Articles | Volume 15, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-945-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-945-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
23 Feb 2022
Research article |
| 23 Feb 2022
| 23 Feb 2022
Detection of nitrous acid in the atmospheric simulation chamber SAPHIR using open-path incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy and extractive long-path absorption photometry
Sophie Dixneuf
Department of Physics and Environmental Research Institute,
University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
current address: Bioaster Technology Research Institute –
Bioassays, Microsystems and Optics Engineering Unit, 40 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
Department of Physics and Environmental Research Institute,
University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
Rolf Häseler
Institut für Energie und Klimaforschung, IEK-8: Troposphäre,
Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
deceased, Rolf Häseler on 25 July 2017 and Theodor Brauers on 21 February 2014
Theo Brauers
Institut für Energie und Klimaforschung, IEK-8: Troposphäre,
Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
deceased, Rolf Häseler on 25 July 2017 and Theodor Brauers on 21 February 2014
Franz Rohrer
Institut für Energie und Klimaforschung, IEK-8: Troposphäre,
Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
Hans-Peter Dorn
Institut für Energie und Klimaforschung, IEK-8: Troposphäre,
Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
Related authors
No articles found.
Yuwei Wang, Aristeidis Voliotis, Emily Matthews, Rongrong Wu, Milan Roska, Max Gerrit Adam, René Dubus, Lukas Kesper, Franz Rohrer, Robert Wegener, Benjamin Winter, Kelvin H. Bates, Quanfu He, Thorsten Hohaus, Achim Grasse, Ralf Tillmann, Andreas Wahner, Hui Wang, Christian Wesolek, Sergej Wedel, Yizhen Wu, Sören R. Zorn, Manjula Canagaratna, Douglas Worsnop, Felipe Lopez-Hilfiker, Georgios I. Gkatzelis, Hugh Coe, and Thomas J. Bannan
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6102, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6102, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
Short summary
Short summary
This work developed voltage scanning based calibration approach for a multi-reagent chemical ionization mass spectrometry. This approach improves sensitivity determination for gas-phase compounds. It does not require a calibrant for the target analyte and can estimate sensitivity with acceptable uncertainty based on the experimentally established relationship between binding energies and measured sensitivities. This work is broadly relevant to mass-spectrometric calibration strategies.
Farhan R. Nursanto, Quanfu He, Sophia van de Wouw, Annika Zanders, Thorsten Hohaus, Willem S. J. Kroese, Robert Wegener, Max Gerrit Adam, Benjamin Winter, René Dubus, Lukas Kesper, Franz Rohrer, Yuwei Wang, Emily Matthews, Aristeidis Voliotis, Thomas J. Bannan, Gordon McFiggans, Hugh Coe, Yizhen Wu, Milan Roska, Manjula Canagaratna, Mitch Alton, Matthew M. Coggon, Chelsea E. Stockwell, Kelvin H. Bates, Eva Y. Pfannerstill, Sören R. Zorn, Hui Wang, Matthieu Riva, Sebastien Perrier, Boxing Yang, Lu Liu, Anna Novelli, Michelle Färber, Hendrik Fuchs, Andrea Carolina Marcillo Lara, Achim Grasse, Christian Wesolek, Ralf Tillmann, Rupert Holzinger, Maarten C. Krol, Georgios I. Gkatzelis, and Juliane L. Fry
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6310, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6310, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Urban air contains reactive gases that can form organic nitrate particles and carry nitrogen oxides pollution far from cities. We recreated urban emissions in a large atmospheric chamber and observed their reactions under day and night conditions. We found that these emissions form organic nitrate particles similar to those from natural sources, with higher amounts and heavier particles at night, making nitrogen pollution longer lived and likely to travel further before depositing on ecosystems.
Lu Liu, Thorsten Hohaus, Andreas Hofzumahaus, Frank Holland, Hendrik Fuchs, Ralf Tillmann, Birger Bohn, Stefanie Andres, Zhaofeng Tan, Franz Rohrer, Vlassis A. Karydis, Vaishali Vardhan, Philipp Franke, Anne C. Lange, Anna Novelli, Benjamin Winter, Changmin Cho, Iulia Gensch, Sergej Wedel, Andreas Wahner, and Astrid Kiendler-Scharr
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 16189–16213, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-16189-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-16189-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We measured air particles at a rural site in Germany over a year to understand how their sources and properties change with the seasons. Particles from natural sources peaked in summer, especially during heatwaves, while those from burning activities like residential heating and wildfires dominated in colder months. Winds carrying air from other regions also influenced particle levels. These findings link air quality to climate change and energy transitions.
Jacky Y. S. Pang, Florian Berg, Anna Novelli, Birger Bohn, Michelle Färber, Philip T. M. Carlsson, René Dubus, Georgios I. Gkatzelis, Franz Rohrer, Sergej Wedel, Andreas Wahner, and Hendrik Fuchs
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12631–12649, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12631-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12631-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, the oxidations of sabinene by OH radicals and ozone were investigated with an atmospheric simulation chamber. Reaction rate coefficients of the OH-oxidation reaction at temperatures between 284 to 340 K were determined for the first time in the laboratory by measuring the OH reactivity. Product yields determined in chamber experiments had good agreement with literature values, but discrepancies were found between experimental yields and expected yields from oxidation mechanisms.
Marc von Hobe, Domenico Taraborrelli, Sascha Alber, Birger Bohn, Hans-Peter Dorn, Hendrik Fuchs, Yun Li, Chenxi Qiu, Franz Rohrer, Roberto Sommariva, Fred Stroh, Zhaofeng Tan, Sergej Wedel, and Anna Novelli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10609–10623, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10609-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10609-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The trace gas carbonyl sulfide (OCS) transports sulfur from the troposphere to the stratosphere, where sulfate aerosols are formed that influence climate and stratospheric chemistry. An uncertain OCS source in the troposphere is chemical production form dimethyl sulfide (DMS), a gas released in large quantities from the oceans. We carried out experiments in a large atmospheric simulation chamber to further elucidate the chemical mechanism of OCS production from DMS.
Philip T. M. Carlsson, Luc Vereecken, Anna Novelli, François Bernard, Steven S. Brown, Bellamy Brownwood, Changmin Cho, John N. Crowley, Patrick Dewald, Peter M. Edwards, Nils Friedrich, Juliane L. Fry, Mattias Hallquist, Luisa Hantschke, Thorsten Hohaus, Sungah Kang, Jonathan Liebmann, Alfred W. Mayhew, Thomas Mentel, David Reimer, Franz Rohrer, Justin Shenolikar, Ralf Tillmann, Epameinondas Tsiligiannis, Rongrong Wu, Andreas Wahner, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, and Hendrik Fuchs
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3147–3180, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3147-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3147-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The investigation of the night-time oxidation of the most abundant hydrocarbon, isoprene, in chamber experiments shows the importance of reaction pathways leading to epoxy products, which could enhance particle formation, that have so far not been accounted for. The chemical lifetime of organic nitrates from isoprene is long enough for the majority to be further oxidized the next day by daytime oxidants.
Changmin Cho, Hendrik Fuchs, Andreas Hofzumahaus, Frank Holland, William J. Bloss, Birger Bohn, Hans-Peter Dorn, Marvin Glowania, Thorsten Hohaus, Lu Liu, Paul S. Monks, Doreen Niether, Franz Rohrer, Roberto Sommariva, Zhaofeng Tan, Ralf Tillmann, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, Andreas Wahner, and Anna Novelli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2003–2033, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2003-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2003-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
With this study, we investigated the processes leading to the formation, destruction, and recycling of radicals for four seasons in a rural environment. Complete knowledge of their chemistry is needed if we are to predict the formation of secondary pollutants from primary emissions. The results highlight a still incomplete understanding of the paths leading to the formation of the OH radical, which has been observed in several other environments as well and needs to be further investigated.
Tobias Schuldt, Georgios I. Gkatzelis, Christian Wesolek, Franz Rohrer, Benjamin Winter, Thomas A. J. Kuhlbusch, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, and Ralf Tillmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 373–386, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-373-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-373-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We report in situ measurements of air pollutant concentrations within the planetary boundary layer on board a Zeppelin NT in Germany. We highlight the in-flight evaluation of electrochemical sensors that were installed inside a hatch box located on the bottom of the Zeppelin. Results from this work emphasize the potential of these sensors for other in situ airborne applications, e.g., on board unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).
Zhaofeng Tan, Hendrik Fuchs, Andreas Hofzumahaus, William J. Bloss, Birger Bohn, Changmin Cho, Thorsten Hohaus, Frank Holland, Chandrakiran Lakshmisha, Lu Liu, Paul S. Monks, Anna Novelli, Doreen Niether, Franz Rohrer, Ralf Tillmann, Thalassa S. E. Valkenburg, Vaishali Vardhan, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, Andreas Wahner, and Roberto Sommariva
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13137–13152, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13137-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13137-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
During the 2019 JULIAC campaign, ClNO2 was measured at a rural site in Germany in different seasons. The highest ClNO2 level was 1.6 ppbv in September. ClNO2 production was more sensitive to the availability of NO2 than O3. The average ClNO2 production efficiency was up to 18 % in February and September and down to 3 % in December. These numbers are at the high end of the values reported in the literature, indicating the importance of ClNO2 chemistry in rural environments in midwestern Europe.
Yindong Guo, Hongru Shen, Iida Pullinen, Hao Luo, Sungah Kang, Luc Vereecken, Hendrik Fuchs, Mattias Hallquist, Ismail-Hakki Acir, Ralf Tillmann, Franz Rohrer, Jürgen Wildt, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, Andreas Wahner, Defeng Zhao, and Thomas F. Mentel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11323–11346, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11323-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11323-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The oxidation of limonene, a common volatile emitted by trees and chemical products, by NO3, a nighttime oxidant, forms many highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOM), including C10-30 compounds. Most of the HOM are second-generation organic nitrates, in which carbonyl-substituted C10 nitrates accounted for a major fraction. Their formation can be explained by chemistry of peroxy radicals. HOM, especially low-volatile ones, play an important role in nighttime new particle formation and growth.
Jacky Yat Sing Pang, Anna Novelli, Martin Kaminski, Ismail-Hakki Acir, Birger Bohn, Philip T. M. Carlsson, Changmin Cho, Hans-Peter Dorn, Andreas Hofzumahaus, Xin Li, Anna Lutz, Sascha Nehr, David Reimer, Franz Rohrer, Ralf Tillmann, Robert Wegener, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, Andreas Wahner, and Hendrik Fuchs
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 8497–8527, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8497-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8497-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the radical chemical budget during the limonene oxidation at different atmospheric-relevant NO concentrations in chamber experiments under atmospheric conditions. It is found that the model–measurement discrepancies of HO2 and RO2 are very large at low NO concentrations that are typical for forested environments. Possible additional processes impacting HO2 and RO2 concentrations are discussed.
Ralf Tillmann, Georgios I. Gkatzelis, Franz Rohrer, Benjamin Winter, Christian Wesolek, Tobias Schuldt, Anne C. Lange, Philipp Franke, Elmar Friese, Michael Decker, Robert Wegener, Morten Hundt, Oleg Aseev, and Astrid Kiendler-Scharr
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 3827–3842, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3827-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3827-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We report in situ measurements of air pollutant concentrations within the planetary boundary layer on board a Zeppelin in Germany. The low costs of commercial flights provide an affordable and efficient method to improve our understanding of changes in emissions in space and time. The experimental setup expands the capabilities of this platform and provides insights into primary and secondary pollution observations and planetary boundary layer dynamics which determine air quality significantly.
Zhaofeng Tan, Luisa Hantschke, Martin Kaminski, Ismail-Hakki Acir, Birger Bohn, Changmin Cho, Hans-Peter Dorn, Xin Li, Anna Novelli, Sascha Nehr, Franz Rohrer, Ralf Tillmann, Robert Wegener, Andreas Hofzumahaus, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, Andreas Wahner, and Hendrik Fuchs
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16067–16091, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16067-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The photo-oxidation of myrcene, a monoterpene species emitted by plants, was investigated at atmospheric conditions in the outdoor simulation chamber SAPHIR. The chemical structure of myrcene is partly similar to isoprene. Therefore, it can be expected that hydrogen shift reactions could play a role as observed for isoprene. In this work, their potential impact on the regeneration efficiency of hydroxyl radicals is investigated.
Janne Lampilahti, Hanna E. Manninen, Tuomo Nieminen, Sander Mirme, Mikael Ehn, Iida Pullinen, Katri Leino, Siegfried Schobesberger, Juha Kangasluoma, Jenni Kontkanen, Emma Järvinen, Riikka Väänänen, Taina Yli-Juuti, Radovan Krejci, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Janne Levula, Aadu Mirme, Stefano Decesari, Ralf Tillmann, Douglas R. Worsnop, Franz Rohrer, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, Tuukka Petäjä, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Thomas F. Mentel, and Markku Kulmala
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12649–12663, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12649-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12649-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We studied aerosol particle formation and growth in different parts of the planetary boundary layer at two different locations (Po Valley, Italy, and Hyytiälä, Finland). The observations consist of airborne measurements on board an instrumented Zeppelin and a small airplane combined with comprehensive ground-based measurements.
Luisa Hantschke, Anna Novelli, Birger Bohn, Changmin Cho, David Reimer, Franz Rohrer, Ralf Tillmann, Marvin Glowania, Andreas Hofzumahaus, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, Andreas Wahner, and Hendrik Fuchs
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12665–12685, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12665-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12665-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The reactions of Δ3-carene with ozone and the hydroxyl radical (OH) and the photolysis and OH reaction of caronaldehyde were investigated in the simulation chamber SAPHIR. Reaction rate constants of these reactions were determined. Caronaldehyde yields of the ozonolysis and OH reaction were determined. The organic nitrate yield of the reaction of Δ3-carene and caronaldehyde-derived peroxy radicals with NO was determined. The ROx budget (ROx = OH+HO2+RO2) was also investigated.
Defeng Zhao, Iida Pullinen, Hendrik Fuchs, Stephanie Schrade, Rongrong Wu, Ismail-Hakki Acir, Ralf Tillmann, Franz Rohrer, Jürgen Wildt, Yindong Guo, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, Andreas Wahner, Sungah Kang, Luc Vereecken, and Thomas F. Mentel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9681–9704, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9681-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9681-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The reaction of isoprene, a biogenic volatile organic compound with the globally largest emission rates, with NO3, an nighttime oxidant influenced heavily by anthropogenic emissions, forms a large number of highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOM). These HOM are formed via one or multiple oxidation steps, followed by autoxidation. Their total yield is much higher than that in the daytime oxidation of isoprene. They may play an important role in nighttime organic aerosol formation and growth.
Marvin Glowania, Franz Rohrer, Hans-Peter Dorn, Andreas Hofzumahaus, Frank Holland, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, Andreas Wahner, and Hendrik Fuchs
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4239–4253, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4239-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4239-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Three instruments that use different techniques to measure gaseous formaldehyde concentrations were compared in experiments in the atmospheric simulation chamber SAPHIR at Forschungszentrum Jülich. The results demonstrated the need to correct the baseline in measurements by instruments that use the Hantzsch reaction or make use of cavity ring-down spectroscopy. After applying corrections, all three methods gave accurate and precise measurements within their specifications.
Changmin Cho, Andreas Hofzumahaus, Hendrik Fuchs, Hans-Peter Dorn, Marvin Glowania, Frank Holland, Franz Rohrer, Vaishali Vardhan, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, Andreas Wahner, and Anna Novelli
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1851–1877, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1851-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1851-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study describes the implementation and characterization of the chemical modulation reactor (CMR) used in the laser-induced fluorescence instrument of the Forschungszentrum Jülich. The CMR allows for interference-free OH radical measurement in ambient air. During a field campaign in a rural environment, the observed interference was mostly below the detection limit of the instrument and fully explained by the known ozone interference.
Cited articles
Acker, K., Möller, D., Wieprecht, W., Meixner, F. X., Bohn, B., Gilge,
S., Plass-Dülmer, C., and Berresheim, H.: Strong daytime production of
OH from HNO2 at a rural mountain site, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L02809,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024643, 2006.
Alicke, B., Geyer, A., Hofzumahaus, A., Holland, F., Konrad, S., Patz, H.
W., Schäfer, J., Stutz, J., Volz-Thomas, A., and Platt, U.: OH formation
by HONO photolysis during the BERLIOZ experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8247, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000579, 2003.
Ashu-Ayem, E. R., Nitschke, U., Monahan, C., Chen, J., Darby, S. B., Smith,
P. D., O'Dowd, C. D., Stengel, D. B., and Venables, D. S.: Coastal iodine
emissions. 1. Release of I2 by Laminaria Digitata in chamber experiments, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 10413–10421, https://doi.org/10.1021/es204534v, 2012.
Aumont, B., Chervier, F., and Laval, S.: Contribution of HONO sources to the
Barney, W. S., Wingen, L. M., Lakin, M. J., Brauers, T., Stutz, J., and
Finlayson-Pitts, B. J.: Infrared absorption cross-section measurements for
nitrous acid (HONO) at room temperature, J. Phys. Chem. A, 104, 1692–1699,
https://doi.org/10.1021/jp010734d, 2000.
Beine, H. J., Amoroso, A., Esposito, G., Sparapani, R., Ianniello, A.,
Georgiadis, T., Nardino, M., Bonasoni, P., Cristofanelli, P., and
Dominé, F.: Deposition of atmospheric nitrous acid on alkaline snow
surfaces, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L10808, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022589, 2005.
Bitter, M., Ball, S. M., Povey, I. M., and Jones, R. L.: A broadband cavity ringdown spectrometer for in-situ measurements of atmospheric trace gases, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2547–2560, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-2547-2005, 2005.
Bogumil, K., Orphal, J., Homann, T., Voigt, S., Spietz, P., Fleischmann, O. C., Vogel, A., Hartmann, M., Bovensmann, H., Frerick, J., and Burrows, J. P.: Measurements of molecular absorption spectra with the SCIAMACHY pre-flight model: Instrument characterization and reference data for atmospheric remote sensing in the 230-2380 nm region, J. Photoch. Photobio. A, 157, 167–184, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1010-6030(03)00062-5, 2003.
Bongartz, A., Kames, J., Schurath, U., George, C., Mirabel, P., and Ponche,
J. L.: Experimental determination of HONO mass accomodation coefficients
using two different techniques, J. Atmos. Chem., 18, 149–169, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00696812, 1994.
Bottorff, B., Reidy, E., Mielke, L., Dusanter, S., and Stevens, P. S.: Development of a laser-photofragmentation laser-induced fluorescence instrument for the detection of nitrous acid and hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6039–6056, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6039-2021, 2021.
Bröske, R., Kleffmann, J., and Wiesen, P.: Heterogeneous conversion of NO2 on secondary organic aerosol surfaces: A possible source of nitrous acid (HONO) in the atmosphere?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 469–474, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-469-2003, 2003.
Brust, A. S., Becker, K. H., Kleffmann, J., and Wiesen, P.: UV absorption
cross sections of nitrous acid, Atmos. Environ., 34, 13–19, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00322-2, 2000.
Burrows, J. P., Dehn, A., Deters, B., Himmelmann, S., Richter, A., Voigt, S., and Orphal, J.: Atmospheric remote-sensing reference data from GOME: Part 1. Temperature-dependent absorption cross-sections of NO2 in the 231–794 nm range, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 60, 1025–1031, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4073(97)00197-0, 1998.
Calvert, J. G., Yarwood, G., and Dunker, A. M.: An evaluation of the
mechanism of nitrous acid formation in the urban atmosphere, Res. Chem.
Intermediat., 20, 463–502, https://doi.org/10.1163/156856794X00423, 1994.
Chen, J., Wenger, J. C., and Venables, D. S.: Near-ultraviolet absorption
cross sections of nitrophenols and their potential influence on tropospheric
oxidation capacity, J. Phys. Chem. A, 115, 12235–12242, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp206929r, 2011.
Crilley, L. R., Kramer, L. J., Ouyang, B., Duan, J., Zhang, W., Tong, S., Ge, M., Tang, K., Qin, M., Xie, P., Shaw, M. D., Lewis, A. C., Mehra, A., Bannan, T. J., Worrall, S. D., Priestley, M., Bacak, A., Coe, H., Allan, J., Percival, C. J., Popoola, O. A. M., Jones, R. L., and Bloss, W. J.: Intercomparison of nitrous acid (HONO) measurement techniques in a megacity (Beijing), Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 6449–6463, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-6449-2019, 2019.
Destaillats, H., Spaulding, R. S., and Charles, M. J.: Ambient air
measurement of acrolein and other carbonyls at the Oakland-San Francisco bay
bridge toll plaza, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 2227–2235, https://doi.org/10.1021/es011394c, 2002.
Dixneuf, S., Ruth, A. A., Vaughan, S., Varma, R. M., and Orphal, J.: The time dependence of molecular iodine emission from Laminaria digitata, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 823–829, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-823-2009, 2009.
Djehiche, M., Tomas, A., Fittschen, C., and Coddeville, P.: First direct
detection of HONO in the reaction of methylnitrite (CH3ONO) with OH
radicals, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 608–614, https://doi.org/10.1021/es103076e, 2011.
Donaldson, M. A., Berke, A. E., and Raff, J. D.: Uptake of gas phase nitrous
acid onto boundary layer soil surfaces, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 375–383,
https://doi.org/10.1021/es404156a, 2014.
Dorn, H.-P., Apodaca, R. L., Ball, S. M., Brauers, T., Brown, S. S., Crowley, J. N., Dubé, W. P., Fuchs, H., Häseler, R., Heitmann, U., Jones, R. L., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Labazan, I., Langridge, J. M., Meinen, J., Mentel, T. F., Platt, U., Pöhler, D., Rohrer, F., Ruth, A. A., Schlosser, E., Schuster, G., Shillings, A. J. L., Simpson, W. R., Thieser, J., Tillmann, R., Varma, R., Venables, D. S., and Wahner, A.: Intercomparison of NO3 radical detection instruments in the atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 1111–1140, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-1111-2013, 2013.
Duan, J., Qin, M., Ouyang, B., Fang, W., Li, X., Lu, K., Tang, K., Liang, S., Meng, F., Hu, Z., Xie, P., Liu, W., and Häsler, R.: Development of an incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectrometer for in situ measurements of HONO and NO2, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 4531–4543, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4531-2018, 2018.
Febo, A., Perrino, C., and Allegrini, I.: Measurement of nitrous acid in
Milan, Italy, by DOAS and diffusion denuders, Atmos. Environ., 30,
3599–3609, https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(96)00069-6, 1996.
Fehsenfeld, F., Calvert, J., Fall, R., Goldan, P., Guenther, A., Hewitt, C.
N., Lamb, B., Liu, S., Trainer, M., Westberg, H., and Zimmerman, P.:
Emissions of volatile organic compounds from vegetation and the implications
for atmospheric chemistry, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 6, 389–430, https://doi.org/10.1029/92GB02125, 1992.
Ferm, M. and Sjödin, A.: A sodium carbonate coated denuder for
determination of nitrous acid in the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 19,
979–983, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(85)90243-4, 1985.
Fiedler, S. E., Hese, A., and Ruth, A. A.: Incoherent broad-band
cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy, Chem. Phys. Lett., 371, 284–294,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(03)00263-X, 2003.
Finlayson-Pitts, B. J., Wingen, L. M., Sumner, A. L., Syomin, D., and
Ramazan, K. A.: The heterogeneous hydrolysis of NO2 in laboratory
systems and in outdoor and indoor atmospheres: An integrated mechanism,
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 5, 223–242, https://doi.org/10.1039/B208564J, 2003.
Fouqueau, A., Cirtog, M., Cazaunau, M., Pangui, E., Zapf, P., Siour, G., Landsheere, X., Méjean, G., Romanini, D., and Picquet-Varrault, B.: Implementation of an incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy technique in an atmospheric simulation chamber for in situ NO3 monitoring: characterization and validation for kinetic studies, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 6311–6323, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6311-2020, 2020.
Fuchs, H., Ball, S. M., Bohn, B., Brauers, T., Cohen, R. C., Dorn, H.-P., Dubé, W. P., Fry, J. L., Häseler, R., Heitmann, U., Jones, R. L., Kleffmann, J., Mentel, T. F., Müsgen, P., Rohrer, F., Rollins, A. W., Ruth, A. A., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Schlosser, E., Shillings, A. J. L., Tillmann, R., Varma, R. M., Venables, D. S., Villena Tapia, G., Wahner, A., Wegener, R., Wooldridge, P. J., and Brown, S. S.: Intercomparison of measurements of NO2 concentrations in the atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR during the NO3Comp campaign, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 21–37, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-21-2010, 2010.
Fuchs, H., Acir, I.-H., Bohn, B., Brauers, T., Dorn, H.-P., Häseler, R., Hofzumahaus, A., Holland, F., Kaminski, M., Li, X., Lu, K., Lutz, A., Nehr, S., Rohrer, F., Tillmann, R., Wegener, R., and Wahner, A.: OH regeneration from methacrolein oxidation investigated in the atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 7895–7908, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7895-2014, 2014.
Gherman, T., Venables, D. S., Vaughan, S., Orphal, J., and Ruth, A. A.:
Incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy in the
near-ultraviolet: Application to HONO and NO2, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 890–895, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0716913, 2008.
Häseler, R., Brauers, T., Holland, F., and Wahner, A.: Development and application of a new mobile LOPAP instrument for the measurement of HONO altitude profiles in the planetary boundary layer, Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., 2, 2027–2054, https://doi.org/10.5194/amtd-2-2027-2009, 2009.
Hanst, P. L., Wong, N. W., and Bragin, J.: A long-path infrared study of Los
Angeles smog, Atmos. Environ., 16, 969–981, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(82)90183-4, 1982.
Harder, J. W., Brault, J. W., Johnston, P. V., and Mount, G. H.: Temperature dependent NO2 cross sections at high spectral resolution, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 3861–3879, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JD03086, 1997.
Harrison, R. M. and Kitto, A. M. N.: Evidence for a surface source of
atmospheric nitrous acid, Atmos. Environ., 28, 1089–1094, https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)90286-0, 1994.
Heland, J., Kleffmann, J., Kurtenbach, R., and Wiesen, P.: A new instrument
to measure gaseous nitrous acid (HONO) in the atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 3207–3212, https://doi.org/10.1021/es000303t, 2001.
Hoch, D. J., Buxmann, J., Sihler, H., Pöhler, D., Zetzsch, C., and Platt, U.: A Cavity-Enhanced Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy instrument for measurement of BrO, HCHO, HONO and O3, Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., 5, 3079–3115, https://doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-3079-2012, 2012.
Huang, G., Zhou, X. L., Deng, G. H., Qiao, H. C., and Civerolo, K.:
Measurements of atmospheric nitrous acid and nitric acid, Atmos. Environ.,
36, 2225–2235, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00170-X, 2002.
Jain, C., Morajkar, P., Schoemaecker, C., Viskolcz, B., and Fittschen, C.:
Measurement of absolute absorption cross sections for nitrous acid (HONO) in
the near-infrared region by the continuous wave cavity ring-down
spectroscopy (cw-CRDS) technique coupled to laser photolysis, J. Phys. Chem.
A, 115, 10720–10728, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp203001y, 2011.
Johnston, H. S. and Graham, R.: Photochemistry of NOx and HNOx
compounds, Can. J. Chem.-Rev. Can. Chim., 52, 1415–1423, https://doi.org/10.1139/v74-214, 1974.
Jordan, N. and Osthoff, H. D.: Quantification of nitrous acid (HONO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in ambient air by broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (IBBCEAS) between 361 and 388 nm, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 273–285, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-273-2020, 2020.
Karl, M.: Modellierung atmosphärisch-chemischer Reaktionen in der
Tageslicht-Atmosphären-Simulationskammer SAPHIR, Dissertation,
Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 1–216, 2004.
Keller-Rudek, H., Moortgat, G. K., Sander, R., and Sörensen, R.: The MPI-Mainz UV/VIS Spectral Atlas of Gaseous Molecules of Atmospheric Interest, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 5, 365–373, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-5-365-2013, 2013.
Kennedy, O. J., Ouyang, B., Langridge, J. M., Daniels, M. J. S., Bauguitte, S., Freshwater, R., McLeod, M. W., Ironmonger, C., Sendall, J., Norris, O., Nightingale, R., Ball, S. M., and Jones, R. L.: An aircraft based three channel broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectrometer for simultaneous measurements of NO3, N2O5 and NO2, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 1759–1776, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-1759-2011, 2011.
Kleffmann, J.: Daytime sources of nitrous acid (HONO) in the atmospheric
boundary layer, Chem. Phys. Chem., 8, 1137–1144, https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.200700016, 2007.
Kleffmann, J. and Wiesen, P.: Technical Note: Quantification of interferences of wet chemical HONO LOPAP measurements under simulated polar conditions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6813–6822, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-6813-2008, 2008.
Kleffmann, J., Heland, J., Kurtenbach, R., Lorzer, J., and Wiesen, P.: A new
instrument (LOPAP) for the detection of nitrous acid (HONO), Environ. Sci.
Pollut. Res., 4, 48–54, 2002.
Kleffmann, J., Kurtenbach, R., Lorzer, J., Wiesen, P., Kalthoff, N., Vogel,
B., and Vogel, H.: Measured and simulated vertical profiles of nitrous acid
– Part I: Field measurements, Atmos. Environ., 37, 2949–2955, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00242-5, 2003.
Kleffmann, J., Gavriloaiei, T., Hofzumahaus, A., Holland, F., Koppmann, R.,
Rupp, L., Schlosser, E., Siese, M., and Wahner, A.: Daytime formation of
nitrous acid: A major source of OH radicals in a forest, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L05818, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022524, 2005.
Kleffmann, J., Lörzer, J. C., Wiesen, P., Kern, C., Trick, S., Volkamer,
R., Rodenas, M., and Wirtz, K.: Intercomparison of the DOAS and LOPAP
techniques for the detection of nitrous acid (HONO), Atmos. Environ., 40,
3640–3652, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.03.027, 2006.
Lammel, G. and Cape, J. N.: Nitrous acid and nitrite in the atmosphere,
Chem. Soc. Rev., 25, 361–369, https://doi.org/10.1039/CS9962500361, 1996.
Langridge, J. M., Ball, S. M., and Jones, R. L.: A compact broadband cavity
enhanced absorption spectrometer for detection of atmospheric NO2 using
light emitting diodes, Analyst, 131, 916–922, https://doi.org/10.1039/B605636A, 2006.
Leigh, R. J., Ball, S. M., Whitehead, J., Leblanc, C., Shillings, A. J. L., Mahajan, A. S., Oetjen, H., Lee, J. D., Jones, C. E., Dorsey, J. R., Gallagher, M., Jones, R. L., Plane, J. M. C., Potin, P., and McFiggans, G.: Measurements and modelling of molecular iodine emissions, transport and photodestruction in the coastal region around Roscoff, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11823–11838, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11823-2010, 2010.
Li, X., Brauers, T., Häseler, R., Bohn, B., Fuchs, H., Hofzumahaus, A., Holland, F., Lou, S., Lu, K. D., Rohrer, F., Hu, M., Zeng, L. M., Zhang, Y. H., Garland, R. M., Su, H., Nowak, A., Wiedensohler, A., Takegawa, N., Shao, M., and Wahner, A.: Exploring the atmospheric chemistry of nitrous acid (HONO) at a rural site in Southern China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1497–1513, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1497-2012, 2012.
Li, X., Rohrer, F., Hofzumahaus, A., Brauers, T., Häseler, R., Bohn, B.,
Broch, S., Fuchs, H., Gomm, S., Holland, F., Jäger, J., Kaiser, J.,
Keutsch, F. N., Lohse, I., Lu, K. D., Tillmann, R., Wegener, R., Wolfe, G.
M., Mentel, T. F., Kiendler-Scharr, A., and Wahner, A.: Missing gas-phase
source of HONO inferred from zeppelin measurements in the troposphere,
Science, 344, 292–296, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1248999, 2014.
Liao, W., Hecobian, A., Mastromarino, J., and Tan, D.: Development of a
photo-fragmentation/laser-induced fluorescence measurement of atmospheric
nitrous acid, Atmos. Environ., 40, 17–26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.07.001, 2006.
Liu, Y., Nie, W., Xu, Z., Wang, T., Wang, R., Li, Y., Wang, L., Chi, X., and Ding, A.: Semi-quantitative understanding of source contribution to nitrous acid (HONO) based on 1 year of continuous observation at the SORPES station in eastern China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 13289–13308, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13289-2019, 2019.
Meller, R.: personal communication to E.-P. Röth, R. Ruhnke, G. Moortgat, R. Meller, and W. Schneider, Berichte des Forschungszentums Jülich, jül-3341 (1997), http://satellite.mpic.de/spectral_atlas/cross_sections/Organics%20(carbonyls)/Aldehydes(aliphatic)/CH2=C(CH3)CHO_Meller(1990)_294K_237-391nm.txt (last access: 18 February 2022), 1990.
Mérienne, M. F., Jenouvrier, A., and Coquart, B.: The NO2
absorption-spectrum. I: Absorption cross-sections at ambient-temperature in
the 300–500 nm region, J. Atmos. Chem., 20, 281–297, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00694498, 1995.
Min, K.-E., Washenfelder, R. A., Dubé, W. P., Langford, A. O., Edwards, P. M., Zarzana, K. J., Stutz, J., Lu, K., Rohrer, F., Zhang, Y., and Brown, S. S.: A broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectrometer for aircraft measurements of glyoxal, methylglyoxal, nitrous acid, nitrogen dioxide, and water vapor, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 423–440, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-423-2016, 2016.
Montzka, S. A., Trainer, M., Goldan, P. D., Kuster, W. C., and Fehsenfeld,
F. C.: Isoprene and its oxidation products, methyl vinyl ketone and
methacrolein, in the rural troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 1101–1111, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JD02382, 1993.
Nakashima, Y. and Sadanaga, Y.: Validation of in situ measurements of atmospheric nitrous acid using incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced
absorption spectroscopy, Analytical Sciences, 33, 519–524, https://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.33.519, 2017.
Nehr, S., Bohn, B., Dorn, H.-P., Fuchs, H., Häseler, R., Hofzumahaus, A., Li, X., Rohrer, F., Tillmann, R., and Wahner, A.: Atmospheric photochemistry of aromatic hydrocarbons: OH budgets during SAPHIR chamber experiments, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6941–6952, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6941-2014, 2014.
Nussbaumer, C. M., Parchatka, U., Tadic, I., Bohn, B., Marno, D., Martinez, M., Rohloff, R., Harder, H., Kluge, F., Pfeilsticker, K., Obersteiner, F., Zöger, M., Doerich, R., Crowley, J. N., Lelieveld, J., and Fischer, H.: Modification of a conventional photolytic converter for improving aircraft measurements of NO2 via chemiluminescence, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6759–6776, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6759-2021, 2021.
Oms, M. T., Jongejan, P. A. C., Veltkamp, A. C., Wyers, G. P., and Slanina,
J.: Continuous monitoring of atmospheric HCl, HNO2, HNO3, and
SO2, by wet-annular denuder air sampling with on-line chromatographic
analysis, Int. J. Environ. An. Ch., 62, 207–218, https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319608028134, 1996.
Pierotti, D., Wofsy, S. C., Jacob, D., and Rasmussen, R. A.: Isoprene and its
oxidation products: Methacrolein and methyl vinyl ketone, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 1871–1881, https://doi.org/10.1029/JD095iD02p01871, 1990.
Pinto, J. P., Dibb, J., Lee, B. H., Rappenglück, B., Wood, E. C., Levy,
M., Zhang, R.-Y., Lefer, B., Ren, X.-R., Stutz, J., Tsai, C., Ackermann, L.,
Golovko, J., Herndon, S. C., Oakes, M., Meng, Q.-Y., Munger, J. W.,
Zahniser, M., and Zheng, J.: Intercomparison of field measurements of
nitrous acid (HONO) during the SHARP campaign, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119,
5583–5601, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020287, 2014.
Press, W. H., Flannery, T. S., and Vetterling, W. T.: Numerical Recipes: The
Art of Scientific Computing, Cambridge University Press, pp. 51 and 670, ISBN 978-0-521-88068-8, 1986.
Ramazan, K. A., Syomin, D., and Finlayson-Pitts, B. J.: The photochemical
production of HONO during the heterogeneous hydrolysis of NO2, Phys.
Chem. Chem. Phys., 6, 3836–3843, https://doi.org/10.1039/B402195A, 2004.
Reisinger, A. R.: Observations of HNO2 in the polluted winter
atmosphere: possible heterogeneous production on aerosols, Atmos. Environ.,
34, 3865–3874, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00179-5, 2000.
Roberts, J. M. and Bertman, S. B.: The thermal decomposition of peroxy
acetic nitric anhydride (PAN) and peroxymethacrylic nitric anhydride (MPAN),
Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 24, 297–307, https://doi.org/10.1002/kin.550240307, 1992.
Ródenas, M., Munoz, A., Alacreu, F., Brauers, T., Dorn, H. P., Kleffmann, J., and Bloss, W.: Assessment of HONO Measurements: The FIONA Campaign at
EUPHORE, in: Disposal of Dangerous Chemicals in Urban Areas and Mega Cities: Role of Oxides and Acids of Nitrogen in Atmospheric Chemistry, edited by: Barnes, I. and Rudzinski, K. J., Springer, Dordrecht, 45–58, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5034-0_4, 2013.
Rodgers, M. O. and Davis, D. D.: A UV-photofragmentation laser-induced
fluorescence sensor for detection of HONO, Environ. Sci. Technol., 23,
1106–1112, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00067a007, 1989.
Rohrer, F. and Brüning, D.: Surface NO and NO2 mixing ratios
measured between 30∘ N and 30∘ S in the Atlantic region, J.
Atmos. Chem., 15, 253–267, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00115397, 1992.
Rohrer, F., Bohn, B., Brauers, T., Brüning, D., Johnen, F.-J., Wahner, A., and Kleffmann, J.: Characterisation of the photolytic HONO-source in the atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2189–2201, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-2189-2005, 2005.
Ruth, A. A. and Lynch, K. T.: Incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced total
internal reflection spectroscopy of surface adsorbed metalloporphyrins,
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 10, 7098–7108, https://doi.org/10.1039/B809591D, 2008.
Ruth, A. A., Dixneuf, S., and Raghunandan, R.: Broadband cavity-enhanced
absorption Spectroscopy with incoherent light, in: Cavity enhanced spectroscopy and sensing, edited by: Gagliardi, G. and Loock, H. P., Springer Series in Optical Sciences, 179, 485–517, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40003-2, 2014.
Saiz-Lopez, A., Plane, J. M. C., McFiggans, G., Williams, P. I., Ball, S. M., Bitter, M., Jones, R. L., Hongwei, C., and Hoffmann, T.: Modelling molecular iodine emissions in a coastal marine environment: the link to new particle formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 883–895, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-883-2006, 2006.
Schiller, C. L., Locquiao, S., Johnson, T. J., and Harris, G. W.:
Atmospheric measurements of HONO by tunable diode laser absorption
spectroscopy, J. Atmos. Chem., 40, 275–293, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012264601306, 2001.
Scharko, N. K., Berke, A. E., and Raff, J. D.: Release of nitrous acid and
nitrogen dioxide from nitrate photolysis in acidic aqueous solutions,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 11991–12001, https://doi.org/10.1021/es503088x, 2014.
Sleiman, M., Logue, J. M., Luo, W., Pankow, J. F., Gundel, L. A., and
Destaillats, H.: Inhalable constituents of thirdhand tobacco smoke: Chemical
characterization and health impact considerations, Environ. Sci. Technol.,
48, 13093–13101, https://doi.org/10.1021/es5036333, 2014.
Simon, P. K. and Dasgupta, P. K.: Continuous automated measurement of
gaseous nitrous and nitric acids and particulate nitrite and nitrate,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 1534–1541, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00006a015, 1995.
Spataro, F. and Ianniello, A.: Sources of atmospheric nitrous acid: State
of the science, current research needs, and future prospects, J. Air Waste
Manage., 64, 1232–1250, https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2014.952846, 2014.
Spindler, G., Hesper, J., Brüggemann, E., Dubois, R., Müller, T.,
and Herrmann, H.: Wet annular denuder measurements of nitrous acid:
laboratory study of the artefact reaction of NO2 with S(IV) in aqueous
solution and comparison with field measurements, Atmos. Environ., 37,
2643–2662, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00209-7, 2003.
Staffelbach, T., Neftel, A., and Horowitz, L. W.: Photochemical oxidant
formation over southern Switzerland. 2. Model results, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 23363–23373, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD00932, 1997.
Stemmler, K., Ammann, M., Donders, C., Kleffmann, J., and George, C.:
Photosensitized reduction of nitrogen dioxide on humic acid as a source of
nitrous acid, Nature, 440, 195–198, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04603, 2006.
Stutz, J., Kim, E. S., Platt, U., Bruno, P., Perrino, C., and Febo, A.:
UV-visible absorption cross sections of nitrous acid, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 14585–14592, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900003, 2000.
Stutz, J., Oha, H.-J., Whitlow, S. I., Anderson, C., Dibb, J. E., Flynn, J.
H., Rappenglück, B., and Lefer, B.: Simultaneous DOAS and mist-chamber
IC measurements of HONO in Houston, TX, Atmos. Environ., 44, 4090–4098, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.02.003, 2010.
Takenaka, N., Terada, H., Oro, Y., Hiroi, M., Yoshikawa, H., Okitsu, K., and
Bandow, H.: A new method for the measurement of trace amounts of HONO in the
atmosphere using an air-dragged aqua-membrane-type denuder and fluorescence
detection, Analyst, 129, 1130–1136, https://doi.org/10.1039/B407726A,
2004.
Tang, K., Qin, M., Fang, W., Duan, J., Meng, F., Ye, K., Zhang, H., Xie, P., He, Y., Xu, W., Liu, J., and Liu, W.: Simultaneous detection of atmospheric HONO and NO2 utilising an IBBCEAS system based on an iterative algorithm, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 6487–6499, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6487-2020, 2020.
Thalman, R. and Volkamer, R.: Inherent calibration of a blue LED-CE-DOAS instrument to measure iodine oxide, glyoxal, methyl glyoxal, nitrogen dioxide, water vapour and aerosol extinction in open cavity mode, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 1797–1814, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-1797-2010, 2010.
Vandaele, A. C., Hermans, C., Fally, S., Carleer, M., Colin, R., Mérienne, M.-F., and Jenouvrier, A.: High-resolution Fourier transform measurement of the NO2 visible and near-infrared absorption cross-section: Temperature and pressure effects, J. Geophys. Res., 107, ACH 3-1–ACH 3-12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000971, 2002.
Varma, R. M., Venables, D. S., Ruth, A. A., Heitmann, U., Schlosser, E., and
Dixneuf, S.: Long optical cavities for open-path monitoring of atmospheric
trace gases and aerosol extinction, Appl. Optics, 48, B159–B171, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.48.00B159, 2009.
Varma, R. M., Ball, S. M., Brauers, T., Dorn, H.-P., Heitmann, U., Jones, R. L., Platt, U., Pöhler, D., Ruth, A. A., Shillings, A. J. L., Thieser, J., Wahner, A., and Venables, D. S.: Light extinction by secondary organic aerosol: an intercomparison of three broadband cavity spectrometers, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 3115–3130, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-3115-2013, 2013.
Vogel, B., Vogel, H., Kleffmann, J., and Kurtenbach, R.: Measured and
simulated vertical profiles of nitrous acid – Part II. Model simulations and
indications for a photolytic source, Atmos. Environ., 37, 2957–2966, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00243-7, 2003.
Voigt, S., Orphal, J., and Burrows, J. P.: The temperature and pressure dependence of the absorption cross-sections of NO2 in the 250–800 nm region measured by Fourier-transform spectroscopy, J. Photoch. Photobio. A, 149, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1010-6030(01)00650-5, 2002.
Wang, L. M. and Zhang, J. S.: Detection of nitrous acid by cavity ring down
spectroscopy, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 4221–4227, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0011055, 2000.
Warneke, C., Holzinger, R., Hansel, A., Jordan, A., Lindinger, W., Pöschl, U., Williams, J., Hoor, P., Fischer, H., Crutzen, P. J., Scheeren, H. A., and Lelieveld, J.: Isoprene and its oxidation products methyl vinyl ketone, methacrolein, and isoprene related peroxides measured online over the tropical rain forest of Surinam in March 1998, J. Atmos. Chem., 38, 167–185, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006326802432, 2001.
Washenfelder, R. A., Langford, A. O., Fuchs, H., and Brown, S. S.: Measurement of glyoxal using an incoherent broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectrometer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 7779–7793, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-7779-2008, 2008.
Wennberg, P. O., Bates, K. H., Crounse, J. D., Dodson, L. G., McVay, R. C.,
Mertens, L. A., Nguyen, T. B., Praske, E., Schwantes, R. H., Smarte, M. D.,
StClair, J. M., Teng, A. P., Zhang, X., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Gas-phase
reactions of isoprene and its major oxidation products, Chem. Rev., 118,
3337–3390, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00439, 2018.
Wisthaler, A., Apel, E. C., Bossmeyer, J., Hansel, A., Junkermann, W., Koppmann, R., Meier, R., Müller, K., Solomon, S. J., Steinbrecher, R., Tillmann, R., and Brauers, T.: Technical Note: Intercomparison of formaldehyde measurements at the atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2189–2200, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2189-2008, 2008.
Wu, T., Zhao, W., Chen, W., Zhang, W., and Gao, X.: Incoherent broadband
cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy for in situ measurements of NO2
with a blue light emitting diode, Appl. Phys. B-Lasers O., 94, 85–94, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-008-3308-8, 2009.
Wu, T., Chen, W., Fertein, E., Cazier, F., Dewaele, D., and Gao, X.:
Development of an open-path incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced
spectroscopy based instrument for simultaneous measurement of HONO and
NO2 in ambient air, Appl. Phys. B-Lasers O., 106, 501–509,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-011-4818-3, 2012.
Wu, T., Zha, Q., Chen, W., Xu, Z., Wang, T., and He, X.: Development and
deployment of a cavity enhanced UV-LED spectrometer for measurements of
atmospheric HONO and NO2 in Hong Kong, Atmos. Environ., 95, 544–551, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.07.016, 2014.
Yi, H., Wu, T., Wang, G., Zhao, W., Fertein, E., Coeur, C., Gao, X., Zhang,
W., and Chen, W.: Sensing atmospheric reactive species using light emitting
diode by incoherent broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy, Opt.
Express, 24, A781–A790, https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.24.00A781, 2016.
Yi, H., Cazaunau, M., Gratien, A., Michoud, V., Pangui, E., Doussin, J.-F., and Chen, W.: Intercomparison of IBBCEAS, NitroMAC and FTIR analyses for HONO, NO2 and CH2O measurements during the reaction of NO2 with H2O vapour in the simulation chamber CESAM, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5701–5715, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5701-2021, 2021.
Zhou, X., Civerolo, K., Dai, H. P., Huang, G., Schwab, J., and Demerjian,
K.: Summertime nitrous acid chemistry in the atmospheric boundary layer at a
rural site in New York state, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4590, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001539, 2002a.
Zhou, X., He, Y., Huang, G., Thornberry, T. D., Carroll, M. A., and Bertman, S. B.: Photochemical production of nitrous acid on glass sample manifold surface, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 26-1–26-4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015080, 2002b.
Zhou, X., Gao, H. L., He, Y., Huang, G., Bertman, S. B., Civerolo, K.,
and Schwab, J.: Nitric acid photolysis on surfaces in low-NOx environments: Significant atmospheric implications, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2217, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018620, 2003.
Short summary
Atmospheric chambers, like SAPHIR in Jülich (Germany), are used to experimentally simulate specific atmospheric scenarios to improve our understanding of the complex chemical reactions occurring in our atmospheres. These facilities hence require cutting-edge gas-sensing capabilities to detect trace gases at the lowest level and in a short time. One important trace gas is HONO, for which we custom-built an optical sensing setup, capable of detecting one HONO molecule in ~40 billion in 1 min.
Atmospheric chambers, like SAPHIR in Jülich (Germany), are used to experimentally simulate...
