, N. L., McKinney, K. A., Budisulistiorini, S. H., Bertram, T. H., Nenes, A., and Surratt, J. D.: Regional similarities and NOx-related increases in biogenic secondary organic aerosol in summertime southeastern United States, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 123, 10620–10636, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028491, 2018.
Liu, S., Takahama, S., Russell, L. M., Gilardoni, S., and Baumgardner, D.: Oxygenated organic functional groups and their sources in single and submicron organic particles in MILAGRO 2006 campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6849–6863, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-6849-2009, 2009.
Liu, S., Day, D. A., Shields, J. E., and Russell, L. M.: Ozone-driven daytime formation of secondary organic aerosol containing carboxylic acid groups and alkane groups, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 8321–8341, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8321-2011, 2011.
Malm, W. C., Schichtel, B. A., Hand, J. L., and Collett, J. L.: Concurrent temporal and spatial trends in sulfate and organic mass concentrations Mmeasured in the IMPROVE monitoring program: Trends in sulfate and organic mass, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 122, 10462–10476, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD026865, 2017.
Mao, J., Carlton, A., Cohen, R. C., Brune, W. H., Brown, S. S., Wolfe, G. M., Jimenez, J. L., Pye, H. O. T., Lee Ng, N., Xu, L., McNeill, V. F., Tsigaridis, K., McDonald, B. C., Warneke, C., Guenther, A., Alvarado, M. J., de Gouw, J., Mickley, L. J., Leibensperger, E. M., Mathur, R., Nolte, C. G., Portmann, R. W., Unger, N., Tosca, M., and Horowitz, L. W.: Southeast Atmosphere Studies: learning from model-observation syntheses, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 2615–2651, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2615-2018, 2018.
Marais, E. A., Jacob, D. J., Turner, J. R., and Mickley, L. J.: Evidence of 1991–2013 decrease of biogenic secondary organic aerosol in response to SO2 emission controls, Environ. Res. Lett., 12, 054018, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa69c8, 2017.
Maria, S. F., Russell, L. M., Turpin, B. J., and Porcja, R. J.: FTIR measurements of functional groups and organic mass in aerosol samples over the Caribbean, Atmos. Environ., 36, 5185–5196, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00654-4, 2002.
Mayo, D. W., Miller, F. A., and Hannah, R. W. (Eds.): Course Notes on the Interpretation of Infrared and Raman Spectra: Mayo/Raman Spectra, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA, https://doi.org/10.1002/0471690082, 2004.
Mehta, M., Singh, N., and Anshumali: Global trends of columnar and vertically distributed properties of aerosols with emphasis on dust, polluted dust and smoke-inferences from 10 year long CALIOP observations, Remote Sens. Environ., 208, 120–132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.02.017, 2018.
Melvin, M. A.: 2012 National Prescribed Fire Use Survey Report, Coalition of Prescribed Fire Councils, Inc., Technical Report, 01-12, 24 pp., available at: https://forestry.alabama.gov/Pages/Fire/Forms/2012_National_Fire_Use_Survey_Report.pdf (last access: 26 May 2021), 2012.
Melvin, M. A.: 2015 National Prescribed Fire Use Survey Report, Coalition of Prescribed Fire Councils, Inc., Technical Report, 02-15, 22 pp., available at: https://gfmc.online/wp-content/uploads/USA-2015-Prescribed-Fire-Use-Survey-Report.pdf (last access: 26 May 2021), 2015.
Melvin, M. A.: 2018 National Prescribed Fire Use Survey Report, Coalition of Prescribed Fire Councils, Inc., Technical Report, 03-18, 29 pp., available at: https://southernfireexchange.org/wp-content/uploads/2018-Prescribed-Fire-Use-Survey-Report-1.pdf (last access: 26 May 2021), 2018.
Moretti, F., Tagliavini, E., Decesari, S., Facchini, M. C., Rinaldi, M., and Fuzzi, S.: NMR Determination of Total Carbonyls and Carboxyls: A tool for tracing the evolution of atmospheric oxidized organic aerosols, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 4844–4849, https://doi.org/10.1021/es703166v, 2008.
Nguyen, T. K. V., Capps, S. L., and Carlton, A. G.: Decreasing aerosol water is consistent with OC trends in the Southeast US, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 7843–7850, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00828, 2015.
Ortiz-Montalvo, D. L., Häkkinen, S. A. K., Schwier, A. N., Lim, Y. B., McNeill, V. F., and Turpin, B. J.: Ammonium addition (and aerosol pH) has a dramatic impact on the volatility and yield of glyoxal secondary organic aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 255–262, https://doi.org/10.1021/es4035667, 2014.
Peräkylä, O., Vogt, M., Tikkanen, O.-P., Laurila, T., Kajos, M. K., Rantala, P. A., Patokoski, J., Aalto, J., Yli-Juuti, T., Ehn, M., Sipilä, M., Paasonen, P., Rissanen, M., Nieminen, T., Taipale, R., Keronen, P., Lappalainen, H. K., Ruuskanen, T. M., Rinne, J., Kerminen, V.-M., Kulmala, M., Bäck, J., and Petäjä, T.: Monoterpenes' oxidation capacity and rate over a boreal forest: temporal variation and connection to growth of newly formed particles, Boreal Environ. Res., 19, 293–310, 2014.
Pullinen, I., Schmitt, S., Kang, S., Sarrafzadeh, M., Schlag, P., Andres, S., Kleist, E., Mentel, T. F., Rohrer, F., Springer, M., Tillmann, R., Wildt, J., Wu, C., Zhao, D., Wahner, A., and Kiendler-Scharr, A.: Impact of NOx on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from α-pinene and β-pinene photooxidation: the role of highly oxygenated organic nitrates, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10125–10147, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10125-2020, 2020.
Pye, H. O. T., D'Ambro, E. L., Lee, B. H., Schobesberger, S., Takeuchi, M., Zhao, Y., Lopez-Hilfiker, F., Liu, J., Shilling, J. E., Xing, J., Mathur, R., Middlebrook, A. M., Liao, J., Welti, A., Graus, M., Warneke, C., de Gouw, J. A., Holloway, J. S., Ryerson, T. B., Pollack, I. B., and Thornton, J. A.: Anthropogenic enhancements to production of highly oxygenated molecules from autoxidation, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 6641–6646, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810774116, 2019.
Reggente, M., Dillner, A. M., and Takahama, S.: Analysis of functional groups in atmospheric aerosols by infrared spectroscopy: systematic intercomparison of calibration methods for US measurement network samples, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 2287–2312, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-2287-2019, 2019.
Rogge, W. F., Hildemann, L. M., Mazurek, M. A., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Sources of fine organic aerosol. 2. Noncatalyst and catalyst-equipped automobiles and heavy-duty diesel trucks, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 636–651, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00041a007, 1993.
Russell, L. M.: Aerosol organic-mass-to-organic-carbon ratio measurements, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 2982–2987, https://doi.org/10.1021/es026123w, 2003.
Russell, L. M., Takahama, S., Liu, S., Hawkins, L. N., Covert, D. S., Quinn, P. K., and Bates, T. S.: Oxygenated fraction and mass of organic aerosol from direct emission and atmospheric processing measured on the R/V Ronald Brown during TEXAQS/GoMACCS 2006, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00F05, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011275, 2009.
Russell, L. M., Bahadur, R., and Ziemann, P. J.: Identifying organic aerosol sources by comparing functional group composition in chamber and atmospheric particles, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, 3516–3521, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1006461108, 2011.
Ruthenburg, T. C., Perlin, P. C., Liu, V., McDade, C. E., and Dillner, A. M.: Determination of organic matter and organic matter to organic carbon ratios by infrared spectroscopy with application to selected sites in the IMPROVE network, Atmos. Environ., 86, 47–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.12.034, 2014.
Salvador, C. M., Ho, T.-T., Chou, C. C.-K., Chen, M.-J., Huang, W.-R., and Huang, S.-H.: Characterization of the organic matter in submicron urban aerosols using a Thermo-Desorption Proton-Transfer-Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (TD-PTR-TOF-MS), Atmos. Environ., 140, 565–575, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.06.029, 2016.
Schindelka, J., Iinuma, Y., Hoffmann, D., and Herrmann, H.: Sulfate radical-initiated formation of isoprene-derived organosulfates in atmospheric aerosols, Faraday Discuss., 165, 237, https://doi.org/10.1039/c3fd00042g, 2013.
Schum, S. K., Zhang, B., Džepina, K., Fialho, P., Mazzoleni, C., and Mazzoleni, L. R.: Molecular and physical characteristics of aerosol at a remote free troposphere site: implications for atmospheric aging, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 14017–14036, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14017-2018, 2018.
Schwartz, R. E., Russell, L. M., Sjostedt, S. J., Vlasenko, A., Slowik, J. G., Abbatt, J. P. D., Macdonald, A. M., Li, S. M., Liggio, J., Toom-Sauntry, D., and Leaitch, W. R.: Biogenic oxidized organic functional groups in aerosol particles from a mountain forest site and their similarities to laboratory chamber products, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5075–5088, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5075-2010, 2010.
Seidel, D. J., Zhang, Y., Beljaars, A., Golaz, J.-C., Jacobson, A. R., and Medeiros, B.: Climatology of the planetary boundary layer over the continental United States and Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 117, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD018143, 2012.
Sen, P. K.: Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall's tau, J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 63, 1379–1389, https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1968.10480934, 1968.
Simon, H., Bhave, P. V., Swall, J. L., Frank, N. H., and Malm, W. C.: Determining the spatial and seasonal variability in
Sorooshian, A., Wang, Z., Coggon, M. M., Jonsson, H. H., and Ervens, B.: Observations of sharp oxalate reductions in stratocumulus clouds at variable altitudes: Organic acid and metal measurements during the 2011 E-PEACE campaign, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 7747–7756, https://doi.org/10.1021/es4012383, 2013.
Sun, Y., Zhang, Q., Zheng, M., Ding, X., Edgerton, E. S., and Wang, X.: Characterization and source apportionment of water-soluble organic matter in atmospheric fine particles (PM2.5) with high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry and GC–MS, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 4854–4861, https://doi.org/10.1021/es200162h, 2011a.
Sun, Y. L., Zhang, Q., Schwab, J. J., Chen, W. N., Bae, M. S., Lin, Y. C., Hung, H. M., and Demerjian, K. L.: A case study of aerosol processing and evolution in summer in New York City, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12737–12750, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-12737-2011, 2011b.
Takahama, S. and Ruggeri, G.: Technical note: Relating functional group measurements to carbon types for improved model–measurement comparisons of organic aerosol composition, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 4433–4450, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4433-2017, 2017.
Takahama, S., Schwartz, R. E., Russell, L. M., Macdonald, A. M., Sharma, S., and Leaitch, W. R.: Organic functional groups in aerosol particles from burning and non-burning forest emissions at a high-elevation mountain site, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 6367–6386, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-6367-2011, 2011.
Takahama, S., Johnson, A., and Russell, L. M.: Quantification of carboxylic and carbonyl functional groups in organic aerosol infrared absorbance spectra, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 47, 310–325, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2012.752065, 2013.
Theil, H.: A Rank-Invariant Method of Linear and Polynomial Regression Analysis, Parts I and II, in: Henri Theil's Contributions to Economics and Econometrics, vol. 23, Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences, 345–381, 1992.
Travis, K. R., Jacob, D. J., Fisher, J. A., Kim, P. S., Marais, E. A., Zhu, L., Yu, K., Miller, C. C., Yantosca, R. M., Sulprizio, M. P., Thompson, A. M., Wennberg, P. O., Crounse, J. D., St. Clair, J. M., Cohen, R. C., Laughner, J. L., Dibb, J. E., Hall, S. R., Ullmann, K., Wolfe, G. M., Pollack, I. B., Peischl, J., Neuman, J. A., and Zhou, X.: Why do models overestimate surface ozone in the Southeast United States?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 13561–13577, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13561-2016, 2016.
Turpin, B. J. and Lim, H.-J.: Species contributions to PM2.5 mass concentrations: Revisiting common assumptions for estimating organic mass, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 35, 602–610, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820119445, 2001.
U. C. Davis Air Quality Research Center: UCD IMPROVE Standard Operating Procedure no. 351: Data Processing and Validation, Davis, California, 2017.
US Environmental Protection Agency: Appendix L to Part 50 – Reference Method for the Determination of Fine Particulate Matter as PM2.5 in the Atmosphere, Federal Regulations, Title 40, Washington, D.C., 2011.
Watne, Å. K., Westerlund, J., Hallquist, Å. M., Brune, W. H., and Hallquist, M.: Ozone and OH-induced oxidation of monoterpenes: Changes in the thermal properties of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), J. Aerosol Sci., 114, 31–41, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2017.08.011, 2017.
Wilcox, R. R.: A note on the Theil-Sen regression estimator when the regressor is random and the error term is heteroscedastic, Biometrical J., 40, 261–268, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4036(199807)40:3<261::AID-BIMJ261>3.0.CO;2-V, 1998.
Wold, S., Sjöström, M., and Eriksson, L.: PLS-regression: A basic tool of chemometrics, Chemometr. Intell. Lab., 58, 109–130, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7439(01)00155-1, 2001. .
Wolff, G. T., Kahlbaum, D. F., and Heuss, J. M.: The vanishing ozone weekday/weekend effect, J. Air Waste Manage., 63, 292–299, https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2012.749312, 2013.
Xu, L., Suresh, S., Guo, H., Weber, R. J., and Ng, N. L.: Aerosol characterization over the southeastern United States using high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry: spatial and seasonal variation of aerosol composition and sources with a focus on organic nitrates, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7307–7336, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7307-2015, 2015a.
Xu, L., Guo, H., Boyd, C. M., Klein, M., Bougiatioti, A., Cerully, K. M., Hite, J. R., Isaacman-VanWertz, G., Kreisberg, N. M., Knote, C., Olson, K., Koss, A., Goldstein, A. H., Hering, S. V., de Gouw, J., Baumann, K., Lee, S.-H., Nenes, A., Weber, R. J., and Ng, N. L.: Effects of anthropogenic emissions on aerosol formation from isoprene and monoterpenes in the southeastern United States, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 37–42, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1417609112, 2015b.
Xu, L., Pye, H. O. T., He, J., Chen, Y., Murphy, B. N., and Ng, N. L.: Experimental and model estimates of the contributions from biogenic monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes to secondary organic aerosol in the southeastern United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 12613–12637, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12613-2018, 2018.
Zhang, H., Yee, L. D., Lee, B. H., Curtis, M. P., Worton, D. R., Isaacman-VanWertz, G., Offenberg, J. H., Lewandowski, M., Kleindienst, T. E., Beaver, M. R., Holder, A. L., Lonneman, W. A., Docherty, K. S., Jaoui, M., Pye, H. O. T., Hu, W., Day, D. A., Campuzano-Jost, P., Jimenez, J. L., Guo, H., Weber, R. J., de Gouw, J., Koss, A. R., Edgerton, E. S., Brune, W., Mohr, C., Lopez-Hilfiker, F. D., Lutz, A., Kreisberg, N. M., Spielman, S. R., Hering, S. V., Wilson, K. R., Thornton, J. A., and Goldstein, A. H.: Monoterpenes are the largest source of summertime organic aerosol in the southeastern United States, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 115, 2038–2043, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1717513115, 2018.
Zhang, X., Hecobian, A., Zheng, M., Frank, N. H., and Weber, R. J.: Biomass burning impact on PM2.5 over the southeastern US during 2007: integrating chemically speciated FRM filter measurements, MODIS fire counts and PMF analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6839–6853, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-6839-2010, 2010.
Zheng, M., Cass, G. R., Schauer, J. J., and Edgerton, E. S.: Source apportionment of PM2.5 in the southeastern United States using solvent-extractable organic compounds as tracers, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 2361–2371, https://doi.org/10.1021/es011275x, 2002.
Zheng, Y., Thornton, J. A., Ng, N. L., Cao, H., Henze, D. K., McDuffie, E. E., Hu, W., Jimenez, J. L., Marais, E. A., Edgerton, E., and Mao, J.: Long-term observational constraints of organic aerosol dependence on inorganic species in the southeast US, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13091–13107, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13091-2020, 2020.
Ziemann, P. J. and Atkinson, R.: Kinetics, products, and mechanisms of secondary organic aerosol formation, Chem. Soc. Rev., 41, 6582, https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cs35122f, 2012.
Short summary
Infrared spectrometry can be applied in routine monitoring of atmospheric particles to give comprehensive characterization of the organic material by bond rather than species. Using this technique, the concentrations of particle organic material were found to decrease 2011–2016 in the southeastern US, driven by a decline in highly aged material, concurrent with declining anthropogenic emissions. However, an increase was observed in the fraction of more moderately aged organic matter.
Infrared spectrometry can be applied in routine monitoring of atmospheric particles to give...
