Articles | Volume 17, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1037-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1037-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
13 Feb 2024
Research article |
| 13 Feb 2024
| 13 Feb 2024
Development and characterization of a high-performance single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (HP-SPAMS)
Xubing Du
Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution, Guangzhou, 510632, China
Qinhui Xie
Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution, Guangzhou, 510632, China
Qing Huang
Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution, Guangzhou, 510632, China
Xuan Li
Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution, Guangzhou, 510632, China
Junlin Yang
Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Limited Company, Guangzhou, 510530, China
Zhihui Hou
Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Limited Company, Guangzhou, 510530, China
Jingjing Wang
Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Limited Company, Guangzhou, 510530, China
Xue Li
Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution, Guangzhou, 510632, China
Zhen Zhou
Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution, Guangzhou, 510632, China
Zhengxu Huang
Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution, Guangzhou, 510632, China
Wei Gao
Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution, Guangzhou, 510632, China
Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution, Guangzhou, 510632, China
Related authors
Aodong Du, Jiaxing Sun, Hang Liu, Weiqi Xu, Wei Zhou, Yuting Zhang, Lei Li, Xubing Du, Yan Li, Xiaole Pan, Zifa Wang, and Yele Sun
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13597–13611, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13597-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13597-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We characterized the impacts of emission controls on particle mixing state and density during the Beijing Olympic Winter Games using a SPAMS in tandem with a DMA and an AAC. OC and sulfate-containing particles increased, while those from primary emissions decreased. The effective particle densities increased and varied largely for different particles, highlighting the impacts of aging and formation processes on the changes of particle density and mixing state.
Xuan Li, Lei Li, Zeming Zhuo, Guohua Zhang, Xubing Du, Xue Li, Zhengxu Huang, Zhen Zhou, and Zhi Cheng
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-598, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-598, 2022
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
The particle size and chemical composition of bioaerosol were analyzed based on single particle aerosol mass spectrometer. Fungal aerosol of 10 μm was measured for the first time and the characteristic spectrum of bioaerosol was updated. The ion peak ratio method can distinguish bioaerosols from interferers by 97 %. The factors influencing the differentiation of bioaerosols are also discussed. Single particle mass spectrometry can be a new method for real-time identification of bioaerosols.
Jiaxing Sun, Yele Sun, Conghui Xie, Weiqi Xu, Chun Chen, Zhe Wang, Lei Li, Xubing Du, Fugui Huang, Yan Li, Zhijie Li, Xiaole Pan, Nan Ma, Wanyun Xu, Pingqing Fu, and Zifa Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7619–7630, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7619-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7619-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed the chemical composition and mixing state of BC-containing particles at urban and rural sites in winter in the North China Plain and evaluated their impact on light absorption enhancement. BC was dominantly mixed with organic carbon, nitrate, and sulfate, and the mixing state evolved significantly as a function of relative humidity (RH) at both sites. The absorption enhancement depended strongly on coated secondary inorganic aerosol and was up to ~1.3–1.4 during aging processes.
Long Peng, Lei Li, Guohua Zhang, Xubing Du, Xinming Wang, Ping'an Peng, Guoying Sheng, and Xinhui Bi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5605–5613, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5605-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5605-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We build a novel system that utilizes an aerodynamic aerosol classifier (AAC) combined with a single-particle aerosol mass spectrometry (SPAMS) to simultaneously characterize the volume equivalent diameter (Dve), chemical compositions, and effective density (ρe) of individual particles in real time. A test of the AAC-SPAMS with both spherical and aspherical particles shows that the deviations between the measured and theoretical values are less than 6 %.
Jinwen Zhang, Yongjian Liang, Chenglei Pei, Bo Huang, Yingyan Huang, Xiufeng Lian, Shaojie Song, Chunlei Cheng, Cheng Wu, Zhen Zhou, Junjie Li, and Mei Li
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3215, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3215, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Inadequate characterization of carbon dioxide (CO2) dynamics limits understanding of coastal megacity carbon cycles. Using a novel framework integrating high-precision observations, this study reveals nonlinear sea–land breeze effects, quantifies urban vegetation’s role in CO2 budgets, and tracks policy-driven combustion efficiency via declining ΔCO/ΔCO2 ratios, offering new insights into coastal CO2 cycling.
Xiufeng Lian, Yongjiang Xu, Fengxian Liu, Long Peng, Xiaodong Hu, Guigang Tang, Xu Dao, Hui Guo, Liwei Wang, Bo Huang, Chunlei Cheng, Lei Li, Guohua Zhang, Xinhui Bi, Xiaofei Wang, Zhen Zhou, and Mei Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8891–8905, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8891-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8891-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we analyzed the mixing state and atmospheric chemical processes of Pb-rich single particles in Beijing. We focused on analyzing the differences in Pb-rich particles between the heating period and non-heating period, as well as the formation mechanism of lead nitrate after coal-to-gas conversion. Our results highlighted the improvement of Pb levels in the particulate as a result of coal-to-gas conversion.
Junhong Huang, Lei Li, Xue Li, Zhengxu Huang, and Zhi Cheng
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 2739–2749, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2739-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2739-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a sampling system that extends the transmission range of the five-stage lens to 10 µm. This innovative design reduces the beam incidence angle and narrows the width. Using polystyrene latex spheres, we validated the high transmission efficiency. Additionally, a standard dust test demonstrated consistency with the aerodynamic particle sizer. This study introduces a novel design framework that not only enhances transmission range and efficiency but also supports instrument miniaturization.
Liangbin Wu, Cheng Wu, Tao Deng, Dui Wu, Mei Li, Yong Jie Li, and Zhen Zhou
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2917–2936, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2917-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2917-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Field comparison of dual-spot (AE33) and single-spot (AE31) Aethalometers by full-year collocated measurements suggests that site-specific correction factors are needed to ensure the long-term data continuity for AE31-to-AE33 transition in black carbon monitoring networks; babs agrees well between AE33 and AE31, with slight variations by wavelength (slope: 0.87–1.04; R2: 0.95–0.97). A ~ 20 % difference in secondary brown carbon light absorption was found between AE33 and AE31.
Aodong Du, Jiaxing Sun, Hang Liu, Weiqi Xu, Wei Zhou, Yuting Zhang, Lei Li, Xubing Du, Yan Li, Xiaole Pan, Zifa Wang, and Yele Sun
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13597–13611, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13597-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13597-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We characterized the impacts of emission controls on particle mixing state and density during the Beijing Olympic Winter Games using a SPAMS in tandem with a DMA and an AAC. OC and sulfate-containing particles increased, while those from primary emissions decreased. The effective particle densities increased and varied largely for different particles, highlighting the impacts of aging and formation processes on the changes of particle density and mixing state.
Bojiang Su, Xinhui Bi, Zhou Zhang, Yue Liang, Congbo Song, Tao Wang, Yaohao Hu, Lei Li, Zhen Zhou, Jinpei Yan, Xinming Wang, and Guohua Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10697–10711, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10697-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10697-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
During the R/V Xuelong cruise observation over the Ross Sea, Antarctica, the mass concentrations of water-soluble Ca2+ and the mass spectra of individual calcareous particles were measured. Our results indicated that lower temperature, lower wind speed, and the presence of sea ice may facilitate Ca2+ enrichment in sea spray aerosols and highlighted the potential contribution of organically complexed calcium to calcium enrichment, which is inaccurate based solely on water-soluble Ca2+ estimation.
Guohua Zhang, Xiaodong Hu, Wei Sun, Yuxiang Yang, Ziyong Guo, Yuzhen Fu, Haichao Wang, Shengzhen Zhou, Lei Li, Mingjin Tang, Zongbo Shi, Duohong Chen, Xinhui Bi, and Xinming Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9571–9582, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9571-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9571-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We show a significant enhancement of nitrate mass fraction in cloud water and relative intensity of nitrate in the cloud residual particles and highlight that hydrolysis of N2O5 serves as the critical route for the in-cloud formation of nitrate, even during the daytime. Given that N2O5 hydrolysis acts as a major sink of NOx in the atmosphere, further model updates may improve our understanding about the processes contributing to nitrate production in cloud and the cycling of odd nitrogen.
Xuan Li, Lei Li, Zeming Zhuo, Guohua Zhang, Xubing Du, Xue Li, Zhengxu Huang, Zhen Zhou, and Zhi Cheng
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-598, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-598, 2022
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
The particle size and chemical composition of bioaerosol were analyzed based on single particle aerosol mass spectrometer. Fungal aerosol of 10 μm was measured for the first time and the characteristic spectrum of bioaerosol was updated. The ion peak ratio method can distinguish bioaerosols from interferers by 97 %. The factors influencing the differentiation of bioaerosols are also discussed. Single particle mass spectrometry can be a new method for real-time identification of bioaerosols.
Jiaxing Sun, Yele Sun, Conghui Xie, Weiqi Xu, Chun Chen, Zhe Wang, Lei Li, Xubing Du, Fugui Huang, Yan Li, Zhijie Li, Xiaole Pan, Nan Ma, Wanyun Xu, Pingqing Fu, and Zifa Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7619–7630, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7619-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7619-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed the chemical composition and mixing state of BC-containing particles at urban and rural sites in winter in the North China Plain and evaluated their impact on light absorption enhancement. BC was dominantly mixed with organic carbon, nitrate, and sulfate, and the mixing state evolved significantly as a function of relative humidity (RH) at both sites. The absorption enhancement depended strongly on coated secondary inorganic aerosol and was up to ~1.3–1.4 during aging processes.
Haoyu Jiang, Yingyao He, Yiqun Wang, Sheng Li, Bin Jiang, Luca Carena, Xue Li, Lihua Yang, Tiangang Luan, Davide Vione, and Sasho Gligorovski
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4237–4252, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4237-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4237-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 is suggested to be one of the most important pathways for sulfate formation during extreme haze events in China, yet the exact mechanism remains highly uncertain. Our study reveals that ubiquitous compounds at the sea surface PAHS and DMSO, when exposed to SO2 under simulated sunlight irradiation, generate abundant organic sulfur compounds, providing implications for air-sea interaction and secondary organic aerosols formation processes.
Brix Raphael Go, Yan Lyu, Yan Ji, Yong Jie Li, Dan Dan Huang, Xue Li, Theodora Nah, Chun Ho Lam, and Chak K. Chan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 273–293, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-273-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-273-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Biomass burning (BB) is a global phenomenon that releases large quantities of pollutants such as phenols and aromatic carbonyls into the atmosphere. These compounds can form secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) which play an important role in the Earth’s energy budget. In this work, we demonstrated that the direct irradiation of vanillin (VL) could generate aqueous SOA (aqSOA) such as oligomers. In the presence of nitrate, VL photo-oxidation can also form nitrated compounds.
Qi En Zhong, Chunlei Cheng, Zaihua Wang, Lei Li, Mei Li, Dafeng Ge, Lei Wang, Yuanyuan Li, Wei Nie, Xuguang Chi, Aijun Ding, Suxia Yang, Duohong Chen, and Zhen Zhou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17953–17967, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17953-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17953-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Particulate amines play important roles in new particle formation, aerosol acidity, and hygroscopicity. Most of the field observations did not distinguish the different behavior of each type amine under the same ambient influencing factors. In this study, two amine-containing single particles exhibited different mixing states and disparate enrichment of secondary organics, which provide insight into the discriminated fates of organics during the formation and evolution processes.
Johannes Passig, Julian Schade, Robert Irsig, Lei Li, Xue Li, Zhen Zhou, Thomas Adam, and Ralf Zimmermann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4171–4185, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4171-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4171-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ships are major sources of air pollution; however, monitoring of ship emissions outside harbours is a challenging task. We optimized single-particle mass spectrometry (SPMS) for the detection of bunker fuel emissions and demonstrate the detection of individual ship plumes from more than 10 km in distance. The approach works independently of background air pollution and also when ships use exhaust-cleaning scrubbers. We discuss the potential and limits of SPMS-based monitoring of ship plumes.
Long Peng, Lei Li, Guohua Zhang, Xubing Du, Xinming Wang, Ping'an Peng, Guoying Sheng, and Xinhui Bi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5605–5613, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5605-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5605-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We build a novel system that utilizes an aerodynamic aerosol classifier (AAC) combined with a single-particle aerosol mass spectrometry (SPAMS) to simultaneously characterize the volume equivalent diameter (Dve), chemical compositions, and effective density (ρe) of individual particles in real time. A test of the AAC-SPAMS with both spherical and aspherical particles shows that the deviations between the measured and theoretical values are less than 6 %.
Yuzhen Fu, Qinhao Lin, Guohua Zhang, Yuxiang Yang, Yiping Yang, Xiufeng Lian, Long Peng, Feng Jiang, Xinhui Bi, Lei Li, Yuanyuan Wang, Duohong Chen, Jie Ou, Xinming Wang, Ping'an Peng, Jianxi Zhu, and Guoying Sheng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14063–14075, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14063-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14063-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the analysis of the morphology and mixing structure of the activated and unactivated particles, our results emphasize the role of in-cloud processes in the chemistry and microphysical properties of individual activated particles. Given that organic coatings may determine the particle hygroscopicity and heterogeneous chemical reactivity, the increase of OM-shelled particles upon in-cloud processes should have considerable implications for their evolution and climate impact.
Cited articles
Cahill, J. F., Darlington, T. K., Wang, X., Mayer, J., Spencer, M. T., Holecek, J. C., Reed, B. E., and Prather, K. A.: Development of a High-Pressure Aerodynamic Lens for Focusing Large Particles (4–10 µm) into the Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 48, 948–956, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2014.947400, 2014.
Cahill, J. F., Fei, H., Cohen, S. M., and Prather, K. A.: Characterization of core-shell MOF particles by depth profiling experiments using on-line single particle mass spectrometry, Analyst, 140, 1510–1515, https://doi.org/10.1039/c4an01913j, 2015.
Chen, S.-C., Tsai, C.-J., Wu, C.-H., Pui, D. Y. H., Onischuk, A. A., and Karasev, V. V.: Particle loss in a critical orifice, J. Aerosol Sci., 38, 935–949, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2007.06.010, 2007.
Chen, Y., Kozlovskiy, V., Du, X., Lv, J., Nikiforov, S., Yu, J., Kolosov, A., Gao, W., Zhou, Z., Huang, Z., and Li, L.: Increase of the particle hit rate in a laser single-particle mass spectrometer by pulse delayed extraction technology, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 941–949, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-941-2020, 2020.
Chudinov, A., Li, L., Zhou, Z., Huang, Z., Gao, W., Yu, J., Nikiforov, S., Pikhtelev, A., Bukharina, A., and Kozlovskiy, V.: Improvement of peaks identification and dynamic range for bi-polar Single Particle Mass Spectrometer, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 436, 7–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2018.11.013, 2019.
Clemen, H.-C., Schneider, J., Klimach, T., Helleis, F., Köllner, F., Hünig, A., Rubach, F., Mertes, S., Wex, H., Stratmann, F., Welti, A., Kohl, R., Frank, F., and Borrmann, S.: Optimizing the detection, ablation, and ion extraction efficiency of a single-particle laser ablation mass spectrometer for application in environments with low aerosol particle concentrations, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 5923–5953, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5923-2020, 2020.
Czerwieniec, G. A., Russell, S. C., Lebrilla, C. B., Coffee, K. R., Riot, V., Steele, P. T., Frank, M., and Gard, E. E.: Improved sensitivity and mass range in time-of-flight bioaerosol mass spectrometry using an electrostatic ion guide, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 16, 1866–1875, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasms.2005.06.013, 2005.
Gemayel, R., Hellebust, S., Temime-Roussel, B., Hayeck, N., Van Elteren, J. T., Wortham, H., and Gligorovski, S.: The performance and the characterization of laser ablation aerosol particle time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LAAP-ToF-MS), Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 1947–1959, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-1947-2016, 2016.
He, Y., Gu, Z., Lu, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, D., Okuda, T., and Yu, C. W.: Charging states on atmospheric aerosol particles affected by meteorological conditions, Particuology, 52, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2019.12.007, 2020.
Hwang, T.-H., Kim, S.-H., Kim, S. H., and Lee, D.: Reducing particle loss in a critical orifice and an aerodynamic lens for focusing aerosol particles in a wide size range of 30 nm–10 µm, J. Mech. Sci. Technol., 29, 317–323, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-014-1238-4, 2015.
Jost, H.-J., Drdla, K., Stohl, A., Pfister, L., Loewenstein, M., Lopez, J. P., Hudson, P. K., Murphy, D. M., Cziczo, D. J., Fromm, M., Bui, T. P., Dean-Day, J., Gerbig, C., Mahoney, M. J., Richard, E. C., Spichtinger, N., Pittman, J. V., Weinstock, E. M., Wilson, J. C., and Xueref, I.: In-situ observations of mid-latitude forest fire plumes deep in the stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L11101, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl019253, 2004.
Kinsel, G. R. and Johnston, M. V.: Post source pulse focusing: a simple method to achieve improved resolution in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 91, 157–176, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1176(89)83006-x, 1989.
Li, L., Huang, Z., Dong, J., Li, M., Gao, W., Nian, H., Fu, Z., Zhang, G., Bi, X., Cheng, P., and Zhou, Z.: Real time bipolar time-of-flight mass spectrometer for analyzing single aerosol particles, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 303, 118–124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2011.01.017, 2011.
Li, L., Liu, L., Xu, L., Li, M., Li, X., Gao, W., Huang, Z., and Cheng, P.: Improvement in the Mass Resolution of Single Particle Mass Spectrometry Using Delayed Ion Extraction, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 29, 2105–2109, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13361-018-2037-4, 2018.
Liu, P., Ziemann, P. J., Kittelson, D. B., and McMurry, P. H.: Generating Particle Beams of Controlled Dimensions and Divergence: I. Theory of Particle Motion in Aerodynamic Lenses and Nozzle Expansions, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 22, 293–313, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786829408959748, 1995.
Liu, Z., Lu, X., Feng, J., Fan, Q., Zhang, Y., and Yang, X.: Influence of Ship Emissions on Urban Air Quality: A Comprehensive Study Using Highly Time-Resolved Online Measurements and Numerical Simulation in Shanghai, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 202–211, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b03834, 2017.
Marsden, N. A., Flynn, M. J., Allan, J. D., and Coe, H.: Online differentiation of mineral phase in aerosol particles by ion formation mechanism using a LAAP-TOF single-particle mass spectrometer, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 195–213, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-195-2018, 2018.
McNeill, V. F.: Atmospheric Aerosols: Clouds, Chemistry, and Climate, Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng., 8, 427–444, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060816-101538, 2017.
Murphy, D. M.: The design of single particle laser mass spectrometers, Mass Spectrom. Rev., 26, 150–165, https://doi.org/10.1002/mas.20113, 2007.
Murphy, D. M., Cziczo, D. J., Froyd, K. D., Hudson, P. K., Matthew, B. M., Middlebrook, A. M., Peltier, R. E., Sullivan, A., Thomson, D. S., and Weber, R. J.: Single-particle mass spectrometry of tropospheric aerosol particles, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D23S32, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jd007340, 2006.
Noble, C. A. and Prather, K. A.: Real-time single particle mass spectrometry: a historical review of a quarter century of the chemical analysis of aerosols, Mass Spectrom. Rev., 19, 248–274, https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-2787(200007)19:4<248::AID-MAS3>3.0.CO;2-I, 2000.
Peng, L., Li, L., Zhang, G., Du, X., Wang, X., Peng, P., Sheng, G., and Bi, X.: Technical note: Measurement of chemically resolved volume equivalent diameter and effective density of particles by AAC-SPAMS, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5605–5613, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5605-2021, 2021.
Pöschl, U.: Atmospheric aerosols: composition, transformation, climate and health effects, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 44, 7520–7540, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200501122, 2005.
Pratt, K. A. and Prather, K. A.: Mass spectrometry of atmospheric aerosols–recent developments and applications. Part II: On-line mass spectrometry techniques, Mass Spectrom. Rev., 31, 17–48, https://doi.org/10.1002/mas.20330, 2012.
Pratt, K. A., Mayer, J. E., Holecek, J. C., Moffet, R. C., Sanchez, R. O., Rebotier, T. P., Furutani, H., Gonin, M., Fuhrer, K., Su, Y., Guazzotti, S., and Prather, K. A.: Development and characterization of an aircraft aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer, Anal. Chem., 81, 1792–1800, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac801942r, 2009.
Reinard, M. S. and Johnston, M. V.: Ion formation mechanism in laser desorption ionization of individual nanoparticles, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 19, 389–399, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasms.2007.11.017, 2008.
Schmidt, S., Schneider, J., Klimach, T., Mertes, S., Schenk, L. P., Kupiszewski, P., Curtius, J., and Borrmann, S.: Online single particle analysis of ice particle residuals from mountain-top mixed-phase clouds using laboratory derived particle type assignment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 575–594, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-575-2017, 2017.
Silva, P. J. and Prather, K. A.: Interpretation of mass spectra from organic compounds in aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 72, 3553–3562, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac9910132, 2000.
Snyder, D. C., Schauer, J. J., Gross, D. S., and Turner, J. R.: Estimating the contribution of point sources to atmospheric metals using single-particle mass spectrometry, Atmos. Environ., 43, 4033–4042, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.05.011, 2009.
Souto-Oliveira, C. E., Babinski, M., Araujo, D. F., and Andrade, M. F.: Multi-isotopic fingerprints (Pb, Zn, Cu) applied for urban aerosol source apportionment and discrimination, Sci. Total Environ., 626, 1350–1366, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.192, 2018.
Steele, P. T., Srivastava, A., Pitesky, M. E., Fergenson, D. P., Tobias, H. J., Gard, E. E., and Frank, M.: Desorption/ionization fluence thresholds and improved mass spectral consistency measured using a flattop laser profile in the bioaerosol mass spectrometry of single Bacillus endospores, Anal. Chem., 77, 7448–7454, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac051329b, 2005.
Su, B., Zhang, G., Zhuo, Z., Xie, Q., Du, X., Fu, Y., Wu, S., Huang, F., Bi, X., Li, X., Li, L., and Zhou, Z.: Different characteristics of individual particles from light-duty diesel vehicle at the launching and idling state by AAC-SPAMS, J. Hazard. Mater., 418, 126304, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126304, 2021a.
Su, B., Zhuo, Z., Fu, Y., Sun, W., Chen, Y., Du, X., Yang, Y., Wu, S., Xie, Q., Huang, F., Chen, D., Li, L., Zhang, G., Bi, X., and Zhou, Z.: Individual particle investigation on the chloride depletion of inland transported sea spray aerosols during East Asian summer monsoon, Sci. Total Environ., 765, 144290, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144290, 2021b.
Su, Y., Wei, G., Wang, W., Xi, R., Wang, X., Xu, J., and Li, Z.: Analytical performance of single particle aerosol mass spectrometer for accurate sizing and isotopic analysis of individual particles, Atmos. Environ., 303, 119759, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.119759, 2023.
Sun, Z., Duan, F., He, K., Du, J., and Zhu, L.: Sulfate-nitrate-ammonium as double salts in PM2.5: Direct observations and implications for haze events, Sci. Total Environ., 647, 204–209, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.107, 2019.
Tan, P. V., Malpica, O., Evans, G. J., Owega, S., and Fila, M. S.: Chemically-assigned classification of aerosol mass spectra, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 13, 826–838, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1044-0305(02)00379-3, 2002.
Tavakoli, F. and Olfert, J. S.: Determination of particle mass, effective density, mass–mobility exponent, and dynamic shape factor using an aerodynamic aerosol classifier and a differential mobility analyzer in tandem, J. Aerosol Sci., 75, 35–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2014.04.010, 2014.
Thomson, D. S., Middlebrook, A. M., and Murphy, D. M.: Thresholds for Laser-Induced Ion Formation from Aerosols in a Vacuum Using Ultraviolet and Vacuum-Ultraviolet Laser Wavelengths, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 26, 544–559, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786829708965452, 1997.
Vera, C. C., Trimborn, A., Hinz, K. P., and Spengler, B.: Initial velocity distributions of ions generated by in-flight laser desorption/ionization of individual polystyrene latex microparticles as studied by the delayed ion extraction method, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 19, 133–146, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1753, 2005.
Wang, X. and McMurry, P. H.: A Design Tool for Aerodynamic Lens Systems, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 40, 320–334, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820600615063, 2006.
Wang, X., Kruis, F. E., and McMurry, P. H.: Aerodynamic Focusing of Nanoparticles: I. Guidelines for Designing Aerodynamic Lenses for Nanoparticles, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 39, 611–623, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820500181901, 2005.
Wenzel, R. J. and Prather, K. A.: Improvements in ion signal reproducibility obtained using a homogeneous laser beam for on-line laser desorption/ionization of single particles, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 18, 1525–1533, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1509, 2004.
Zawadowicz, M. A., Abdelmonem, A., Mohr, C., Saathoff, H., Froyd, K. D., Murphy, D. M., Leisner, T., and Cziczo, D. J.: Single-Particle Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Utilizing a Femtosecond Desorption and Ionization Laser, Anal. Chem., 87, 12221–12229, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03158, 2015.
Zawadowicz, M. A., Lance, S., Jayne, J. T., Croteau, P., Worsnop, D. R., Mahrt, F., Leisner, T., and Cziczo, D. J.: Quantifying and improving the optical performance of the laser ablation aerosol particle time of flight mass spectrometer (LAAPToF) instrument, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 54, 761–771, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2020.1724867, 2020.
Zelenyuk, A., Cai, Y., and Imre, D.: From Agglomerates of Spheres to Irregularly Shaped Particles: Determination of Dynamic Shape Factors from Measurements of Mobility and Vacuum Aerodynamic Diameters, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 40, 197–217, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820500529406, 2006.
Zelenyuk, A., Yang, J., Song, C., Zaveri, R. A., and Imre, D.: “Depth-profiling” and quantitative characterization of the size, composition, shape, density, and morphology of fine particles with SPLAT, a single-particle mass spectrometer, J. Phys. Chem. A, 112, 669–677, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp077308y, 2008.
Zelenyuk, A., Yang, J., Choi, E., and Imre, D.: SPLAT II: An Aircraft Compatible, Ultra-Sensitive, High Precision Instrument for In-Situ Characterization of the Size and Composition of Fine and Ultrafine Particles, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 43, 411–424, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820802709243, 2009.
Zelenyuk, A., Imre, D., Wilson, J., Zhang, Z., Wang, J., and Mueller, K.: Airborne single particle mass spectrometers (SPLAT II & miniSPLAT) and new software for data visualization and analysis in a geo-spatial context, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 26, 257–270, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13361-014-1043-4, 2015.
Zhang, G., Han, B., Bi, X., Dai, S., Huang, W., Chen, D., Wang, X., Sheng, G., Fu, J., and Zhou, Z.: Characteristics of individual particles in the atmosphere of Guangzhou by single particle mass spectrometry, Atmos. Res., 153, 286–295, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.08.016, 2015.
Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Chen, H., Yang, X., Chen, J., and Allen, J. O.: Source apportionment of lead-containing aerosol particles in Shanghai using single particle mass spectrometry, Chemosphere, 74, 501–507, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.10.004, 2009.
Zhou, Y., Zhang, Y., Griffith, S. M., Wu, G., Li, L., Zhao, Y., Li, M., Zhou, Z., and Yu, J. Z.: Field Evidence of Fe-Mediated Photochemical Degradation of Oxalate and Subsequent Sulfate Formation Observed by Single Particle Mass Spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 6562–6574, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c00443, 2020.
Zhu, S., Li, L., Wang, S., Li, M., Liu, Y., Lu, X., Chen, H., Wang, L., Chen, J., Zhou, Z., Yang, X., and Wang, X.: Development of an automatic linear calibration method for high-resolution single-particle mass spectrometry: improved chemical species identification for atmospheric aerosols, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 4111–4121, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-4111-2020, 2020.
Zhuo, Z., Su, B., Xie, Q., Li, L., Huang, Z., Zhou, Z., Mai, Z., and Tan, G.: Improved Aerodynamic Particle Concentrator for Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometry:A Simulation and Characterization Study, Chinese Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology, 41, 443–449, https://doi.org/10.13922/j.cnki.cjvst.202008026, 2021.
Short summary
Currently, the limitations of single-particle mass spectrometry detection capabilities render it not yet well suited for analyzing complex aerosol components in low-concentration environments. In this study, a new high-performance single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (HP-SPAMS) is developed to enhance instrument performance regarding the number of detected particles, transmission efficiency, resolution, and sensitivity, which will help in aerosol science.
Currently, the limitations of single-particle mass spectrometry detection capabilities render it...
