In spring 2023, in the Fram Strait, we investigated the near-surface distribution of the greenhouse gases methane and nitrous oxide in open leads and under sea ice to address the lack of observations in the Arctic Ocean. The study area acted as a source for both gases, and the onset of sea ice melt affected their concentrations and emissions. Surface-active substances accumulated in the sea-surface microlayer of open leads during an algal bloom, potentially attenuating greenhouse gas emissions.

The Arctic region is subject to profound changes due to a warming climate. Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) in the seawater can get transported to the atmosphere and impact cloud formation. However, the sources of characteristics of INPs in the marine areas are poorly understood. We investigated the INPs in seawater from Greenlandic fjords and identified a seasonal variability, with highly active INPs originating from terrestrial sources such as glacial and soil runoff.

Our study explores particles in Arctic soils and streams that influence ice formation in clouds. By analyzing these environments, we identified specific microorganisms producing these particles. This research, which measured these particles in Arctic streams for the first time, provides new insights into their ecological role and transfer from soil to water. Our findings help us understand their production, sources, and potential impact on climate.