Articles | Volume 9, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-1083-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-1083-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
15 Mar 2016
Research article |
| 15 Mar 2016
Calibration of a water vapour Raman lidar with a kite-based humidity sensor
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement,
CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Patrick Chazette
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement,
CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Related authors
Patrick Chazette, Andreas Behrendt, Adolfo Comerón, Paolo Di Girolamo, Marco Di Paolantonio, Davide Dionisi, Cyrille Flamant, José Luis Gómez-Amo, Jérémy Lagarrigue, Frédéric Laly, Diego Lange, Constantino Muñoz-Porcar, Alejandro Rodríguez-Gómez, Michaël Sicard, Donato Summa, Julien Totems, María Pilar Utrillas, Pedro C. Valdelomar, and Volker Wulfmeyer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 19, 5223–5242, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-5223-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-5223-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Between October 2022 and January 2023, the Water Vapour Lidar Network Assimilation (WaLiNeAs) campaign was conducted on the western Mediterranean by four European countries. To improve the forecasting of heavy precipitation events, eight ground-based stations equipped with water vapour Raman lidars were strategically deployed. They offered a valuable chance to verify the consistency of the water vapour products of both the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) and ERA5 reanalysis.
Frédéric Laly, Patrick Chazette, Julien Totems, Vincent Crenn, David Ledur, and Alexandre Marpillat
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 7629–7649, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-7629-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-7629-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This article presents the evolution of aerosol optical properties as derived from a Raman lidar in relation to relative humidity over the Paris area. It examines the influence of aerosol chemical compounds linked to air mass origins, as well as their relationship with the efficiency of aerosol growth. Such a study provides a better understanding of the interactions between aerosols and water vapour, which is important for reducing the uncertainties surrounding the Earth's radiative balance.
Daniele Zannoni, Hans Christian Steen-Larsen, Harald Sodemann, Iris Thurnherr, Cyrille Flamant, Patrick Chazette, Julien Totems, Martin Werner, and Myriam Raybaut
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 9471–9495, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9471-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9471-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
High-resolution airborne observations reveal that mixing between the free troposphere and surface evapotranspiration flux primarily modulates the water vapor isotopic composition in the lower troposphere. Water vapor isotope structure variations occur on the scale of hundreds of meters, underlining the utility of stable isotopes for studying microscale atmospheric dynamics. This study also provides the basis for better validation of water vapor isotope remote sensing retrievals with surface observations.
Patrick Chazette, Julien Totems, and Frédéric Laly
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 2681–2699, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2681-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2681-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The use of active remote sensing instruments to sample the atmospheric environment requires accurate calibration that is stable over time so that measurements are reproducible. This is the case for measurements of atmospheric water vapour using Raman lidar, which are of growing interest in the context of climate risks such as extreme precipitation. This study addresses this issue. It is based on six campaigns spread over a period of 7 years between 2016 and 2022.
Frédéric Laly, Patrick Chazette, Julien Totems, Jérémy Lagarrigue, Laurent Forges, and Cyrille Flamant
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5579–5602, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5579-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5579-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a dataset of water vapor mixing ratio profiles acquired during the Water Vapor Lidar Network Assimilation campaign in fall and winter 2022 and summer 2023, using three lidar systems deployed on the western Mediterranean coastline. This innovative campaign provides access to lower-tropospheric water vapor variability to constrain meteorological forecasting models. The scientific objective is to improve forecasting of heavy-precipation events that lead to flash floods and landslides.
Maëlie Chazette, Patrick Chazette, Ilja M. Reiter, Xiaoxia Shang, Julien Totems, Jean-Philippe Orts, Irène Xueref-Remy, and Nicolas Montes
Biogeosciences, 21, 3289–3303, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3289-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3289-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The approach presented is original in its coupling between field observations and airborne lidar observations. It has been applied to an instrumented reference forest site in the south of France, which is heavily impacted by climate change. It leads to the evaluation of tree heights and ends with assessments of aerial and root carbon stocks. A detailed assessment of uncertainties is presented to add a level of reliability to the scientific products delivered.
Sandrine Bony, Marie Lothon, Julien Delanoë, Pierre Coutris, Jean-Claude Etienne, Franziska Aemisegger, Anna Lea Albright, Thierry André, Hubert Bellec, Alexandre Baron, Jean-François Bourdinot, Pierre-Etienne Brilouet, Aurélien Bourdon, Jean-Christophe Canonici, Christophe Caudoux, Patrick Chazette, Michel Cluzeau, Céline Cornet, Jean-Philippe Desbios, Dominique Duchanoy, Cyrille Flamant, Benjamin Fildier, Christophe Gourbeyre, Laurent Guiraud, Tetyana Jiang, Claude Lainard, Christophe Le Gac, Christian Lendroit, Julien Lernould, Thierry Perrin, Frédéric Pouvesle, Pascal Richard, Nicolas Rochetin, Kevin Salaün, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Guillaume Seurat, Bjorn Stevens, Julien Totems, Ludovic Touzé-Peiffer, Gilles Vergez, Jessica Vial, Leonie Villiger, and Raphaela Vogel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2021–2064, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2021-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2021-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The French ATR42 research aircraft participated in the EUREC4A international field campaign that took place in 2020 over the tropical Atlantic, east of Barbados. We present the extensive instrumentation of the aircraft, the research flights and the different measurements. We show that the ATR measurements of humidity, wind, aerosols and cloudiness in the lower atmosphere are robust and consistent with each other. They will make it possible to advance understanding of cloud–climate interactions.
Julien Totems, Patrick Chazette, and Alexandre Baron
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7525–7544, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7525-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7525-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We describe in detail the design and calibration of the new Raman channels for the WALI system, going over the important sources of bias and uncertainty on retrieved temperature profiles. For the first time, their impact is investigated using horizontal shots in a homogenous atmosphere: the magnitude of the highlighted biases can be much larger than the targeted absolute accuracy of 1° C. Actual measurement errors are quantified using radiosoundings launched close to the lidar site.
Jonas Hamperl, Clément Capitaine, Jean-Baptiste Dherbecourt, Myriam Raybaut, Patrick Chazette, Julien Totems, Bruno Grouiez, Laurence Régalia, Rosa Santagata, Corinne Evesque, Jean-Michel Melkonian, Antoine Godard, Andrew Seidl, Harald Sodemann, and Cyrille Flamant
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6675–6693, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6675-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6675-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Laser active remote sensing of tropospheric water vapor is a promising technology for enhancing our understanding of processes governing the global hydrological cycle. We investigate the potential of a ground-based lidar to monitor the main water vapor isotopes at high spatio-temporal resolutions in the lower troposphere. Using a realistic end-to-end simulator, we show that high-precision measurements can be achieved within a range of 1.5 km, in mid-latitude or tropical environments.
Patrick Chazette, Andreas Behrendt, Adolfo Comerón, Paolo Di Girolamo, Marco Di Paolantonio, Davide Dionisi, Cyrille Flamant, José Luis Gómez-Amo, Jérémy Lagarrigue, Frédéric Laly, Diego Lange, Constantino Muñoz-Porcar, Alejandro Rodríguez-Gómez, Michaël Sicard, Donato Summa, Julien Totems, María Pilar Utrillas, Pedro C. Valdelomar, and Volker Wulfmeyer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 19, 5223–5242, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-5223-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-5223-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Between October 2022 and January 2023, the Water Vapour Lidar Network Assimilation (WaLiNeAs) campaign was conducted on the western Mediterranean by four European countries. To improve the forecasting of heavy precipitation events, eight ground-based stations equipped with water vapour Raman lidars were strategically deployed. They offered a valuable chance to verify the consistency of the water vapour products of both the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) and ERA5 reanalysis.
Dominique Gantois, Alexandre Baron, Michaël Sicard, Valentin Duflot, Niels Groenen, Nelson Bègue, Sabine Eckhardt, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Martine De Mazière, Corinne Vigouroux, Guillaume Payen, Nicolas Marquestaut, Jean-Marc Metzger, Patrick Chazette, and Cyrille Flamant
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3070, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3070, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Smoke from Southern African and South American wildfires can travel for thousands of kilometers before reaching the Indian Ocean and Reunion Island. In this study, we use instruments measuring from the ground, from satellites, as well as atmospheric models, to track these smoke plumes and identify their origins and properties. Our findings should help future research focusing on the impact of these plumes on the atmospheric temperature.
Patrick Chazette
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 19, 4293–4311, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-4293-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-4293-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
A novel aerosol classification methodology based on Raman lidar observations is presented and applied to measurements acquired during the FENNEC field campaign. The temporal evolution of aerosol classes and optical properties is then used to perform a quantitative evaluation of numerical simulations from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) global reanalysis (EAC4).
Frédéric Laly, Patrick Chazette, Julien Totems, Vincent Crenn, David Ledur, and Alexandre Marpillat
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 7629–7649, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-7629-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-7629-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This article presents the evolution of aerosol optical properties as derived from a Raman lidar in relation to relative humidity over the Paris area. It examines the influence of aerosol chemical compounds linked to air mass origins, as well as their relationship with the efficiency of aerosol growth. Such a study provides a better understanding of the interactions between aerosols and water vapour, which is important for reducing the uncertainties surrounding the Earth's radiative balance.
Sandrine Bony, Basile Poujol, Brett McKim, Nicolas Rochetin, Marie Lothon, Julia Windmiller, Nicolas Maury, Clarisse Dufaux, Louis Jaffeux, Patrick Chazette, and Julien Delanoë
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 17331–17362, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-17331-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-17331-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Space photographs of the Earth show that clouds form diverse, common but poorly understood cloud patterns. The analysis of observations gathered from research aircraft over the tropical ocean shows that the merging of thermals and clouds in the first kilometer of the atmosphere plays a key role in controlling the size, depth and spacing of clouds. This reveals a fundamental process through which clouds interact with each other and with their environment.
Daniele Zannoni, Hans Christian Steen-Larsen, Harald Sodemann, Iris Thurnherr, Cyrille Flamant, Patrick Chazette, Julien Totems, Martin Werner, and Myriam Raybaut
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 9471–9495, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9471-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9471-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
High-resolution airborne observations reveal that mixing between the free troposphere and surface evapotranspiration flux primarily modulates the water vapor isotopic composition in the lower troposphere. Water vapor isotope structure variations occur on the scale of hundreds of meters, underlining the utility of stable isotopes for studying microscale atmospheric dynamics. This study also provides the basis for better validation of water vapor isotope remote sensing retrievals with surface observations.
Patrick Chazette, Julien Totems, and Frédéric Laly
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 2681–2699, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2681-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2681-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The use of active remote sensing instruments to sample the atmospheric environment requires accurate calibration that is stable over time so that measurements are reproducible. This is the case for measurements of atmospheric water vapour using Raman lidar, which are of growing interest in the context of climate risks such as extreme precipitation. This study addresses this issue. It is based on six campaigns spread over a period of 7 years between 2016 and 2022.
Frédéric Laly, Patrick Chazette, Julien Totems, Jérémy Lagarrigue, Laurent Forges, and Cyrille Flamant
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5579–5602, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5579-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5579-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a dataset of water vapor mixing ratio profiles acquired during the Water Vapor Lidar Network Assimilation campaign in fall and winter 2022 and summer 2023, using three lidar systems deployed on the western Mediterranean coastline. This innovative campaign provides access to lower-tropospheric water vapor variability to constrain meteorological forecasting models. The scientific objective is to improve forecasting of heavy-precipation events that lead to flash floods and landslides.
Maëlie Chazette, Patrick Chazette, Ilja M. Reiter, Xiaoxia Shang, Julien Totems, Jean-Philippe Orts, Irène Xueref-Remy, and Nicolas Montes
Biogeosciences, 21, 3289–3303, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3289-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3289-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The approach presented is original in its coupling between field observations and airborne lidar observations. It has been applied to an instrumented reference forest site in the south of France, which is heavily impacted by climate change. It leads to the evaluation of tree heights and ends with assessments of aerial and root carbon stocks. A detailed assessment of uncertainties is presented to add a level of reliability to the scientific products delivered.
Patrick Chazette and Jean-Christophe Raut
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5847–5861, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5847-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5847-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The vertical profiles of the effective radii of ice crystals and ice water content in Arctic semi-transparent stratiform clouds were assessed using quantitative ground-based lidar measurements. The field campaign was part of the Pollution in the ARCtic System (PARCS) project which took place from 13 to 26 May 2016 in Hammerfest (70° 39′ 48″ N, 23° 41′ 00″ E). We show that under certain cloud conditions, lidar measurement combined with a dedicated algorithmic approach is an efficient tool.
Leonie Villiger, Marina Dütsch, Sandrine Bony, Marie Lothon, Stephan Pfahl, Heini Wernli, Pierre-Etienne Brilouet, Patrick Chazette, Pierre Coutris, Julien Delanoë, Cyrille Flamant, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Martin Werner, and Franziska Aemisegger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14643–14672, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14643-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14643-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates three numerical simulations performed with an isotope-enabled weather forecast model and investigates the coupling between shallow trade-wind cumulus clouds and atmospheric circulations on different scales. We show that the simulations reproduce key characteristics of shallow trade-wind clouds as observed during the field experiment EUREC4A and that the spatial distribution of stable-water-vapour isotopes is shaped by the overturning circulation associated with these clouds.
Cyrille Flamant, Marco Gaetani, Jean-Pierre Chaboureau, Patrick Chazette, Juan Cuesta, Stuart John Piketh, and Paola Formenti
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5701–5724, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5701-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5701-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Rivers of smoke extend from tropical southern Africa towards the Indian Ocean during the winter fire season, controlled by the interaction of tropical easterly waves, and westerly waves at mid latitudes. During the AEROCLO-sA field campaign in 2017, a river of smoke was directly observed over Namibia. In this paper, the evolution and atmospheric drivers of the river of smoke are described, and the role of a mid-latitude cut-off low in lifting the smoke to the upper troposphere is highlighted.
Sandrine Bony, Marie Lothon, Julien Delanoë, Pierre Coutris, Jean-Claude Etienne, Franziska Aemisegger, Anna Lea Albright, Thierry André, Hubert Bellec, Alexandre Baron, Jean-François Bourdinot, Pierre-Etienne Brilouet, Aurélien Bourdon, Jean-Christophe Canonici, Christophe Caudoux, Patrick Chazette, Michel Cluzeau, Céline Cornet, Jean-Philippe Desbios, Dominique Duchanoy, Cyrille Flamant, Benjamin Fildier, Christophe Gourbeyre, Laurent Guiraud, Tetyana Jiang, Claude Lainard, Christophe Le Gac, Christian Lendroit, Julien Lernould, Thierry Perrin, Frédéric Pouvesle, Pascal Richard, Nicolas Rochetin, Kevin Salaün, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Guillaume Seurat, Bjorn Stevens, Julien Totems, Ludovic Touzé-Peiffer, Gilles Vergez, Jessica Vial, Leonie Villiger, and Raphaela Vogel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2021–2064, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2021-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2021-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The French ATR42 research aircraft participated in the EUREC4A international field campaign that took place in 2020 over the tropical Atlantic, east of Barbados. We present the extensive instrumentation of the aircraft, the research flights and the different measurements. We show that the ATR measurements of humidity, wind, aerosols and cloudiness in the lower atmosphere are robust and consistent with each other. They will make it possible to advance understanding of cloud–climate interactions.
Karine Desboeufs, Franck Fu, Matthieu Bressac, Antonio Tovar-Sánchez, Sylvain Triquet, Jean-François Doussin, Chiara Giorio, Patrick Chazette, Julie Disnaquet, Anaïs Feron, Paola Formenti, Franck Maisonneuve, Araceli Rodríguez-Romero, Pascal Zapf, François Dulac, and Cécile Guieu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2309–2332, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2309-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2309-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This article reports the first concurrent sampling of wet deposition samples and surface seawater and was performed during the PEACETIME cruise in the remote Mediterranean (May–June 2017). Through the chemical composition of trace metals (TMs) in these samples, it emphasizes the decrease of atmospheric metal pollution in this area during the last few decades and the critical role of wet deposition as source of TMs for Mediterranean surface seawater, especially for intense dust deposition events.
Patrick Chazette, Alexandre Baron, and Cyrille Flamant
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1271–1292, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1271-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1271-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Within the framework of the international EUREC4A project, horizontal lidar measurements were carried out over Barbados from the French research aircraft ATR-42. These measurements highlighted the strong heterogeneity of the aerosol field (mainly dust and biomass burning aerosols) and therefore of the associated optical properties. This heterogeneity varies according to meteorological conditions and could significantly modulate the climatic impact of aerosols trapped over the tropical Atlantic.
Julien Totems, Patrick Chazette, and Alexandre Baron
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7525–7544, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7525-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7525-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We describe in detail the design and calibration of the new Raman channels for the WALI system, going over the important sources of bias and uncertainty on retrieved temperature profiles. For the first time, their impact is investigated using horizontal shots in a homogenous atmosphere: the magnitude of the highlighted biases can be much larger than the targeted absolute accuracy of 1° C. Actual measurement errors are quantified using radiosoundings launched close to the lidar site.
Jonas Hamperl, Clément Capitaine, Jean-Baptiste Dherbecourt, Myriam Raybaut, Patrick Chazette, Julien Totems, Bruno Grouiez, Laurence Régalia, Rosa Santagata, Corinne Evesque, Jean-Michel Melkonian, Antoine Godard, Andrew Seidl, Harald Sodemann, and Cyrille Flamant
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6675–6693, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6675-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6675-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Laser active remote sensing of tropospheric water vapor is a promising technology for enhancing our understanding of processes governing the global hydrological cycle. We investigate the potential of a ground-based lidar to monitor the main water vapor isotopes at high spatio-temporal resolutions in the lower troposphere. Using a realistic end-to-end simulator, we show that high-precision measurements can be achieved within a range of 1.5 km, in mid-latitude or tropical environments.
Cited articles
Behrendt, A., Wulfmeyer, V., Riede, A., Wagner, G., Pal, S., Bauer, H.,
Radlach, M., and Späth, F.: 3-Dimensional observations of atmospheric
humidity with a scanning differential absorption lidar, in: Proc. SPIE Vol.
7475, Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere XIV, edited by
R. H. Picard, K. Schäfer, A. Comeron, and M. van Weele, 74750L,
https://doi.org/10.1117/12.835143, 2009.
Bhawar, R., Di Girolamo, P., Summa, D., Flamant, C., Althausen, D.,
Behrendt, A., Kiemle, C., Bosser, P., Cacciani, M., Champollion, C., Di
Iorio, T., Engelmann, R., Herold, C., Müller, D., Pal, S., Wirth, M., and
Wulfmeyer, V.: The water vapour intercomparison effort in the framework of
the convective and orographically-induced precipitation study:
airborne-to-ground-based and airborne-to-airborne lidar systems, Q. J. Roy.
Meteor. Soc., 137, 345–348, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.697, 2011.
Bock, O., Bosser, P., Bourcy, T., David, L., Goutail, F., Hoareau, C.,
Keckhut, P., Legain, D., Pazmino, A., Pelon, J., Pipis, K., Poujol, G.,
Sarkissian, A., Thom, C., Tournois, G., and Tzanos, D.: Accuracy assessment
of water vapour measurements from in situ and remote sensing techniques
during the DEMEVAP 2011 campaign at OHP, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 2777–2802,
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-2777-2013, 2013.
Boylan, J. W. and Russell, A. G.: PM and light extinction model performance
metrics, goals, and criteria for three-dimensional air quality models, Atmos.
Environ., 40, 4946–4959, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.09.087, 2006.
Chazette, P., Marnas, F., and Totems, J.: The mobile Water vapor Aerosol
Raman LIdar and its implication in the framework of the HyMeX and ChArMEx
programs: application to a dust transport process, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7,
1629–1647, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-1629-2014, 2014a.
Chazette, P., Marnas, F., Totems, J., and Shang, X.: Comparison of IASI water vapor retrieval with
H2O-Raman lidar in the framework of the Mediterranean HyMeX and ChArMEx
programs, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 9583–9596, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9583-2014,
2014b.
Chazette, P., Flamant, C., Raut, J.-C., Totems, J., and Shang, X.: Tropical
moisture enriched storm tracks over the Mediterranean and their link with
intense rainfall in the Cevennes-Vivarais area during HyMeX, Q. J. Roz.
Meteor. Soc., https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2674, online first, 2015a.
Chazette, P., Flamant, C., Shang, X., Totems, J., Raut, J.-C., Doerenbecher,
A., Ducrocq, V., Fourrié, N., Bock, O. and Cloché, S.: A
multi-instrument and multi-model assessment of atmospheric moisture
variability over the Western Mediterranean during HyMeX, Q. J. Roz. Meteor.
Soc., https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2671, online first, 2015b.
Davidson, K. L., Guest, P. S., Mabey, D. L., Frederickson, P. A.,
Anderson, K. D., Doss-Hammel, S. M., and Tsintikidis, D.: The use of kite
observations to study air–sea interaction-controlled atmospheric surface
layer profiles during the RED experiment, in: 12th Conference on Interactions
of the Sea and Atmosphere, vol. 1, available at:
http://calhoun.nps.edu/public/handle/10945/41312 (last access: 19
September 2014), 2003.
Di Girolamo, P., Summa, D., Lin, R.-F., Maestri, T., Rizzi, R., and
Masiello, G.: UV Raman lidar measurements of relative humidity for the
characterization of cirrus cloud microphysical properties, Atmos. Chem.
Phys., 9, 8799–8811, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-8799-2009, 2009.
Dionisi, D., Keckhut, P., Courcoux, Y., Hauchecorne, A., Porteneuve, J.,
Baray, J. L., Leclair de Bellevue, J., Vérèmes, H., Gabarrot, F.,
Payen, G., Decoupes, R., and Cammas, J. P.: Water vapor observations up to
the lower stratosphere through the Raman lidar during the Maïdo Lidar
Calibration Campaign, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 1425–1445,
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1425-2015, 2015.
Draxler, R. R. and Rolph, G. D.: HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian
Integrated Trajectory) Model access via NOAA ARL READY Website, NOAA Air
Resour. Lab. Silver Spring, MD, available at:
http://ready.arl.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT.php, last access: 20 August, 2015.
Drobinski, P., Ducrocq, V., Alpert, P., Anagnostou, E., Béranger, K.,
Borga, M., Braud, I., Chanzy, A., Davolio, S., Delrieu, G., Estournel, C.,
Boubrahmi, N. F., Font, J., Grubišić, V., Gualdi, S., Homar, V.,
Ivančan-Picek, B., Kottmeier, C., Kotroni, V., Lagouvardos, K.,
Lionello, P., Llasat, M. C., Ludwig, W., Lutoff, C., Mariotti, A.,
Richard, E., Romero, R., Rotunno, R., Roussot, O., Ruin, I., Somot, S.,
Taupier-Letage, I., Tintore, J., Uijlenhoet, R., and Wernli, H.: HyMeX:
A 10-year multidisciplinary program on the mediterranean water cycle, B. Am.
Meteorol. Soc., 95, 1063–1082, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00242.1, 2014.
Ducrocq, V., Braud, I., Davolio, S., Ferretti, R., Flamant, C., Jansa, A.,
Kalthoff, N., Richard, E., Taupier-Letage, I., Ayral, P.-A., Belamari, S.,
Berne, A., Borga, M., Boudevillain, B., Bock, O., Boichard, J.-L.,
Bouin, M.-N., Bousquet, O., Bouvier, C., Chiggiato, J., Cimini, D.,
Corsmeier, U., Coppola, L., Cocquerez, P., Defer, E., Delanoë, J., Di
Girolamo, P., Doerenbecher, A., Drobinski, P., Dufournet, Y.,
Fourrié, N., Gourley, J. J., Labatut, L., Lambert, D., Le Coz, J.,
Marzano, F. S., Molinié, G., Montani, A., Nord, G., Nuret, M.,
Ramage, K., Risøn, W., Roussot, O., Said, F., Schwarzenboeck, A.,
Testor, P., Van Baelen, J., Vincendon, B., Aran, M., and Tamayo, J.:
HyMeX-SOP1: the field campaign dedicated to heavy precipitation and flash
flooding in the northwestern Mediterranean, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 95,
1083–1100, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00244.1, 2014.
Estellés, V., Martínez-Lozano, J. A., Utrillas, M. P., and
Campanelli, M.: Columnar aerosol properties in Valencia (Spain) by
ground-based Sun photometry, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D11201,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008167, 2007.
Fischer, L., Craig, G. C., and Kiemle, C.: Horizontal structure function and
vertical correlation analysis of mesoscale water vapour variability observed
by airborne lidar, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 7579–7590,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50588, 2013.
Foth, A., Baars, H., Di Girolamo, P., and Pospichal, B.: Water vapour
profiles from Raman lidar automatically calibrated by microwave radiometer
data during HOPE, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7753–7763,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7753-2015, 2015.
Gao, B.-C. and Kaufman, Y. J.: Water vapour retrievals using Moderate
Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) near-infrared channels, J.
Geophys. Res., 108, 4389, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003023, 2003.
Haywood, J. M., Roberts, D. L., Slingo, A., Edwards, J. M., and Shine, K. P.:
General Circulation Model Calculations of the Direct Radiative Forcing by
Anthropogenic Sulfate and Fossil-Fuel Soot Aerosol, J. Climate, 10,
1562–1577, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<1562:GCMCOT>2.0.CO;2, 1997.
IPCC: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A:
Global and Sectoral Aspects, Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited
by: C. B. Field, V. R. Barros, D. J. Dokken, K. J. Mach, M. D. Mastrandrea,
T. E. Bili, M. Chatterjee, K. L. Ebi, Y. O. Estrada, R. C. Genova, B. Girma,
E. S. Kissel, A. N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P. R. Mastrandrea, and L. L. White,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 2014.
Kulmala, M.: Condensational Growth and Evaporation in the Transition Regime,
Aerosol Sci. Technol., 19, 381–388, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786829308959645, 1993.
Leblanc, T. and McDermid, I. S.: Accuracy of Raman lidar water vapour
calibration and its applicability to long-term measurements., Appl. Optics,
47, 5592–603, 2008.
Liu, Z., Li, M., Zhong, W., and Wong, M. S.: An approach to evaluate the
absolute accuracy of WVR water vapour measurements inferred from multiple
water vapour techniques, J. Geodyn., 72, 86–94,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2013.09.002, 2013.
Mallet, M., Dulac, F., Formenti, P., Nabat, P., Sciare, J., Roberts, G.,
Pelon, J., Ancellet, G., Tanré, D., Parol, F., Denjean, C., Brogniez, G.,
di Sarra, A., Alados-Arboledas, L., Arndt, J., Auriol, F., Blarel, L.,
Bourrianne, T., Chazette, P., Chevaillier, S., Claeys, M., D'Anna, B.,
Derimian, Y., Desboeufs, K., Di Iorio, T., Doussin, J.-F., Durand, P.,
Féron, A., Freney, E., Gaimoz, C., Goloub, P., Gómez-Amo, J. L.,
Granados-Muñoz, M. J., Grand, N., Hamonou, E., Jankowiak, I., Jeannot,
M., Léon, J.-F., Maillé, M., Mailler, S., Meloni, D., Menut, L.,
Momboisse, G., Nicolas, J., Podvin, T., Pont, V., Rea, G., Renard, J.-B.,
Roblou, L., Schepanski, K., Schwarzenboeck, A., Sellegri, K., Sicard, M.,
Solmon, F., Somot, S., Torres, B, Totems, J., Triquet, S., Verdier, N.,
Verwaerde, C., Waquet, F., Wenger, J., and Zapf, P.: Overview of the
Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment/Aerosol Direct Radiative Forcing
on the Mediterranean Climate (ChArMEx/ADRIMED) summer 2013 campaign, Atmos.
Chem. Phys., 16, 455–504, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-455-2016, 2016.
Martinez-Lozano, J. A., Estelles, V., Molero, F., Gomez-Amo, J. L., Utrillas,
M. P., Pujadas, M., Fortea, J. C., and Guanter, L.: Atmospheric Components
Determination From Ground-Level Measurements During the Spectra Barax
Campaigns (SPARC) Field Campaigns, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 45,
2778–2793, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2007.902295, 2007.
Mavromatakis, F., Gueymard, C. A., and Franghiadakis, Y.: Technical Note:
Improved total atmospheric water vapour amount determination from
near-infrared filter measurements with sun photometers, Atmos. Chem. Phys.,
7, 4613–4623, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4613-2007, 2007.
Melfi, S. H., Whiteman, D., and Ferrare, R.: Observation of Atmospheric
Fronts Using Raman Lidar Moisture Measurements, J. Appl. Meteorol., 28,
789–806, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1989)028<0789:OOAFUR>2.0.CO;2, 1989.
Ortiz de Galisteo, J. P., Toledano, C., Cachorro, V., and Torres, B.:
Improvement in PWV estimation from GPS due to the absolute calibration of
antenna phase center variations, GPS Solut., 14, 389–395,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-010-0163-y, 2010.
Pérez-Ramirez, D., Whiteman, D. N., Smirnov, A., Lyamani, H.,
Holben, B. N., Pinker, R., Andrade, M., and Alados-Arboledas, L.: Evaluation
of AERONET precipitable water vapour vs. micro-wave radiometry, GPS, and
radiosondes at ARM sites, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, 9596–9613,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD021730, 2014.
Randriamiarisoa, H., Chazette, P., Couvert, P., Sanak, J., and Mégie, G.:
Relative humidity impact on aerosol parameters in a Paris suburban area,
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1389–1407, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-1389-2006, 2006.
Reiche, M., Funk, R., Zhang, Z., and Hoffmann, C.: Using a parafoil kite for
measurement of variations in particulate matter – a kite-based dust
profiling approach, Atmos. Clim. Sci., 2, 41–51, https://doi.org/10.4236/acs.2012.21006,
2012.
Rood, M. J., Covert, D. S., and Larson, T. V.: Hygroscopic properties of
atmospheric aerosol in Riverside, California, Tellus B, 39, 383–397,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.1987.tb00201.x, 1987.
Schmid, B., Michalsky, J. J., Slater, D. W., Barnard, J. C., Halthore, R. N.,
Liljegren, J. C., Holben, B. N., Eck, T. F., Livingston, J. M.,
Russell, P. B., Ingold, T., and Slutsker, I.: Comparison of columnar
water-vapour measurements from solar transmittance methods, Appl. Optics, 40,
1886, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.40.001886, 2001.
Sherlock, V., Garnier, A., Hauchecorne, A., and Keckhut, P.: Implementation
and validation of a Raman lidar measurement of middle and upper tropospheric
water vapour, Appl. Optics, 38, 5838, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.38.005838, 1999a.
Sherlock, V., Hauchecorne, A., and Lenoble, J.: Methodology for the
independent calibration of Raman backscatter water-vapour lidar systems.,
Appl. Optics, 38, 5816–37, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.38.005838, 1999b.
Torres, B., Cachorro, V. E., Toledano, C., Ortiz de Galisteo, J. P.,
Berjón, A., de Frutos, A. M., Bennouna, Y., and Laulainen, N.:
Precipitable water vapor characterization in the Gulf of Cadiz region
(southwestern Spain) based on Sun photometer, GPS, and radiosonde data, J.
Geophys. Res., 115, D18103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012724, 2009.
Turner, D. D., Whiteman, D. N., Evans, K. D., Melfi, S. H.,
Goldsmith, J. E. M., and Schwemmer, G. K.: Water vapour measurements by Raman
lidar during the ARM 1997 Water Vapour Intensive Observation Period, in:
IGARSS'98. Sensing and Managing the Environment, 1998 IEEE International
Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Symposium Proceedings, vol. 4, 2155–2157,
1998.
Weckwerth, T. M., Wulfmeyer, V., Wakimoto, R. M., Hardesty, R. M.,
Wilson, J. W., and Banta, R. M.: NCAR–NOAA lower-tropospheric water vapour
workshop, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 80, 2339–2357,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1999)080<2339:NNLTWV>2.0.CO;2, 1999.
Weckwerth, T. M., Parsons, D. B., Koch, S. E., Moore, J. a., LeMone, M. a.,
Demoz, B. B., Flamant, C., Geerts, B., Wang, J., and Feltz, W. F.: An
overview of the international H2O project (IHOP_2002) and some
preliminary highlights, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 85, 253–277,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-85-2-253, 2004.
Whiteman, D. N., Melfi, S., and Ferrare, R.: Raman lidar system for the
measurement of water vapour and aerosols in the Earth's atmosphere, Appl.
Optics, 31, 3068–82, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.31.003068, 1992.
Whiteman, D. N., Demoz, B., Schwemmer, G., Gentry, B., Di Girolamo, P.,
Sabatino, D., Comer, J., Veselovskii, I., Evans, K., Lin, R.-F., Wang, Z.,
Behrendt, A., Wulfmeyer, V., Browell, E., Ferrare, R., Ismail, S., and
Wang, J.: Raman lidar measurements during the international H2O project.
Part I: Instrumentation and analysis techniques, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 23,
157–169, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH1839.1, 2006a.
Whiteman, D. N., Demoz, B., Schwemmer, G., Gentry, B., Di Girolamo, P.,
Sabatino, D., Comer, J., Veselovskii, I., Evans, K., Lin, R.-F., Wang, Z.,
Behrendt, A., Wulfmeyer, V., Browell, E., Ferrare, R., Ismail, S., and
Wang, J.: Raman lidar measurements during the international H2O project.
Part II: Case studies, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 23, 170–183,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH1839.1, 2006b.
Whiteman, D. N., Venable, D., and Landulfo, E.: Comments on “Accuracy of
Raman lidar water vapour calibration and its applicability to long-term
measurements,” Appl. Optics, 50, 2170–2176 (author reply 2177–2178),
https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.50.002170, 2011.
Willitsford, A. and Philbrick, C. R.: Lidar description of the evapourative
duct in ocean environments, in: Proc. SPIE Vol. 5885, Remote Sensing of the
Coastal Oceanic Environment, edited by: R. J. Frouin, M. Babin, and
S. Sathyendranath, 58850G, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.620948, 2005.
Wulfmeyer, V., Behrendt, A., Kottmeier, C., Corsmeier, U., Barthlott, C.,
Craig, G. C., Hagen, M., Althausen, D., Aoshima, F., Arpagaus, M.,
Bauer, H.-S., Bennett, L., Blyth, A., Brandau, C., Champollion, C.,
Crewell, S., Dick, G., Di Girolamo, P., Dorninger, M., Dufournet, Y.,
Eigenmann, R., Engelmann, R., Flamant, C., Foken, T., Gorgas, T.,
Grzeschik, M., Handwerker, J., Hauck, C., Höller, H., Junkermann, W.,
Kalthoff, N., Kiemle, C., Klink, S., König, M., Krauss, L., Long, C. N.,
Madonna, F., Mobbs, S., Neininger, B., Pal, S., Peters, G., Pigeon, G.,
Richard, E., Rotach, M. W., Russchenberg, H., Schwitalla, T., Smith, V.,
Steinacker, R., Trentmann, J., Turner, D. D., van Baelen, J., Vogt, S.,
Volkert, H., Weckwerth, T., Wernli, H., Wieser, A., and Wirth, M.: The
convective and orographically-induced precipitation study (COPS): the
scientific strategy, the field phase, and research highlights, Q. J. Roy.
Meteor. Soc., 137, 3–30, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.752, 2011.
Short summary
We present a calibration method for a water vapour Raman lidar, using a meteorological probe lifted by a kite, that was applied during the HyMeX and ChArMEx programs over the Mediterranean. It allowed measuring both the overlap factor of the lidar and the calibration constant with better precision than with simultaneous balloon radiosoundings, as balloons go up faster and can drift during the measurements. Comparisons to other moisture profiles demonstrate the accuracy of the calibrated lidar.
We present a calibration method for a water vapour Raman lidar, using a meteorological probe...
