Articles | Volume 18, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2069-2025
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2069-2025
Research article
 | 
09 May 2025
Research article |  | 09 May 2025

Atmospheric horizontal gradients measured with eight co-located GNSS stations and a microwave radiometer

Tong Ning and Gunnar Elgered

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Cited articles

Bar-Sever, Y. E., Kroger, P. M., and Börjesson, J. A.: Estimating horizontal gradients of tropospheric path delay with a single GPS receiver, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 5019–5035, https://doi.org/10.1029/97jb03534, 1998. a
Bertiger, W., Bar-Sever, Y., Dorsey, A. Haines, B., Harvey, N., Hemberger, D., Heflin, M., Lu, W., Miller, M., Moore, A.W., Murphy, D., Ries, P., Romans, L., Sibois, A., Sibthorpe, A., Szilagyi, B., Vallisneri, M., and Willie, P.: GipsyX/RTGx, a new tool set for space geodetic operations and research, Adv. Space Res., 66, 469–489, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2020.04.015, 2020. a
Boehm, J., Werl, B., and Schuh, H.: Troposphere mapping functions for GPS and very long baseline interferometry from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts operational analysis data, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B02406, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003629, 2006. a
Chen, B. and Liu, Z.: Global water vapor variability and trend from the latest 36 year (1979 to 2014) data of ECMWF and NCEP reanalyses, radiosonde, GPS, and microwave satellite, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 11442–11462, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD024917, 2016. a
Davis, J. L., Elgered, G., Niell, A. E., and Kuehn, C. E.: Ground-based measurement of gradients in the “wet” radio refractivity of air, Radio Sci., 28, 1003–1018, https://doi.org/10.1029/93RS01917, 1993. a
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Short summary
We analyzed signal delays in the atmosphere, using eight co-located global navigation satellite system (GNSS) stations, and compared linear horizontal gradients with microwave radiometer data. A weak constraint applied when estimating gradients in the GNSS data processing, enhancing short-lived gradient tracking but increasing noise, which can be mitigated by averaging gradients from the eight stations. This approach may enhance GNSS-based atmospheric monitoring for use in weather nowcasting.
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