Articles | Volume 2, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2-725-2009
© Author(s) 2009. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2-725-2009
© Author(s) 2009. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
16 Nov 2009
Relationship between the NO2 photolysis frequency and the solar global irradiance
I. Trebs
Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Biogeochemistry and Air Chemistry Department, P.O. Box 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany
B. Bohn
Research Centre Jülich GmbH, Institute of Chemistry and Dynamics of the Geosphere 2: Troposphere, 52425 Jülich, Germany
C. Ammann
Agroscope ART, Air Pollution and Climate Group, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland
Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Biogeochemistry and Air Chemistry Department, P.O. Box 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany
U. Rummel
Richard Assmann Observatory Lindenberg, German Meteorological Service, Germany
Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Biogeochemistry and Air Chemistry Department, P.O. Box 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany
M. Blumthaler
Medical University, Division for Biomedical Physics, Müllerstr. 44, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
R. Königstedt
Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Biogeochemistry and Air Chemistry Department, P.O. Box 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany
F. X. Meixner
Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Biogeochemistry and Air Chemistry Department, P.O. Box 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany
S. Fan
Institute of Environmental Meteorology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
M. O. Andreae
Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Biogeochemistry and Air Chemistry Department, P.O. Box 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany
Related subject area
Subject: Others (Wind, Precipitation, Temperature, etc.) | Technique: In Situ Measurement | Topic: Data Processing and Information Retrieval
Estimation of raindrop size distribution and rain rate with infrared surveillance camera in dark conditions
Estimates of the spatially complete, observational-data-driven planetary boundary layer height over the contiguous United States
Detection of turbulence occurrences from temperature, pressure, and position measurements under superpressure balloons
Inferring surface energy fluxes using drone data assimilation in large eddy simulations
Raindrop size distribution (DSD) during the passage of tropical cyclone Nivar: effect of measuring principle and wind on DSDs and retrieved rain integral and polarimetric parameters from impact and laser disdrometers
Automatic quality control of telemetric rain gauge data providing quantitative quality information (RainGaugeQC)
Testing the efficacy of atmospheric boundary layer height detection algorithms using uncrewed aircraft system data from MOSAiC
Considerations for improving data quality of thermo-hygrometer sensors on board unmanned aerial systems for planetary boundary layer research
Characteristics of the derived energy dissipation rate using the 1 Hz commercial aircraft quick access recorder (QAR) data
Low-level buoyancy as a tool to understand boundary layer transitions
Estimating vertical wind power density using tower observation and empirical models over varied desert steppe terrain in northern China
Air temperature equation derived from sonic temperature and water vapor mixing ratio for turbulent airflow sampled through closed-path eddy-covariance flux systems
Wind speed and direction estimation from wave spectra using deep learning
Options to correct local turbulent flux measurements for large-scale fluxes using an approach based on large-eddy simulation
Global ensemble of temperatures over 1850–2018: quantification of uncertainties in observations, coverage, and spatial modeling (GETQUOCS)
Reconstruction of the mass and geometry of snowfall particles from multi-angle snowflake camera (MASC) images
A new zenith hydrostatic delay model for real-time retrievals of GNSS-PWV
Sampling error in aircraft flux measurements based on a high-resolution large eddy simulation of the marine boundary layer
Separation of convective and stratiform precipitation using polarimetric radar data with a support vector machine method
An approach to minimize aircraft motion bias in multi-hole probe wind measurements made by small unmanned aerial systems
Interpolation uncertainty of atmospheric temperature profiles
Unsupervised classification of snowflake images using a generative adversarial network and K-medoids classification
An improved post-processing technique for automatic precipitation gauge time series
Retrieval of eddy dissipation rate from derived equivalent vertical gust included in Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR)
Atmospheric condition identification in multivariate data through a metric for total variation
Identifying persistent temperature inversion events in a subalpine basin using radon-222
Evaluation of wake influence on high-resolution balloon-sonde measurements
Improving the mean and uncertainty of ultraviolet multi-filter rotating shadowband radiometer in situ calibration factors: utilizing Gaussian process regression with a new method to estimate dynamic input uncertainty
Empirical high-resolution wind field and gust model in mountainous and hilly terrain based on the dense WegenerNet station networks
Performance of the FMI cosine error correction method for the Brewer spectral UV measurements
Computational efficiency for the surface renewal method
Raindrop fall velocities from an optical array probe and 2-D video disdrometer
Novel approaches to estimating the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate from low- and moderate-resolution velocity fluctuation time series
Smoothing data series by means of cubic splines: quality of approximation and introduction of a repeating spline approach
Data-driven clustering of rain events: microphysics information derived from macro-scale observations
Solid hydrometeor classification and riming degree estimation from pictures collected with a Multi-Angle Snowflake Camera
Dust opacities inside the dust devil column in the Taklimakan Desert
Comparison of GPS tropospheric delays derived from two consecutive EPN reprocessing campaigns from the point of view of climate monitoring
Ensemble mean density and its connection to other microphysical properties of falling snow as observed in Southern Finland
An automated nowcasting model of significant instability events in the flight terminal area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Retrieving atmospheric turbulence information from regular commercial aircraft using Mode-S and ADS-B
An automatic precipitation-phase distinction algorithm for optical disdrometer data over the global ocean
Calibration methods for rotating shadowband irradiometers and optimizing the calibration duration
Error estimation for localized signal properties: application to atmospheric mixing height retrievals
Altitude misestimation caused by the Vaisala RS80 pressure bias and its impact on meteorological profiles
A study of turbulent fluxes and their measurement errors for different wind regimes over the tropical Zongo Glacier (16° S) during the dry season
Methodology for determining multilayered temperature inversions
Techniques for analyses of trends in GRUAN data
The Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E) sounding network: operations, processing and analysis
Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system for temperature and humidity profile retrieval from microwave radiometer observations
Jinwook Lee, Jongyun Byun, Jongjin Baik, Changhyun Jun, and Hyeon-Joon Kim
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 707–725, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-707-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-707-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Our study addresses raindrop size distribution and rain rate by extracting rain streaks using a k-nearest-neighbor-based algorithm, estimating rainfall intensity using raindrop size distribution based on physical optics analysis, and verifying the estimated raindrop size distribution using a disdrometer. Experimentation demonstrated the possibility of estimating an image-based raindrop size distribution and rain rate obtained based on such low-cost equipment in dark conditions.
Zolal Ayazpour, Shiqi Tao, Dan Li, Amy Jo Scarino, Ralph E. Kuehn, and Kang Sun
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 563–580, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-563-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-563-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate knowledge of the planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) is essential to study air pollution. However, PBLH observations are sparse in space and time, and PBLHs used in atmospheric models are often inaccurate. Using PBLH observations from the Aircraft Meteorological DAta Relay (AMDAR), we present a machine learning framework to produce a spatially complete PBLH product over the contiguous US that shows a better agreement with reference PBLH observations than commonly used PBLH products.
Richard Wilson, Clara Pitois, Aurélien Podglajen, Albert Hertzog, Milena Corcos, and Riwal Plougonven
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 311–330, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-311-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-311-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Strateole-2 is an French–US initiative designed to study atmospheric events in the tropical upper troposphere–lower stratosphere. In this work, data from several superpressure balloons, capable of staying aloft at an altitude of 18–20 km for over 3 months, were used. The present article describes methods to detect the occurrence of atmospheric turbulence – one efficient process impacting the properties of the atmosphere composition via stirring and mixing.
Norbert Pirk, Kristoffer Aalstad, Sebastian Westermann, Astrid Vatne, Alouette van Hove, Lena Merete Tallaksen, Massimo Cassiani, and Gabriel Katul
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 7293–7314, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-7293-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-7293-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we show how sparse and noisy drone measurements can be combined with an ensemble of turbulence-resolving wind simulations to estimate uncertainty-aware surface energy exchange. We demonstrate the feasibility of this drone data assimilation framework in a series of synthetic and real-world experiments. This new framework can, in future, be applied to estimate energy and gas exchange in heterogeneous landscapes more representatively than conventional methods.
Basivi Radhakrishna
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 6705–6722, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6705-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6705-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Raindrop size distributions (DSDs) measured by various types of disdrometers are different in the same environmental conditions. The mass-weighted mean diameter (Dm) measured from JWD is larger, and ZDR is smaller than LPM and PARSIVEL due to the resonance effect at X-band frequency. The effect of wind on DSD measured by various disdrometers is not uniform in different regions of a tropical cyclone.
Katarzyna Ośródka, Irena Otop, and Jan Szturc
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 5581–5597, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5581-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5581-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The quality control of sub-hourly rain gauge data is a challenging task due to the high variability and low spatial consistency of the data. We developed an innovative approach to the quality control of telemetric rain gauge data focused on assessing the reliability of individual observations. Our scheme employs weather radar data to detect erroneous rain gauge measurements and to assess the data reliability. The scheme is used operationally by the Polish meteorological and hydrological service.
Gina Jozef, John Cassano, Sandro Dahlke, and Gijs de Boer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4001–4022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4001-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4001-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
During the MOSAiC expedition, meteorological conditions over the lowest 1 km of the atmosphere were sampled with the DataHawk2 uncrewed aircraft system. These data were used to identify the best method for atmospheric boundary layer height detection by comparing visually identified subjective boundary layer height to that identified by several objective automated detection methods. The results show a bulk Richardson number-based approach gives the best estimate of boundary layer height.
Antonio R. Segales, Phillip B. Chilson, and Jorge L. Salazar-Cerreño
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2607–2621, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2607-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2607-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The mitigation of undesired contamination, sensor characterization, and signal conditioning and restoration is crucial to improve the reliability of the weather unmanned aerial system (UAS) deliverables. This study presents an overview of the general considerations and procedures to compensate for slow sensor response and other sources of error for temperature and humidity measurements collected using a UAS.
Soo-Hyun Kim, Jeonghoe Kim, Jung-Hoon Kim, and Hye-Yeong Chun
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2277–2298, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2277-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2277-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The cube root of the energy dissipation rate (EDR), as a standard reporting metric of atmospheric turbulence, is estimated using 1 Hz commercial quick access recorder data from Korean-based national air carriers with two different types of aircraft. Various EDRs are estimated using zonal, meridional, and derived vertical wind components and the derived equivalent vertical gust. Characteristics of the observed EDR estimates using 1 Hz flight data are examined to observe strong turbulence cases.
Francesca M. Lappin, Tyler M. Bell, Elizabeth A. Pillar-Little, and Phillip B. Chilson
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 1185–1200, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1185-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1185-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates how a classically defined variable, air parcel buoyancy, can be used to interpret transitions in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). To capture the high-resolution variations, remotely piloted aircraft systems are used to collect data in two field campaigns. This paper finds that buoyancy has distinct evolutions prior to low-level jet and convective initiation cases. Additionally, buoyancy mixes well to act as an ABL height indicator comparable to other methods.
Shaohui Zhou, Yuanjian Yang, Zhiqiu Gao, Xingya Xi, Zexia Duan, and Yubin Li
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 757–773, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-757-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-757-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Our research has determined the possible relationship between Weibull natural wind mesoscale parameter c and shape factor k with height under the conditions of a desert steppe terrain in northern China, which has great potential in wind power generation. We have gained an enhanced understanding of the seasonal changes in the surface roughness of the desert grassland and the changes in the incoming wind direction.
Xinhua Zhou, Tian Gao, Eugene S. Takle, Xiaojie Zhen, Andrew E. Suyker, Tala Awada, Jane Okalebo, and Jiaojun Zhu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 95–115, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-95-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-95-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Air temperature from sonic temperature and air moisture has been used without an exact equation. We present an exact equation of such air temperature for closed-path eddy-covariance flux measurements. Air temperature from this equation is equivalent to sonic temperature in its accuracy and frequency response. It is a choice for advanced flux topics because, with it, thermodynamic variables in the flux measurements can be temporally synchronized and spatially matched at measurement scales.
Haoyu Jiang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Sea surface wind and waves are important ocean parameters that can be continuously observed by meteorological buoys. Meteorological buoys are sparse in the ocean due to their high cost of deployment and maintenance. In contrast, low-cost compact wave buoys are suited for deployment in large numbers. Although wave buoys are not designed for wind measurement, we found that deep learning can estimate wind from wave measurements accurately, making wave buoys a good-quality data source for sea wind.
Matthias Mauder, Andreas Ibrom, Luise Wanner, Frederik De Roo, Peter Brugger, Ralf Kiese, and Kim Pilegaard
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7835–7850, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7835-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7835-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Turbulent flux measurements suffer from a general systematic underestimation. One reason for this bias is non-local transport by large-scale circulations. A recently developed model for this additional transport of sensible and latent energy is evaluated for three different test sites. Different options on how to apply this correction are presented, and the results are evaluated against independent measurements.
Maryam Ilyas, Douglas Nychka, Chris Brierley, and Serge Guillas
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7103–7121, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7103-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7103-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Instrumental temperature records are fundamental to climate science. There are spatial gaps in the distribution of these measurements across the globe. This lack of spatial coverage introduces coverage error. In this research, a methodology is developed and used to quantify the coverage errors. It results in a data product that, for the first time, provides a full description of both the spatial coverage uncertainties along with the uncertainties in the modeling of these spatial gaps.
Jussi Leinonen, Jacopo Grazioli, and Alexis Berne
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6851–6866, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6851-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6851-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Measuring the shape, size and mass of a large number of snowflakes is a challenging task; it is hard to achieve in an automatic and instrumented manner. We present a method to retrieve these properties of individual snowflakes using as input a triplet of images/pictures automatically collected by a multi-angle snowflake camera (MASC) instrument. Our method, based on machine learning, is trained on artificially generated snowflakes and evaluated on 3D-printed snowflake replicas.
Longjiang Li, Suqin Wu, Kefei Zhang, Xiaoming Wang, Wang Li, Zhen Shen, Dantong Zhu, Qimin He, and Moufeng Wan
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6379–6394, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6379-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6379-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The zenith hydrostatic delay (ZHD) derived from blind models are of low accuracy, especially in mid- and high-latitude regions. To address this issue, the ratio of the ZHD to zenith total delay (ZTD) is firstly investigated; then, based on the relationship between the ZHD and ZTD, a new ZHD model was developed using the back propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) method which took the ZTD as an input variable. The model outperforms blind models.
Grant W. Petty
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1959–1976, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1959-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1959-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Aircraft measurements of turbulent fluxes of matter and energy are important in field investigations of the interaction of the Earth's surface and the atmosphere. Because these measurements are of randomly fluctuating quantities, averages must be taken over longer flight tracks to reduce uncertainty. This paper investigates the relationship between track length and measurement error using a computer model simulation of a marine environment and compares the results with published theory.
Yadong Wang, Lin Tang, Pao-Liang Chang, and Yu-Shuang Tang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 185–197, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-185-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-185-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The motivation of this work is to develop a precipitation separation approach that can be implemented on those radars with fast scanning schemes. In these schemes, the higher tilt radar data are not available, which poses a challenge for the traditional approaches. This approach uses artificial intelligence, which integrates polarimetric radar variables. The quantitative precipitation estimation will benefit from the output of this algorithm.
Loiy Al-Ghussain and Sean C. C. Bailey
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 173–184, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-173-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-173-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with multi-hole probes are an effective approach to measure the wind vector with high spatial and temporal resolution. However, the aircraft motion must be removed from the measured signal first, a process often introducing bias due to small errors in the relative orientation of coordinates. We present an approach that has successfully been applied in post-processing, which was found to minimize the influence of aircraft motion on wind measurements.
Alessandro Fassò, Michael Sommer, and Christoph von Rohden
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 6445–6458, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6445-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6445-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Modern radiosonde balloons fly from ground level up to the lower stratosphere and take temperature measurements. What is the uncertainty of interpolated values in the resulting atmospheric temperature profiles? To answer this question, we introduce a general statistical–mathematical model for the computation of interpolation uncertainty. Analysing more than 51 million measurements, we provide some understanding of the consequences of filling missing data with interpolated ones.
Jussi Leinonen and Alexis Berne
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 2949–2964, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2949-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2949-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The appearance of snowflakes provides a signature of the atmospheric processes that created them. To get this information from large numbers of snowflake images, automated analysis using computer image recognition is needed. In this work, we use a neural network that learns the structure of the snowflake images to divide a snowflake dataset into classes corresponding to different sizes and structures. Unlike with most comparable methods, only minimal input from a human expert is needed.
Amber Ross, Craig D. Smith, and Alan Barr
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 2979–2994, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2979-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2979-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The raw data derived from most automated accumulating precipitation gauges often suffer from non-precipitation-related fluctuations in the measurement of the gauge bucket weights from which the precipitation amount is determined. This noise can be caused by electrical interference, mechanical noise, and evaporation. This paper presents an automated filtering technique that builds on the principle of iteratively balancing noise to produce a clean precipitation time series.
Soo-Hyun Kim, Hye-Yeong Chun, Jung-Hoon Kim, Robert D. Sharman, and Matt Strahan
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 1373–1385, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1373-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1373-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We retrieve the eddy dissipation rate (EDR) from the derived equivalent vertical gust included in the Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay data for more reliable and consistent observations of aviation turbulence globally with the single preferred EDR metric. We convert the DEVG to the EDR using two methods (lognormal mapping scheme and best-fit curve between EDR and DEVG), and the DEVG-derived EDRs are evaluated against in situ EDR data reported by US-operated carriers.
Nicholas Hamilton
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 1019–1032, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1019-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1019-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The identification of atmospheric conditions within a multivariable atmospheric data set is an important step in validating emerging and existing models used to simulate wind plant flows and operational strategies. The total variation approach developed here offers a method founded in tested mathematical metrics and can be used to identify and characterize periods corresponding to quiescent conditions or specific events of interest for study or wind energy development.
Dafina Kikaj, Janja Vaupotič, and Scott D. Chambers
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 4455–4477, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4455-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4455-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A new method was developed to identify persistent temperature inversion events in a subalpine basin using a radon-based method (RBM). By comparing with an existing pseudo-vertical temperature gradient method, the RBM was shown to be more reliable and seasonally independent. The RBM has the potential to increase the understanding of meteorological controls on air pollution episodes in complex terrain beyond the capability of contemporary atmospheric stability classification tools.
Jens Söder, Michael Gerding, Andreas Schneider, Andreas Dörnbrack, Henrike Wilms, Johannes Wagner, and Franz-Josef Lübken
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 4191–4210, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4191-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4191-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric measurements on rising balloons can be compromised by the balloon's wake. The aim of this study is to provide a tool for assessing the likelihood of encountering the balloon's wake at the position of the gondola. This includes an uncertainty analysis of the calculation and a retrieval of vertical winds. We find an average wake encounter probability of 28 % for a standard radiosonde. Additionally, we evaluate the influence of wake from smaller objects on turbulence measurements.
Maosi Chen, Zhibin Sun, John M. Davis, Yan-An Liu, Chelsea A. Corr, and Wei Gao
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 935–953, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-935-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-935-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Combining a new dynamic uncertainty estimation method with Gaussian process regression (GP), we provide a generic and robust solution to estimate the underlying mean and uncertainty functions of time series with variable mean, noise, sampling density, and length of gaps. The GP solution was applied and validated on three UV-MFRSR Vo time series at three ground sites with improved accuracy of the smoothed time series in terms of aerosol optical depth compared with two other smoothing methods.
Christoph Schlager, Gottfried Kirchengast, and Juergen Fuchsberger
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 5607–5627, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5607-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5607-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In this work we further developed and evaluated an operational weather diagnostic application, the WegenerNet Wind Product Generator (WPG), and applied it to the WegenerNet Johnsbachtal (JBT), a dense meteorological station network located in a mountainous Alpine region. The WPG automatically generates gridded high-resolution wind fields in near-real time with a temporal resolution of 30 min and a spatial resolution of 100 m x 100 m.
Kaisa Lakkala, Antti Arola, Julian Gröbner, Sergio Fabian León-Luis, Alberto Redondas, Stelios Kazadzis, Tomi Karppinen, Juha Matti Karhu, Luca Egli, Anu Heikkilä, Tapani Koskela, Antonio Serrano, and José Manuel Vilaplana
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 5167–5180, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5167-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5167-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The performance of the cosine error correction method for correcting spectral UV measurements of the Brewer spectroradiometer was studied. The correction depends on the sky radiation distribution, which can change during one spectral scan. The results showed that the correction varied between 4 and 14 %, and that the relative differences between the reference and the Brewer diminished by 10 %. The method is applicable to other instruments as long as the required input parameters are available.
Jason Kelley and Chad Higgins
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 2151–2158, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-2151-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-2151-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Measuring fluxes of energy and trace gases using the surface renewal (SR) method can be economical and robust, but it requires computationally intensive calculations. Several new algorithms were written to perform the required calculations more efficiently and rapidly, and were tested with field data and computationally rigorous SR methods. These efficient algorithms facilitate expanded use of SR in atmospheric experiments, for applied monitoring, and in novel field implementations.
Viswanathan Bringi, Merhala Thurai, and Darrel Baumgardner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 1377–1384, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-1377-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-1377-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Raindrop fall velocities are important for rain rate estimation, soil erosion studies and in numerical modelling of rain formation in clouds. The assumption that the fall velocity is uniquely related to drop size is made inherently based on laboratory measurements under still air conditions from nearly 68 years ago. There have been very few measurements of drop fall speeds in natural rain under both still and turbulent wind conditions. We report on fall speed measurements in natural rain shafts.
Marta Wacławczyk, Yong-Feng Ma, Jacek M. Kopeć, and Szymon P. Malinowski
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 4573–4585, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-4573-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-4573-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We propose two novel methods to estimate turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate applicable to airborne measurements. In this way we increase robustness of the dissipation rate retrieval and extend its applicability to a wider range of data sets. The new approaches relate the predicted form of the dissipation spectrum to the mean of zero crossings of the measured velocity fluctuations. The methods are easy to implement numerically, and estimates remain unaffected by certain measurement errors.
Sabine Wüst, Verena Wendt, Ricarda Linz, and Michael Bittner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 3453–3462, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3453-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3453-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Cubic splines with equidistant spline sampling points are a common method in atmospheric science for the approximation of background conditions by means of filtering superimposed fluctuations from a data series. However, splines can generate considerable artificial oscillations in the background and the residuals. We introduce a repeating spline approach which is able to significantly reduce this phenomenon and to apply it to TIMED-SABER vertical temperature profiles from 2010 to 2014.
Mohamed Djallel Dilmi, Cécile Mallet, Laurent Barthes, and Aymeric Chazottes
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 1557–1574, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-1557-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-1557-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The concept of a rain event is used to obtain a parsimonious characterisation of rain events using a minimal subset of variables at macrophysical scale. A classification in five classes is obtained in a unsupervised way from this subset. Relationships between these classes of microphysical parameters of precipitation are highlighted. There are several implications especially for remote sensing in the context of weather radar applications and quantitative precipitation estimation.
Christophe Praz, Yves-Alain Roulet, and Alexis Berne
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 1335–1357, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-1335-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-1335-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Multi-Angle Snowflake Camera (MASC) provides high-resolution pictures of individual falling snowflakes and ice crystals. A method is proposed to automatically classify these pictures into six classes of snowflakes as well to estimate the degree of riming and to detect whether or not the particles are melting. Multinomial logistic regression is used with a manually classified
reference set. The evaluation demonstrates the good and reliable performance of the proposed technique.
Zhaopeng Luan, Yongxiang Han, Tianliang Zhao, Feng Liu, Chong Liu, Mark J. Rood, Xinghua Yang, Qing He, and Huichao Lu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 273–279, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-273-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-273-2017, 2017
Zofia Baldysz, Grzegorz Nykiel, Andrzej Araszkiewicz, Mariusz Figurski, and Karolina Szafranek
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 4861–4877, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-4861-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-4861-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper two official processing strategies of GPS observations were analysed. The main purpose was to assess differences in long-term (linear trends) and short-term (oscillations) changes between these two sets of data. Investigation was based on 18-year and 16-year time series and showed that, despite the general consistency, for selected stations a change of processing strategy may have caused significant differences (compared to the uncertainties) in estimated linear trend values.
Jussi Tiira, Dmitri N. Moisseev, Annakaisa von Lerber, Davide Ori, Ali Tokay, Larry F. Bliven, and Walter Petersen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 4825–4841, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-4825-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-4825-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this study winter measurements collected in Southern Finland are used to document microphysical properties of falling snow. It is shown that a new video imager can be used for such studies. Snow properties do vary between winters.
Gutemberg Borges França, Manoel Valdonel de Almeida, and Alessana C. Rosette
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 2335–2344, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2335-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2335-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a novel model, based on neural network techniques, to produce short-term and locally specific forecasts of significant instability for flights in the terminal area of Rio de Janeiro's airport, Brazil. Twelve years of data were used for neural network training/validation and test. The test showed that the proposed model can grab the physical content inside the data set, and its performance is encouraging for the first and second hours to nowcast significant instability events.
Jacek M. Kopeć, Kamil Kwiatkowski, Siebren de Haan, and Szymon P. Malinowski
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 2253–2265, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2253-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2253-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper is presenting a feasibility study focused on methods of estimating the turbulence intensity based on a class of navigational messages routinely broadcast by the commercial aircraft (known as ADS-B and Mode-S). Using this kind of information could have potentially significant impact on aviation safety. Three methods have been investigated.
Jörg Burdanowitz, Christian Klepp, and Stephan Bakan
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 1637–1652, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-1637-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-1637-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We develop a new automatic algorithm to distinguish oceanic precipitation into rain, snow and mixed phase using optical disdrometers deployed on board research vessels. In combination, air temperature, relative humidity and the maximum precipitation particle diameter outperform human observer data and yield highest skill to predict the precipitation phase. This knowledge allows deriving accurate rain and snowfall rates with dense global ocean sampling, which enables satellite sensor validation.
Wilko Jessen, Stefan Wilbert, Bijan Nouri, Norbert Geuder, and Holger Fritz
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 1601–1612, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-1601-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-1601-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper covers procedures and requirements of two calibration methods and examines the necessary duration of acquisition of test measurements.
Site-specific seasonal changes of environmental conditions cause small but noticeable fluctuation of calibration results. Calibration results within certain periods show a higher likelihood of deviation. These effects can partially be attenuated by including more measurements from outside these periods.
G. Biavati, D. G. Feist, C. Gerbig, and R. Kretschmer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 4215–4230, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-4215-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-4215-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The goal of this work is to present a method that can be used to estimate the uncertainty for a singular estimate for the mixing height. It is defined here as the localization error. The method is based on the actual signal (radiosonde) and its measurement errors, ant it does not consider the physics causing the signal.
It can be applied to all kind of signals and algorithm when standard error propagation cannot be used to asses the uncertainty of a location of a localized property.
Y. Inai, M. Shiotani, M. Fujiwara, F. Hasebe, and H. Vömel
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 4043–4054, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-4043-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-4043-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
For conventional soundings, the pressure bias of radiosonde leads to an altitude misestimation, which can lead to offsets in any meteorological profile. Therefore, we must take this issue into account to improve historical data sets.
M. Litt, J.-E. Sicart, and W. Helgason
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 3229–3250, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3229-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3229-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We deal with surface turbulent flux calculations on a tropical glacier and analyse the related errors. We use data from two eddy-covariance systems and wind speed and temperature profiles collected during a 2-month measurement campaign undertaken within the atmospheric surface layer of the glacier. We show the largest error sources are related to roughness length uncertainties and to nonstationarity of the flow induced by the interaction of outer-layer eddies with the surface-layer flow.
G. J. Fochesatto
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 2051–2060, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-2051-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-2051-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Temperature inversion layers originate based on the combined forcing of local- and large-scale synoptic meteorology. A numerical procedure based on a linear interpolation function of variable length that minimizes an error function set a priori is proposed to extract thermodynamic information of the multilayered thermal structure. The method is demonstrated to detect surface-based inversion and multilayered elevated inversions present often in high-latitude atmospheres.
G. E. Bodeker and S. Kremser
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 1673–1684, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1673-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1673-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper discusses, and demonstrates, the methodology for reliably determining long-term trends in upper air climate data records and how measurement uncertainties should be used in trend analyses. A pedagogical approach is taken whereby numerical recipes for key parts of the trend analysis process are explored. The paper describes the construction of linear least squares regression models for trend analysis and the boot-strapping approach to determine the uncertainty on the derived trends.
M. P. Jensen, T. Toto, D. Troyan, P. E. Ciesielski, D. Holdridge, J. Kyrouac, J. Schatz, Y. Zhang, and S. Xie
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 421–434, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-421-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-421-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
A major component of the 2011 Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E) was a six-site radiosonde array designed to capture the large-scale variability of the atmospheric state. This manuscript describes the details of the MC3E radiosonde operations including the instrumentation, data processing and analysis of the impacts of bias correction and algorithm assumptions on the determination of forcing data sets.
K. Ramesh, A. P. Kesarkar, J. Bhate, M. Venkat Ratnam, and A. Jayaraman
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 369–384, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-369-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-369-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The study of atmospheric convection is important for the understanding of evolution of diurnal cycles of rainfall. High-resolution observations of vertical profiles of temperature and relative humidity are very useful for understanding the behaviour of these convections. Microwave radiometers are becoming useful tools for it. In this paper, we propose a new method to retrieve these profiles based on adaptive neuro-fuzzy interface systems and find that this method has a better skill of retrieval.
Cited articles
Acker, K., Möller, D., Wieprecht, W., Meixner, F. X., Bohn, B., Gilge, S., Plass-Dülmer, C., and Berresheim, H.: Strong daytime production of OH from HNO2 at a rural mountain site, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L02809, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024643, 2006.
Ammann, C., Flechard, C. R., Leifeld, J., Neftel, A., and Fuhrer, J.: The carbon budget of newly established temperate grassland depends on management intensity, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 121, 5–20, 2007.
Andreae, M. O., Artaxo, P., Brandao, C., Carswell, F. E., Ciccioli, P., da Costa, A. L., Culf, A. D., Esteves, J. L., Gash, J. H. C., Grace, J., Kabat, P., Lelieveld, J., Malhi, Y., Manzi, A. O., Meixner, F. X., Nobre, A. D., Nobre, C., Ruivo, M., Silva-Dias, M. A., Stefani, P., Valentini, R., von Jouanne, J., and Waterloo, M. J.: Biogeochemical cycling of carbon, water, energy, trace gases, and aerosols in Amazonia: The LBA-EUSTACH experiments, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 8066, https://doi.org/8010.1029/2001JD000524, 2002.
Bahe, F. C., Schurath, U., and Becker, K. H.: The Frequency of NO2 Photolysis at Ground-Level, as Recorded by a Continuous Actinometer, Atmos. Environ., 14, 711–718, 1980.
Blumthaler, M., Ambach, W., and Salzgeber, M.: Effects of Cloudiness on Global and Diffuse UV Irradiance in a High-Mountain Area, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 50, 23–30, 1994.
Bohn, B.: Solar spectral actinic flux and photolysis frequency measurements in a deciduous forest, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D15303, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006902, 2006.
Bohn, B., Corlett, G. K., Gillmann, M., Sanghavi, S., Stange, G., Tensing, E., Vrekoussis, M., Bloss, W. J., Clapp, L. J., Kortner, M., Dorn, H.-P., Monks, P. S., Platt, U., Plass-Dülmer, C., Mihalopoulos, N., Heard, D. E., Clemitshaw, K. C., Meixner, F. X., Prevot, A. S. H., and Schmitt, R.: Photolysis frequency measurement techniques: results of a comparison within the ACCENT project, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 5373–5391, 2008.
Brauers, T. and Hofzumahaus, A.: Latitudinal Variation of Measured NO2 Photolysis Frequencies over the Atlantic-Ocean between 50-Degrees-N and 30-Degrees-S, J. Atmos. Chem., 15, 269–282, 1992.
Canada, J., Pedros, G., and Bosca, J. V.: Relationships between UV (0.290–0.385 ${\mu}$m) and broad band solar radiation hourly values in Valencia and Cordoba, Spain, Energy, 28, 199–217, 2003.
Cotte, H., Devaux, C., and Carlier, P.: Transformation of irradiance measurements into spectral actinic flux for photolysis rates determination, J. Atmos. Chem., 26, 1–28, 1997.
Crutzen, P. J., and Lelieveld, J.: Human impacts on atmospheric chemisty, Annu. Rev. Earth Pl. Sc., 29, 17–45, 2001.
Culf, A. D., Esteves, J. L., de O. Marques Filho, A., and Da Rocha, H. R.: Radiation, temperature and humidity over forest and pasture in Amazonia, in: Amazonian Deforestation and Climate, edited by: Gash, J. H. C., Nobre, C. A., Roberts, J. M., and Victoria, R. L., John Wiley, New York, 413–424, 1996.
De Arellano, J. V.-G. and Duynkerke, P. G.: Influence of Chemistry on the Flux-Gradient Relationships for the NO-O3-NO2 System, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 61, 375–387, 1992.
DeMore, W. B., Sander, S. P., Howard, C. J., Ravishankara, A. R., Golden, D. M., Kolb, C. E., Hampson, R. F., Kurylo, M. J., and Molina, M. J.: Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric Modelling, NASA JPL Publication, 97–4, 1997.
Dickerson, R. R., Stedman, D. H., and Delany, A. C.: Direct Measurements of Ozone and Nitrogen-Dioxide Photolysis Rates in the Troposphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Oc. Atm., 87, 4933–4946, 1982.
Dyer, A. J. and Hicks, B. B.: Flux-Gradient Relationships in the Constant Flux Layer, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 96, 715–721, 1970.
Feister, U. and Grewe, R.: Spectral Albedo Measurements in the UV and Visible Region over Different Types of Surfaces, Photochem. Photobiol., 62, 736–744, 1995.
Fluckiger, E. O.: The High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch, 2001 European School of High-Energy Physics, Proceedings (CERN 2002–002), 385–394$\vert$xi+401, 2002.
Garland, R. M., Yang, H., Schmid, O., Rose, D., Nowak, A., Achtert, P., Wiedensohler, A., Takegawa, N., Kita, K., Miyazaki, Y., Kondo, Y., Hu, M., Shao, M., Zeng, L. M., Zhang, Y. H., Andreae, M. O., and Pöschl, U.: Aerosol optical properties in a rural environment near the mega-city Guangzhou, China: implications for regional air pollution, radiative forcing and remote sensing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 5161–5186, 2008.
Gash, J. H. C. and Nobre, C. A.: Climatic effects of Amazonian deforestation: Some results from ABRACOS, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 823–830, 1997.
Gockede, M., Thomas, C., Markkanen, T., Mauder, M., Ruppert, J., and Foken, T.: Sensitivity of Lagrangian Stochastic footprints to turbulence statistics, Tellus B, 59, 577–586, 2007.
Guyon, P., Graham, B., Beck, J., Boucher, O., Gerasopoulos, E., Mayol-Bracero, O. L., Roberts, G. C., Artaxo, P., and Andreae, M. O.: Physical properties and concentration of aerosol particles over the Amazon tropical forest during background and biomass burning conditions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 951–967, 2003.
Hicks, B. B., Baldocchi, D. D., Meyers, T. P., Hosker, R. P., and Matt, D. R.: A Preliminary Multiple Resistance Routine for Deriving Dry Deposition Velocities from Measured Quantities, Water Air Soil Poll., 36, 311–330, 1987.
Hofzumahaus, A., Kraus, A., and Müller, M.: Solar actinic flux spectroradiometry: a technique for measuring photolysis frequencies in the atmosphere, Appl. Optics, 38, 4443–4460, 1999.
Hofzumahaus, A., Rohrer, F., Lu, K., Bohn, B., Brauers, T., Chang, C.-C., Fuchs, H., Holland, F., Kita, K., Kondo, Y. Li, X., Lou, S., Shao, M., Zeng, L., Wahner, A., and Zhang, Y.: Amplified trace gas removal in the troposphere, Science, 324, 1702–1704, 2009.
Houghton, J. T.: The Physics of Atmospheres, Cambridge University Press, 1986.
Jacovides, C. P., Assimakopoulos, V. D., Tymvios, T. S., Theophilou, K., and Asimakopoulos, D. N.: Solar global UV (280–380 nm) radiation and its relationship with solar global radiation measured on the island of Cyprus, Energy, 31, 2728–2738, 2006.
Kazadzis, S., Bais, A. F., Balis, D., Zerefos, C. S., and Blumthaler, M.: Retrieval of downwelling UV actinic flux density spectra from spectral measurements of global and direct solar UV irradiance, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 4857-4864, 2000.
Kraus, A. and Hofzumahaus, A.: Field measurements of atmospheric photolysis frequencies for O3, NO2, HCHO, CH3CHO, H2O2, and HONO by UV spectroradiometry, J. Atmos. Chem., 31, 161–180, 1998.
Kraus, A., Rohrer, F., and Hofzumahaus, A.: Intercomparison of NO2 photolysis frequency measurements by actinic flux spectroradiometry and chemical actinometry during JCOM97, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1115–1118, 2000.
Kudish, A. I. and Evseev, E.: Statistical relationships between solar UVB and UVA radiation and global radiation measurements at two sites in Israel, Int. J. Climatol., 20, 759–770, 2000.
Kylling, A., Webb, A. R., Bais, A. F., Blumthaler, M., Schmitt, R., Thiel, S., Kazantzidis, A., Kift, R., Misslbeck, M., Schallhart, B., Schreder, J., Topaloglou, C., Kazadzis, S., and Rimmer, J.: Actinic flux determination from measurements of irradiance, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108(D16), 4506, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003236, 2003.
Leighton, P. A.: Photochemistry of Air Pollution, Academic Press, New York and London, 1961.
Lenschow, D. H.: Reactive trace species in the boundary layer from a micrometeorological perspective, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 60, 161–172, 1982.
Madronich, S.: Intercomparison of NO2 Photodissociation and UV Radiometer Measurements, Atmos. Environ., 21, 569–578, 1987a.
Madronich, S.: Photodissociation in the Atmosphere: 1. Actinic Flux and the Effects of Ground Reflections and Clouds, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 92, 9740–9752, 1987b.
Mannschreck, K., Gilge, S., Plass-Duelmer, C., Fricke, W., and Berresheim, H.: Assessment of the applicability of NO-NO2-O3 photostationary state to long-term measurements at the Hohenpeissenberg GAW Station, Germany, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1265–1277, 2004.
McKenzie, R., Johnston, P., Hofzumahaus, A., Kraus, A., Madronich, S., Cantrell, C., Calvert, J., and Shetter, R.: Relationship between photolysis frequencies derived from spectroscopic measurements of actinic fluxes and irradiances during the IPMMI campaign, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107(D5), 4042, 10.1029/2001JD000601, 2002.
Meixner, F. X., Fickinger, T., Marufu, L., Serca, D., Nathaus, F. J., Makina, E., Mukurumbira, L., and Andreae, M. O.: Preliminary results on nitric oxide emission from a southern African savanna ecosystem, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys., 48, 123–138, 1997.
Merienne, M. F., Jenouvrier, A., and Coquart, B.: The NO2 Absorption-Spectrum .1. Absorption Cross-Sections at Ambient-Temperature in the 300–500 Nm Region, J. Atmos. Chem., 20, 281–297, 1995.
Monks, P. S., Rickard, A. R., Hall, S. L., and Richards, N. A. D.: Attenuation of spectral actinic flux and photolysis frequencies at the surface through homogenous cloud fields, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D17206, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004076, 2004.
Niemela, S., Raisanen, P., and Savijarvi, H.: Comparison of surface radiative flux parameterizations – Part II. Shortwave radiation, Atmos, Res,, 58, 141–154, 2001.
Ogunjobi, K. O. and Kim, Y. J.: Ultraviolet (0.280–0.400 ${\mu}$m) and broadband solar hourly radiation at Kwangju, South Korea: analysis of their correlation with aerosol optical depth and clearness index, Atmos. Res., 71, 193–214, 2004.
Paltridge, G. W. and Platt, C. M. R.: Radiative Processes in Meteorology and Climatology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 318 pp., 1976.
Parrish, D. D., Murphy, P. C., Albritton, D. L., and Fehsenfeld, F. C.: The Measurement of the Photo-Dissociation Rate of NO2 in the Atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 17, 1365–1379, 1983.
Reuder, J.: Untersuchungen zur Variabilität von Photolysefrequenzen, "Aktuelle Reihe" der Brandenburgischen Technischen Universität Cottbus, Fakultät Umweltwissenschaften und Verfahrenstechnik, BTUC-AR 4/99, ISSN 1434-6834, 1999.
Ruggaber, A., Forkel, R., and Dlugi, R.: Spectral Actinic Flux and Its Ratio to Spectral Irradiance by Radiation Transfer Calculations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 98, 1151–1162, 1993.
Rummel, U., Ammann, C., Gut, A., Meixner, F. X., and Andreae, M. O.: Eddy covariance measurements of nitric oxide flux within an Amazonian rain forest, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107(D20), 8050, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000520, 2002.
Rummel, U., Ammann, C., Kirkman, G. A., Moura, M. A. L., Foken, T., Andreae, M. O., and Meixner, F. X.: Seasonal variation of ozone deposition to a tropical rain forest in southwest Amazonia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5415–5435, 2007.
Schallhart, B., Huber, A., and Blumthaler, M.: Semi-empirical method for the conversion of spectral UV global irradiance data into actinic flux, Atmos. Environ., 38, 4341–4346, 2004.
Schere, K. L. and Demerjian, K. L.: A photochemical box model for urban air quality simulations, in: Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Sensing of Environmental Pollutants, American Chemical Society, 1978.
Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2006.
Shetter, R. E., Junkermann, W., Swartz, W. H., Frost, G. J., Crawford, J. H., Lefer, B. L., Barrick, J. D., Hall, S. R., Hofzumahaus, A., Bais, A., Calvert, J. G., Cantrell, C. A., Madronich, S., Muller, M., Kraus, A., Monks, P. S., Edwards, G. D., McKenzie, R., Johnston, P., Schmitt, R., Griffioen, E., Krol, M., Kylling, A., Dickerson, R. R., Lloyd, S. A., Martin, T., Gardiner, B., Mayer, B., Pfister, G., Roth, E. P., Koepke, P., Ruggaber, A., Schwander, H., and van Weele, M.: Photolysis frequency of NO2: Measurement and modeling during the International Photolysis Frequency Measurement and Modeling Intercomparison (IPMMI), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108(D16), 8544, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002932, 2003.
Sutton, M. A., Nemitz, E., Erisman, J. W., Beier, C., Bahl, K. B., Cellier, P., de Vries, W., Cotrufo, F., Skiba, U., Di Marco, C., Jones, S., Laville, P., Soussana, J. F., Loubet, B., Twigg, M., Famulari, D., Whitehead, J., Gallagher, M. W., Neftel, A., Flechard, C. R., Herrmann, B., Calanca, P. L., Schjoerring, J. K., Daemmgen, U., Horvath, L., Tang, Y. S., Emmett, B. A., Tietema, A., Penuelas, J., Kesik, M., Brueggemann, N., Pilegaard, K., Vesala, T., Campbell, C. L., Olesen, J. E., Dragosits, U., Theobald, M. R., Levy, P., Mobbs, D. C., Milne, R., Viovy, N., Vuichard, N., Smith, J. U., Smith, P., Bergamaschi, P., Fowler, D., and Reis, S.: Challenges in quantifying biosphere-atmosphere exchange of nitrogen species, Environ. Pollut., 150, 125–139, 2007.
Thielmann, A., Prevot, A. S. H., Gruebler, F. C., and Staehelin, J.: Empirical ozone isopleths as a tool to identify ozone production regimes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2369–2372, 2001.
Tomasi, C., Vitale, V., and De Santis, L. V.: Relative optical mass functions for air, water vapour, ozone and nitrogen dioxide in atmospheric models presenting different latitudinal and seasonal conditions, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 65, 11–30, 1998.
Trebs, I., Lara, L. S., Zeri, L. M., Gatti, L. V., Artaxo, P., Dlugi, R., Slanina, J., Andreae, M. O., and Meixner, F. X.: Dry and wet deposition of atmospheric inorganic nitrogen in a tropical environment (Rondônia, Brazil), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 447–469, 2006.
Troe, J.: Are primary quantum yields of NO2 photolysis at $\lambda=398$ nm smaller than unity?, Z. Phys. Chem., 214, 573–581, 2000.
Van der Hage, J. C. H.: Actinic Flux and Global Radiation, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 46, 173–177, 1992.
van Weele, M., De Arellano, J. V., and Kuik, F.: Combined Measurements of UV-A Actinic Flux, UV-A Irradiance and Global Radiation in Relation to Photodissociation Rates, Tellus B, 47, 353–364, 1995.
Volz-Thomas, A., Lerner, A., Patz, H. W., Schultz, M., McKenna, D. S., Schmitt, R., Madronich, S., and Roth, E. P.: Airborne measurements of the photolysis frequency of NO2, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 101, 18613–18627, 1996.
Webb, A. R., Bais, A. F., Blumthaler, M., Gobbi, G. P., Kylling, A., Schmitt, R., Thiel, S., Barnaba, F., Danielsen, T., Junkermann, W., Kazantzidis, A., Kelly, P., Kift, R., Liberti, G. L., Misslbeck, M., Schallhart, B., Schreder, J., and Topaloglou, C.: Measuring spectral actinic flux and irradiance: Experimental results from the Actinic Flux Determination from Measurements of Irradiance (ADMIRA) project, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 19, 1049–1062, 2002a.
Webb, A. R., Kift, R., Thiel, S., and Blumthaler, M.: An empirical method for the conversion of spectral UV irradiance measurements to actinic flux data, Atmos. Environ., 36, 4397–4404, 2002b.
Webb, A. R.: UV instrumentation for field and forest research, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 120, 27–38, 2003.
Wiegand, A. N. and Bofinger, N. D.: Review of empirical methods for the calculation of the diurnal NO2 photolysis rate coefficient, Atmos. Environ., 34, 99–108, 2000.
Winkler, P.: Geschichte der Meteorologie in Deutschland: Hohenpei{ß}enberg 1781–2006 – das Älteste Bergobservatorium der Welt Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach am Main, 2006.
Wratt, D. S., Hadfield, M. G., Jones, M. T., Johnson, G. M., and McBurney, I.: Power Stations, Oxides of Nitrogen Emissions, and Photochemical Smog – a Modeling Approach to Guide Decision Makers, Ecol. Model., 64, 185–203, 1992.
Yang, J., Honrath, R. E., Peterson, M. C., Parrish, D. D., and Warshawsky, M.: Photostationary state deviation-estimated peroxy radicals and their implications for HOx and ozone photochemistry at a remote northern Atlantic coastal site, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D02312, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003983, 2004.
Zafonte, L., Rieger, P. L., and Holmes, J. R.: Nitrogen Dioxide Photolysis in Los-Angeles Atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 11, 483–487, 1977.
