Articles | Volume 14, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6213-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6213-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
28 Sep 2021
Research article |
| 28 Sep 2021
| 28 Sep 2021
A compact static birefringent interferometer for the measurement of upper atmospheric winds: concept, design and lab performance
Tingyu Yan
Institute of Space Optics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi,
710049, China
Department of Physics, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
Jeffery A. Langille
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Physics, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
William E. Ward
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Physics, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
William A. Gault
DB Reflections Associates, Oakville, Canada
deceased
Alan Scott
Honeywell, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Andrew Bell
TNO Space Systems, Stieltjesweg, Delft, the Netherlands
Driss Touahiri
VIAVI Solutions, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Sheng-Hai Zheng
Honeywell, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Chunmin Zhang
Institute of Space Optics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi,
710049, China
Related authors
C. Zhang, T. Yan, T. Mu, and Y. He
ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., V-1-2020, 383–388, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-1-2020-383-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-1-2020-383-2020, 2020
Samuel Kaare Kristoffersen, William Edmund Ward, and Chris E. Meek
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2369, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2369, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, the relationship between observations from two instruments, a meteor radar and a field-widened Michelson interferometer (ERWIN) which provide complementary information on this region, is investigated. On average the ratio of ERWIN winds to meteor radar winds is ∼ 0.7. Differences between the wind observations are likely caused by variations in the airglow brightness associated with dissipating gravity waves.
Ethan Runge, Jeff Langille, Daniel Zawada, Adam Bourassa, and Doug Degenstein
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 3123–3139, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3123-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3123-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Limb Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer Experiment (LIFE) instrument takes vertical images of limb radiance across a wide mid-infrared spectral band from a stratospheric balloon. Measurements are used to infer vertical-trace-gas-profile retrievals of H2O, O3, HNO3, CH4, and N2O. Nearly time-/space-coincident observations from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) and Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instruments are compared to the LIFE results.
C. Zhang, T. Yan, T. Mu, and Y. He
ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., V-1-2020, 383–388, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-1-2020-383-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-1-2020-383-2020, 2020
Jeffery Langille, Adam Bourassa, Laura L. Pan, Daniel Letros, Brian Solheim, Daniel Zawada, and Doug Degenstein
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 5477–5486, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5477-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5477-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Water vapour (WV) is a highly variable and extremely important trace gas in Earth’s atmosphere. Due to its radiative and chemical properties, it is coupled to the climate in an extremely complex manner. This is especially true in the lowermost stratosphere (LMS). Despite its importance, the physical processes that control mixing and the distribution of WV in the LMS are poorly understood. This study provides observational evidence of moistening the LMS via mixing across the subtropical jet.
Uma Das, William E. Ward, Chen Jeih Pan, and Sanat Kumar Das
Ann. Geophys., 38, 421–435, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-421-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-421-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Temperatures obtained from FORMOSAT-3 and COSMIC observations in the stratosphere are analysed for tidal variations. It is seen that non-migrating tides are not very significant in the high-latitude winter stratosphere. It is shown that the observed amplitudes of these tides in earlier studies are most probably a result of aliasing and are not geophysical in nature. Thus, the process of non-linear interactions through which it was believed that they are produced seems to be unimportant.
Piao Rong, Christian von Savigny, Chunmin Zhang, Christoph G. Hoffmann, and Michael J. Schwartz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 1737–1755, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1737-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1737-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We study the presence and characteristics of 27 d solar signatures in middle atmospheric temperature observed by the microwave limb sounder on NASA's Aura spacecraft. This is a highly interesting and significant subject because the physical and chemical mechanisms leading to these 27 d solar-driven signatures are, in many cases, not well understood. The analysis shows that highly significant 27 d solar signatures in middle atmospheric temperature are present at many altitudes and latitudes.
Jeffery Langille, Daniel Letros, Adam Bourassa, Brian Solheim, Doug Degenstein, Fabien Dupont, Daniel Zawada, and Nick D. Lloyd
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 431–455, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-431-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-431-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The SHOW instrument is a prototype satellite concept that is being developed through collaboration between the University of Saskatchewan, the Canadian Space Agency, and ABB Inc. to provide high vertical resolution (< 200 m) measurements of UTLS water vapour with < 1 ppm accuracy. This paper presents suborbital measurements obtained during a demonstration flight aboard NASA's ER-2 aircraft. These measurements are validated through a comparison with coincident radiosonde measurements.
Maya García-Comas, Francisco González-Galindo, Bernd Funke, Angela Gardini, Aythami Jurado-Navarro, Manuel López-Puertas, and William E. Ward
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11019–11041, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11019-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11019-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, for the first time, temperature longitudinal oscillations are derived from 20 to 150 km from a single instrument. A climatology of amplitudes and phases of zonal waves with odd daily frequencies is presented on a global scale. The interannual variability in amplitudes of the migrating modes shows a QBO in the MLT, which is probably originated in the stratosphere. The results are useful for testing general circulation models considering tidal effects in the MLT region.
Related subject area
Subject: Others (Wind, Precipitation, Temperature, etc.) | Technique: Remote Sensing | Topic: Instruments and Platforms
Directly measuring the power-law exponent and kinetic energy of atmospheric turbulence using coherent Doppler wind lidar
3D wind observations with a compact mobile lidar based on tropo- and stratospheric aerosol backscatter
A novel infrared imager for studies of hydroxyl and oxygen nightglow emissions in the mesopause above northern Scandinavia
Absolute radiance calibration in the UV and visible spectral range using atmospheric observations during twilight
Measurement uncertainties of scanning microwave radiometers and their influence on temperature profiling
The Doppler wind, temperature, and aerosol RMR lidar system at Kühlungsborn/Germany – Part 1: technical specifications and capabilities
A New Dual-Frequency Stratospheric Tropospheric / Meteor Radar: System Description and First Results
Advancing airborne Doppler lidar wind profiling in turbulent boundary layer flow – an LES-based optimization of traditional scanning-beam versus novel fixed-beam measurement systems
Observing atmospheric convection with dual-scanning lidars
Wind comparisons between meteor radar and Doppler shifts in airglow emissions using field widened Michelson interferometers
Evaluation of error components in rainfall retrieval from collocated commercial microwave links
In-orbit cross-calibration of millimeter conically scanning spaceborne radars
The Far-Infrared Radiation Mobile Observation System (FIRMOS) for spectral characterization of the atmospheric emission
Calibrating radar wind profiler reflectivity factor using surface disdrometer observations
Pseudorandom modulation continuous-wave narrowband sodium temperature and wind lidar
Stratospheric temperature measurements from nanosatellite stellar occultation observations of refractive bending
Airborne coherent wind lidar measurements of the momentum flux profile from orographically induced gravity waves
GNSS radio occultation soundings from commercial off-the-shelf receivers on board balloon platforms
Complementarity of wind measurements from co-located X-band weather radar and Doppler lidar
Evaluation of the New York State Mesonet Profiler Network data
Quantification of motion-induced measurement error on floating lidar systems
Observation error analysis for the WInd VElocity Radar Nephoscope W-band Doppler conically scanning spaceborne radar via end-to-end simulations
Evaluating convective planetary boundary layer height estimations resolved by both active and passive remote sensing instruments during the CHEESEHEAD19 field campaign
Atmospheric precipitable water vapor and its correlation with clear-sky infrared temperature observations
Spectral performance analysis of the Aeolus Fabry–Pérot and Fizeau interferometers during the first years of operation
Moderate spectral resolution solar irradiance measurements, aerosol optical depth, and solar transmission, from 360 to 1070 nm, using the refurbished rotating shadow band spectroradiometer (RSS)
Mitigation of bias sources for atmospheric temperature and humidity in the mobile Raman Weather and Aerosol Lidar (WALI)
Gravity wave instability structures and turbulence from more than 1.5 years of OH* airglow imager observations in Slovenia
ALADIN laser frequency stability and its impact on the Aeolus wind error
The COTUR project: remote sensing of offshore turbulence for wind energy application
Characterization of dark current signal measurements of the ACCDs used on board the Aeolus satellite
Relationship between wind observation accuracy and the ascending node of the sun-synchronous orbit for the Aeolus-type spaceborne Doppler wind lidar
A new lidar design for operational atmospheric wind and cloud/aerosol survey from space
VAHCOLI, a new concept for lidars: technical setup, science applications, and first measurements
A Compact Rayleigh Autonomous Lidar (CORAL) for the middle atmosphere
Measurement characteristics of an airborne microwave temperature profiler (MTP)
Towards accurate and practical drone-based wind measurements with an ultrasonic anemometer
Atmospheric observations with E-band microwave links – challenges and opportunities
Tomographic retrieval algorithm of OH concentration profiles using double spatial heterodyne spectrometers
Wuhan MST radar: technical features and validation of wind observations
Joint analysis of convective structure from the APR-2 precipitation radar and the DAWN Doppler wind lidar during the 2017 Convective Processes Experiment (CPEX)
First observations of the McMurdo–South Pole oblique ionospheric HF channel
Vertical wind profiling from the troposphere to the lower mesosphere based on high-resolution heterodyne near-infrared spectroradiometry
Effect of OH emission on the temperature and wind measurements derived from limb-viewing observations of the 1.27 µm O2 dayglow
Doppler lidar at Observatoire de Haute-Provence for wind profiling up to 75 km altitude: performance evaluation and observations
Quantifying hail size distributions from the sky – application of drone aerial photogrammetry
Wind sensing with drone-mounted wind lidars: proof of concept
SAETTA: high-resolution 3-D mapping of the total lightning activity in the Mediterranean Basin over Corsica, with a focus on a mesoscale convective system event
Application of parametric speakers to radio acoustic sounding system
Simulating precipitation radar observations from a geostationary satellite
Jinhong Xian, Chao Lu, Xiaoling Lin, Honglong Yang, Ning Zhang, and Li Zhang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1837–1850, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1837-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1837-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Improving the monitoring capability of atmospheric turbulence can help unravel the mystery of turbulence. Based on some assumptions, scientists have proposed various detection methods. However, these assumptions limit their applicability. We abandoned these assumptions and proposed a more accurate method, revealing some new results. Our method can provide more accurate three-dimensional features of turbulence, which will have a huge driving effect on the development of turbulence.
Thorben H. Mense, Josef Höffner, Gerd Baumgarten, Ronald Eixmann, Jan Froh, Alsu Mauer, Alexander Munk, Robin Wing, and Franz-Josef Lübken
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1665–1677, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1665-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1665-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A novel lidar system with five beams measured horizontal and vertical winds together, reaching altitudes up to 25 km. Developed in Germany, it revealed accurate horizontal wind data compared to forecasts, but vertical wind estimates differed. The lidar's capability to detect small-scale wind patterns was highlighted, advancing atmospheric research.
Peter Dalin, Urban Brändström, Johan Kero, Peter Voelger, Takanori Nishiyama, Trond Trondsen, Devin Wyatt, Craig Unick, Vladimir Perminov, Nikolay Pertsev, and Jonas Hedin
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1561–1576, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1561-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1561-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A novel infrared imaging instrument (OH imager) was put into operation in November 2022 at the Swedish Institute of Space Physics in Kiruna (Sweden). The OH imager is dedicated to the study of nightglow emissions coming from the hydroxyl (OH) and molecular oxygen (O2) layers in the mesopause (80–100 km). Based on a brightness ratio of two OH emission lines, the neutral temperature is estimated at around 87 km. The average daily winter temperature for the period January–April 2023 is 203±10 K.
Thomas Wagner and Jānis Puķīte
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 277–297, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-277-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-277-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a radiance calibration method based on the comparison of measurements and radiative transfer simulations of the zenith-scattered sun radiance during twilight. Cloud-free conditions are required. The method can be applied to measurements in the filed, and no laboratory measurements are required. The accuracy is estimated to range from about 4 % at 340 nm to about 10 % at 700 nm.
Tobias Böck, Bernhard Pospichal, and Ulrich Löhnert
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 219–233, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-219-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-219-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, measurement uncertainties from microwave radiometers and their impact on temperature profiling are analyzed. These measurement uncertainties include horizontal inhomogeneities of the atmosphere, pointing errors or tilts of the instrument, physical obstacles which are in the line of sight of the radiometer, and radio frequency interferences. Impacts on temperature profiles from these uncertainties are usually small in real-life scenarios and when obstacles are far enough away.
Michael Gerding, Robin Wing, Eframir Franco-Diaz, Gerd Baumgarten, Jens Fiedler, Torsten Köpnick, and Reik Ostermann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2733, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2733, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes a new lidar system developed in Germany intended to study wind and temperature at night in the middle atmosphere. The paper explains how we have set up the system to work automatically and gives technical details for anyone who wants to build a similar system. We present a case study showing temperatures and winds at different altitudes. In a future article, we will present how we process the data and deal with uncertainties.
Qingchen Xu, Iain Murray Reid, Bing Cai, Christian Adami, Zengmao Zhang, Mingliang Zhao, and Wen Li
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2023-213, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2023-213, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for AMT
Short summary
Short summary
To have better understanding for the dynamics of lower and middle atmosphere, we installed a newly designed dual-frequency radar system, using 53.8 MHz for near ground ~ 20 km wind measuring and 35.0 MHz for 70 ~ 100 km wind measuring. The initial results show its good performances, along with the analysis of typical winter gravity wave activities.
Philipp Gasch, James Kasic, Oliver Maas, and Zhien Wang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5495–5523, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5495-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5495-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper rethinks airborne wind measurements and investigates a new design for airborne Doppler lidar systems. Recent advances in lidar technology allow the use of multiple lidar systems with fixed viewing directions instead of a single lidar attached to a scanner. Our simulation results show that the proposed new design offers great potential for both higher accuracy and higher-resolution airborne wind measurements.
Christiane Duscha, Juraj Pálenik, Thomas Spengler, and Joachim Reuder
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5103–5123, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5103-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5103-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We combine observations from two scanning Doppler lidars to obtain new and unique insights into the dynamic processes inherent to atmospheric convection. The approach complements and enhances conventional methods to probe convection and has the potential to substantially deepen our understanding of this complex process, which is crucial to improving our weather and climate models.
Samuel Kaare Kristoffersen, William Edmund Ward, and Chris E. Meek
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2369, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2369, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, the relationship between observations from two instruments, a meteor radar and a field-widened Michelson interferometer (ERWIN) which provide complementary information on this region, is investigated. On average the ratio of ERWIN winds to meteor radar winds is ∼ 0.7. Differences between the wind observations are likely caused by variations in the airglow brightness associated with dissipating gravity waves.
Anna Špačková, Martin Fencl, and Vojtěch Bareš
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 3865–3879, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3865-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3865-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Commercial microwave links as rainfall sensors have been investigated and evaluated in numerous studies with gauge-adjusted radar used for reference for rainfall observations. We evaluate collocated commercial microwave links, which are thus exposed to identical atmospheric conditions. This set-up enables the exploration of inconsistencies in observations of independent sensors using data from a real telecommunication network. The sensors are in agreement and are homogeneous in their behaviour.
Alessandro Battaglia, Filippo Emilio Scarsi, Kamil Mroz, and Anthony Illingworth
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 3283–3297, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3283-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3283-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Some of the new generation of cloud and precipitation spaceborne radars will adopt conical scanning. This will make some of the standard calibration techniques impractical. This work presents a methodology to cross-calibrate radars in orbits by matching the reflectivity probability density function of ice clouds observed by the to-be-calibrated and by the reference radar in quasi-coincident locations. Results show that cross-calibration within 1 dB (26 %) is feasible.
Claudio Belotti, Flavio Barbara, Marco Barucci, Giovanni Bianchini, Francesco D'Amato, Samuele Del Bianco, Gianluca Di Natale, Marco Gai, Alessio Montori, Filippo Pratesi, Markus Rettinger, Christian Rolf, Ralf Sussmann, Thomas Trickl, Silvia Viciani, Hannes Vogelmann, and Luca Palchetti
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 2511–2529, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2511-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2511-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
FIRMOS (Far-Infrared Radiation Mobile Observation System) is a spectroradiometer measuring in the far-infrared, developed to support the preparation of the FORUM (Far-infrared Outgoing Radiation Understanding and Monitoring) satellite mission. In this paper, we describe the instrument, its data products, and the results of the comparison with a suite of observations made from a high-altitude site during a field campaign, in winter 2018–2019.
Christopher R. Williams, Joshua Barrio, Paul E. Johnston, Paytsar Muradyan, and Scott E. Giangrande
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 2381–2398, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2381-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2381-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses surface disdrometer observations to calibrate 8 years of 915 MHz radar wind profiler deployed in the central United States in northern Oklahoma. This study had two key findings. First, the radar wind profiler sensitivity decreased approximately 3 to 4 dB/year as the hardware aged. Second, this drift was slow enough that calibration can be performed using 3-month intervals. Calibrated radar wind profiler observations and Python processing code are available on public repositories.
Xin Fang, Feng Li, Lei-lei Sun, and Tao Li
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 2263–2272, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2263-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2263-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We successfully developed the first pseudorandom modulation continuous-wave narrowband sodium lidar (PMCW-NSL) system for simultaneous measurements of the mesopause region's temperature and wind. Based on the innovative decoded technique and algorithm for CW lidar, both the main and residual lights modulated by M-code are used and directed to the atmosphere in the vertical and eastward directions, tilted 20° from the zenith. The PMCW-NSL system can applied to airborne and space-borne purposes.
Dana L. McGuffin, Philip J. Cameron-Smith, Matthew A. Horsley, Brian J. Bauman, Wim De Vries, Denis Healy, Alex Pertica, Chris Shaffer, and Lance M. Simms
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 2129–2144, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2129-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2129-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This work demonstrates the viability of a remote sensing technique using nanosatellites to measure stratospheric temperature. This measurement technique can probe the stratosphere and mesosphere at a fine vertical scale around the globe unlike other high-altitude measurement techniques, which would provide an opportunity to observe atmospheric gravity waves and turbulence. We analyze observations from two satellite platforms to provide a proof of concept and characterize measurement uncertainty.
Benjamin Witschas, Sonja Gisinger, Stephan Rahm, Andreas Dörnbrack, David C. Fritts, and Markus Rapp
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1087–1101, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1087-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1087-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, a novel scan technique is applied to an airborne coherent Doppler wind lidar, enabling us to measure the vertical wind speed and the horizontal wind speed along flight direction simultaneously with a horizontal resolution of about 800 m and a vertical resolution of 100 m. The performed observations are valuable for gravity wave characterization as they allow us to calculate the leg-averaged momentum flux profile and, with that, the propagation direction of excited gravity waves.
Kevin J. Nelson, Feiqin Xie, Bryan C. Chan, Ashish Goel, Jonathan Kosh, Tyler G. R. Reid, Corey R. Snyder, and Paul M. Tarantino
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 941–954, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-941-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-941-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) remote sensing is effective for atmospheric profiling. The capability of a low-cost and scalable commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) GNSS receiver on board high-altitude balloons is tested in two campaigns. Preliminary results demonstrate high-quality refractivity observations from the COTS RO receiver, which is worth further improvement for dense atmospheric observations over a targeted region.
Jenna Ritvanen, Ewan O'Connor, Dmitri Moisseev, Raisa Lehtinen, Jani Tyynelä, and Ludovic Thobois
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 6507–6519, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6507-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6507-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Doppler lidars and weather radars provide accurate wind measurements, with Doppler lidar usually performing better in dry weather conditions and weather radar performing better when there is precipitation. Operating both instruments together should therefore improve the overall performance. We investigate how well a co-located Doppler lidar and X-band radar perform with respect to various weather conditions, including changes in horizontal visibility, cloud altitude, and precipitation.
Bhupal Shrestha, Jerald A. Brotzge, and Junhong Wang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 6011–6033, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6011-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6011-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The NYS Mesonet Profiler Network is comprised of 17 profiler sites, each equipped with a Doppler lidar, microwave radiometer, and sun photometer. This study presents a multi-year, multi-station evaluation based on well-defined reference measurements. Results demonstrate robust technologies that can aid real-time weather operations and a network test bed that can be used for further expansion, evaluation, and integration of such technologies at a large scale.
Felix Kelberlau and Jakob Mann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 5323–5341, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5323-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5323-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Floating lidar systems are used for measuring wind speeds offshore, and their motion influences the measurements. This study describes the motion-induced bias on mean wind speed estimates by simulating the lidar sampling pattern of a moving lidar. An analytic model is used to validate the simulations. The bias is low and depends on amplitude and frequency of motion as well as on wind shear. It has been estimated for the example of the Fugro SEAWATCH wind lidar buoy carrying a ZX 300M lidar.
Alessandro Battaglia, Paolo Martire, Eric Caubet, Laurent Phalippou, Fabrizio Stesina, Pavlos Kollias, and Anthony Illingworth
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 3011–3030, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3011-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3011-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present an instrument simulator for a new sensor, WIVERN (WInd VElocity Radar Nephoscope), a conically scanning radar payload with Doppler capabilities, recently down-selected as one of the four candidates for the European Space Agency Earth Explorer 11 program. The mission aims at measuring horizontal winds in cloudy areas. The simulator is instrumental in the definition and consolidation of the mission requirements and the evaluation of mission performances.
James B. Duncan Jr., Laura Bianco, Bianca Adler, Tyler Bell, Irina V. Djalalova, Laura Riihimaki, Joseph Sedlar, Elizabeth N. Smith, David D. Turner, Timothy J. Wagner, and James M. Wilczak
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2479–2502, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2479-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2479-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, several ground-based remote sensing instruments are used to estimate the height of the convective planetary boundary layer, and their performance is compared against independent boundary layer depth estimates obtained from radiosondes launched as part of the CHEESEHEAD19 field campaign. The impact of clouds (particularly boundary layer clouds) on the estimation of the boundary layer depth is also investigated.
Vicki Kelsey, Spencer Riley, and Kenneth Minschwaner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 1563–1576, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1563-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1563-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In the interior western USA there are distances of hundreds of kilometers between weather balloon launch sites for weather forecasting. Satellite coverage can also be sparse or with poor resolution. Using infrared thermometers, clear-sky temperatures were collected and compared with data from weather balloons. A correlation between clear-sky temperatures and precipitable water measurements from weather balloons was found. This means that citizen scientists can collect data.
Benjamin Witschas, Christian Lemmerz, Oliver Lux, Uwe Marksteiner, Oliver Reitebuch, Fabian Weiler, Frederic Fabre, Alain Dabas, Thomas Flament, Dorit Huber, and Michael Vaughan
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 1465–1489, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1465-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1465-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In August 2018, the ESA launched the first Doppler wind lidar into space. In order to calibrate the instrument and to monitor the overall instrument conditions, instrument spectral registration measurements have been performed with Aeolus on a weekly basis. Based on these measurements, the alignment drift of the Aeolus satellite instrument is estimated by applying tools and mathematical model functions to analyze the spectrometer transmission curves.
Joseph J. Michalsky and Peter W. Kiedron
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 353–364, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-353-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-353-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes an instrument that measures spectrally from 360 nm (ultraviolet) to 1070 nm (near-infrared) at 1002 separate wavelengths. The measurements were made every minute from the late summer of 2009 to the winter of 2014 at a site in northern Oklahoma (USA; 36.605° N, 97.486° W). Methods are described that enable the normalized transmission across the spectrum to be measured and, subsequently, used to calculate the aerosol optical depth and spectra irradiance.
Julien Totems, Patrick Chazette, and Alexandre Baron
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7525–7544, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7525-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7525-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We describe in detail the design and calibration of the new Raman channels for the WALI system, going over the important sources of bias and uncertainty on retrieved temperature profiles. For the first time, their impact is investigated using horizontal shots in a homogenous atmosphere: the magnitude of the highlighted biases can be much larger than the targeted absolute accuracy of 1° C. Actual measurement errors are quantified using radiosoundings launched close to the lidar site.
René Sedlak, Patrick Hannawald, Carsten Schmidt, Sabine Wüst, Michael Bittner, and Samo Stanič
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6821–6833, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6821-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6821-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
High-resolution images of the OH* airglow layer (ca. 87 km height) acquired at Otlica Observatory, Slovenia, have been analysed. A statistical analysis of small-scale wave structures with horizontal wavelengths up to 4.5 km suggests strong presence of instability features in the upper mesosphere or lower thermosphere. The dissipated energy of breaking gravity waves is derived from observations of turbulent vortices. It is concluded that dynamical heating plays a vital role in the atmosphere.
Oliver Lux, Christian Lemmerz, Fabian Weiler, Thomas Kanitz, Denny Wernham, Gonçalo Rodrigues, Andrew Hyslop, Olivier Lecrenier, Phil McGoldrick, Frédéric Fabre, Paolo Bravetti, Tommaso Parrinello, and Oliver Reitebuch
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6305–6333, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6305-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6305-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The work assesses the frequency stability of the laser transmitters on board Aeolus and discusses its influence on the quality of the global wind data. Excellent frequency stability of the space lasers is evident, although enhanced frequency noise occurs at certain locations along the orbit due to micro-vibrations that are introduced by the satellite’s reaction wheels. The study elaborates on this finding and investigates the extent to which the enhanced frequency noise increases the wind error.
Etienne Cheynet, Martin Flügge, Joachim Reuder, Jasna B. Jakobsen, Yngve Heggelund, Benny Svardal, Pablo Saavedra Garfias, Charlotte Obhrai, Nicolò Daniotti, Jarle Berge, Christiane Duscha, Norman Wildmann, Ingrid H. Onarheim, and Marte Godvik
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6137–6157, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6137-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6137-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The COTUR campaign explored the structure of wind turbulence above the ocean to improve the design of future multi-megawatt offshore wind turbines. Deploying scientific instruments offshore is both a financial and technological challenge. Therefore, lidar technology was used to remotely measure the wind above the ocean from instruments located on the seaside. The experimental setup is tailored to the study of the spatial correlation of wind gusts, which governs the wind loading on structures.
Fabian Weiler, Thomas Kanitz, Denny Wernham, Michael Rennie, Dorit Huber, Marc Schillinger, Olivier Saint-Pe, Ray Bell, Tommaso Parrinello, and Oliver Reitebuch
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5153–5177, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5153-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5153-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reports on dark current signal anomalies of the detectors used on board the ESA's Earth Explorer satellite Aeolus during the first 1.5 years in orbit. After introducing sophisticated algorithms to classify dark current anomalies according to their characteristics, the impact of the different kinds of anomalies on wind measurements is discussed. In addition, mitigation approaches for the wind retrieval are presented and potential root causes are discussed.
Chuanliang Zhang, Xuejin Sun, Wen Lu, Yingni Shi, Naiying Dou, and Shaohui Li
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4787–4803, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4787-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4787-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The first spaceborne doppler wind lidar (DWL) Aeolus operates on sun-synchronous dawn–dusk orbit to lower the impact of solar background radiation (SBR) on wind observation accuracy. Increased SBR leads to an increment of averaged wind observation uncertainties from 0.19 to 0.27 m s-1 comparing Aeolus and two added spaceborne DWLs operating on orbits with local ascending times of 15:00 and 12:00 LT. A quantitative design of laser pulse energy according to accuracy requirements is also proposed.
Didier Bruneau and Jacques Pelon
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4375–4402, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4375-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4375-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Taking advantage of Aeolus success and of our airborne lidar system expertise, we present a new spaceborne wind lidar design for operational Aeolus follow-on missions, keeping most of the initial lidar system but relying on a single Mach–Zehnder interferometer to relax operational constraints and reduce measurement bias. System parameters are optimized. Random and systematic errors are shown to be compliant with the initial mission requirements. In addition, the system allows unbiased retrieval.
Franz-Josef Lübken and Josef Höffner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3815–3836, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3815-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3815-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new concept for a cluster of lidars that allows us to measure time-resolved profiles of temperatures, winds, and aerosols in the entire middle atmosphere for the first time, also covering regional horizontal scales (
four-dimensional coverage). Measurements are performed during day and night. The essential component is a newly developed laser with unprecedented performance. We present the first measurements. New observational capabilities in atmospheric physics are established.
Bernd Kaifler and Natalie Kaifler
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1715–1732, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1715-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1715-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the Compact Rayleigh Autonomous Lidar (CORAL), which is the first lidar instrument to make fully automatic high-resolution measurements of atmospheric density and temperature between 15 and 90 km altitude. CORAL achieves a much larger measurement cadence than conventional lidars and thus facilitates studies of rare atmospheric phenomena.
Mareike Heckl, Andreas Fix, Matthias Jirousek, Franz Schreier, Jian Xu, and Markus Rapp
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1689–1713, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1689-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1689-2021, 2021
William Thielicke, Waldemar Hübert, Ulrich Müller, Michael Eggert, and Paul Wilhelm
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1303–1318, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1303-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1303-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a wind-measuring drone with exceptional measuring accuracy and a very long flight time. Measurements are extensively validated at different levels. A comparison with a bistatic lidar reveals very small bias and RMSEs. We also present a demonstration measurement in the wake of a wind turbine. We think that our solution is a significant enhancement to existing designs, and other researchers can benefit from the details that we are giving in the paper.
Martin Fencl, Michal Dohnal, Pavel Valtr, Martin Grabner, and Vojtěch Bareš
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 6559–6578, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6559-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6559-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Commercial microwave links operating at E-band frequencies are increasingly being updated and are frequently replacing older infrastructure. We show that E-band microwave links are able to observe even light rainfalls, a feat practically impossible to achieve by older 15–40 GHz devices. Furthermore, water vapor retrieval may be possible from long E-band microwave links, although the efficient separation of gaseous attenuation from other signal losses will be challenging in practice.
Yuan An, Jinji Ma, Yibo Gao, Wei Xiong, and Xianhua Wang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 6521–6542, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6521-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6521-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The hydroxyl radical (OH) plays a significant role in atmospheric chemical and physical reactions. The superiority and feasibility of a new satellite sensor, which consists of two spatial heterodyne spectrometers in the orthogonal layout to monitor OH in the middle and upper atmosphere, is proved by the forward model. An inversion algorithm to obtain OH concentrations based on the simulated observation data of sensors and the errors in results are also given.
Lei Qiao, Gang Chen, Shaodong Zhang, Qi Yao, Wanlin Gong, Mingkun Su, Feilong Chen, Erxiao Liu, Weifan Zhang, Huangyuan Zeng, Xuesi Cai, Huina Song, Huan Zhang, and Liangliang Zhang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 5697–5713, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5697-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5697-2020, 2020
F. Joseph Turk, Svetla Hristova-Veleva, Stephen L. Durden, Simone Tanelli, Ousmane Sy, G. David Emmitt, Steve Greco, and Sara Q. Zhang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 4521–4537, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-4521-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-4521-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The mechanisms linking convection and air motion are major factors in much of the uncertainty in weather prediction, but complementary measurements of these quantities are rarely taken in close proximity. These quantities are shown from the 2017 Convective Processes Experiment (CPEX), wherein cloud and vertical air motion winds derived from the APR-2 airborne Doppler radar are combined with joint Doppler wind lidar (DAWN) measurements in the aerosol-rich regions surrounding the convection.
Alex T. Chartier, Juha Vierinen, and Geonhwa Jee
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 3023–3031, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-3023-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-3023-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A novel oblique ionospheric radio sounder has been developed and demonstrated in Antarctica. The transmitter was located at McMurdo and the receiver at the South Pole (1356 km great-circle path). The system cycled through 12 frequencies each minute and recorded signal time of flight, intensity, and Doppler. This allowed for the estimation of peak ionospheric electron density, which validated well against independent data from the nearby Jang Bogo ionosonde and GPS TEC.
Alexander V. Rodin, Dmitry V. Churbanov, Sergei G. Zenevich, Artem Y. Klimchuk, Vladimir M. Semenov, Maxim V. Spiridonov, and Iskander S. Gazizov
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 2299–2308, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2299-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2299-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents a new technique in remote wind measurements that may potentially complement conventional aerological observations and eventually greatly improve our knowledge about our climate system, especially concerning processes related to troposphere–stratosphere coupling. The technique may be implemented at relatively low cost in various applications from meteorological observation posts to remote sensing spacecraft.
Kuijun Wu, Weiwei He, Yutao Feng, Yuanhui Xiong, and Faquan Li
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 1817–1824, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1817-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1817-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The 1.27 μm O2 dayglow is well-suited for remote sensing in near-space. The main goal of this paper is to discuss the effect of OH radiance on the wind and temperature measurements derived from limb-viewing observations of the O2 dayglow. It is apparent from the simulations that the presence of OH radiance as an interfering species decreases the wind and temperature accuracy at all altitudes, but this effect can be reduced considerably by improving OH radiance knowledge.
Sergey M. Khaykin, Alain Hauchecorne, Robin Wing, Philippe Keckhut, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Jacques Porteneuve, Jean-Francois Mariscal, and Jerome Schmitt
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 1501–1516, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1501-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1501-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The article presents a powerful atmospheric instrument based on a laser radar (lidar), capable of measuring horizontal wind velocity at a wide range of altitudes. In this study, we evaluate the performance of the wind lidar at Observatoire de Haute-Provence and demonstrate the application of its measurements for studies of atmospheric dynamical processes. Finally, we present an example of early validation of the ESA Aeolus space-borne wind lidar using its ground-based predecessor.
Joshua S. Soderholm, Matthew R. Kumjian, Nicholas McCarthy, Paula Maldonado, and Minzheng Wang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 747–754, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-747-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-747-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Collecting measurements of hail size and shape is difficult due to the infrequent and dangerous nature of hailstorms. To improve upon this, a new technique called
HailPixelis introduced for measuring hail using aerial imagery collected by a drone. A combination of machine learning and computer vision methods is used to extract the shape of thousands of hailstones from the aerial imagery. The improved statistics from the much larger HailPixel dataset show significant benefits.
Nikola Vasiljević, Michael Harris, Anders Tegtmeier Pedersen, Gunhild Rolighed Thorsen, Mark Pitter, Jane Harris, Kieran Bajpai, and Michael Courtney
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 521–536, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-521-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-521-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we present the preliminary results of the proof-of-concept (POC) stage of a drone-based wind lidar system development process. To test the POC drone–lidar system we hovered the drone next to mast-mounted sonic anemometers at the Risø test center. The preliminary results of the intercomparison between the measurements derived from the POC system and those of the sonic anemometers show good agreement.
Sylvain Coquillat, Eric Defer, Pierre de Guibert, Dominique Lambert, Jean-Pierre Pinty, Véronique Pont, Serge Prieur, Ronald J. Thomas, Paul R. Krehbiel, and William Rison
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 5765–5790, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-5765-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-5765-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Characteristics of SAETTA lightning imager installed in Corsica are presented, with original observations of lightning activity at regional and lightning scales. SAETTA monitors thunderstorms in a maritime and mountainous region, complex for weather forecasting and sensitive to global warming. A 3-year lightning climatology highlights frequent activity over a specific region due to relief. Uncommonly high discharge in stratiform thundercloud may support a recent model of charging processes.
Ahoro Adachi and Hiroyuki Hashiguchi
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 5699–5715, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-5699-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-5699-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The radio acoustic sounding system is a remote sensing technique that provides vertical profiles of temperature in the air. Since RASS is accompanied with loud noise around the site, acoustic sources having low side lobe levels are desired. Thus, the application of parametric acoustic array as a high-directivity acoustic source was exploited in this study. The results show that the PAA–RASS has accuracy and precision comparable with conventional RASS despite its high directivity of sound.
Atsushi Okazaki, Takumi Honda, Shunji Kotsuki, Moeka Yamaji, Takuji Kubota, Riko Oki, Toshio Iguchi, and Takemasa Miyoshi
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 3985–3996, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3985-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3985-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The JAXA is surveying the feasibility of a potential satellite mission equipped with a precipitation radar on a geostationary orbit, as a successor of the GPM Core Observatory. We investigate what kind of observation data will be available from the radar using simulation techniques. Although the quality of the observation depends on the radar specifications and the position of precipitation systems, the results demonstrate that it would be possible to obtain three-dimensional precipitation data.
Cited articles
Anderson, C., Conde, M., and McHarg, M.: Neutral thermospheric dynamics
observed with two scanning Doppler imagers: 1. Monostatic and bistatic
winds, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 117, A03304, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA017041, 2012.
Aruliah, A. L., Griffin, E. M., Yiu, H.-C. I., McWhirter, I., and Charalambous, A.: SCANDI – an all-sky Doppler imager for studies of thermospheric spatial structure, Ann. Geophys., 28, 549–567, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-549-2010, 2010.
Babcock, D. D.: Mesospheric imaging Michelson interferometer instrument
development and observations, PhD thesis, York University, Toronto, Canada, 2006.
Englert, C. R., Babcock, D. D., and Harlander, J. M.: Doppler asymmetric
spatial heterodyne spectroscopy (DASH): concept and experimental
demonstration, Appl. Optics, 46, 7297–7307, 2007.
Englert, C. R., Harlander, J. M., Brown, C. M., Marr, K. D., Miller, I. J., Stump, J. E., Hancock, J., Peterson, J. Q., Kumler, J., Morrow, W. H., Mooney, T. A., Ellis, S., Mende, S. B., Harris, S. E., Stevens, M. H., Makela, J. J., Harding, B. J., and Immel, T. J.: Michelson Interferometer for Global High-Resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI): Instrument Design and Calibration, Space Science Reviews, 212, 553–584, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-017-0358-4, 2017.
Ern, M., Trinh, Q. T., Kaufmann, M., Krisch, I., Preusse, P., Ungermann, J., Zhu, Y., Gille, J. C., Mlynczak, M. G., Russell III, J. M., Schwartz, M. J., and Riese, M.: Satellite observations of middle atmosphere gravity wave absolute momentum flux and of its vertical gradient during recent stratospheric warmings, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9983–10019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9983-2016, 2016.
Fisher, G., Killeen, T., Wu, Q., Reeves, J., Hays, P., Gault, W., Brown, S.,
and Shepherd, G.: Polar cap mesosphere wind observations: comparisons of
simultaneous measurements with a Fabry-Perot interferometer and a
field-widened Michelson interferometer, Appl. Optics, 39, 4284–4291,
https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.39.004284, 2000.
Fritts, D. C., Smith, R. B., Taylor, M. J., Doyle, J. D., Eckermann, S. D., D?rnbrack, A., Rapp, M., Williams, B. P., Pautet, P.-D., Bossert, K., Criddle, N. R., Reynolds, C. A., Reinecke, P. A., Uddstrom, M., Revell, M. J., Turner, R., Kaifler, B., Wagner, J. S., Mixa, T., Kruse, C. G., Nugent, A. D., Watson, C. D., Gisinger, S., Smith, S. M., Lieberman, R. S., Laughman, B., Moore, J. J., Brown, W. O., Haggerty, J. A., Rockwell, A., Stossmeister, G. J., Williams, S. F., Hernandez, G., Murphy, D. J., Klekociuk, A. R., Reid, I. M., and Ma, J.: The deep propagating gravity wave experiment (DEEPWAVE): An airborne and ground-based exploration of gravity wave propagation and effects from their sources throughout the lower and middle atmosphere, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 97, 425–453, https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-14-00269.1, 2016.
Gault, W. A., Brown, S., Moise, A., Liang, D., Sellar, G., Shepherd, G. G.,
and Wimperis, J.: ERWIN: an E-region wind interferometer, Appl. Optics,
35, 2913–22, 1996a.
Gault, W. A., Sargoytchev, S. I., and Shepherd, G. G.: Divided-mirror
scanning technique for a small Michelson interferometer, Proc. SPIE 2830, Optical
Spectroscopic Techniques and Instrumentation for Atmospheric and Space
Research II, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.256111, 1996b.
Gault, W. A., Sargoytchev, S. I., and Brown, S.: Divided mirror technique
for measuring Doppler shifts with a Michelson interferometer, in: Sensors
and Camera Systems for Scientific, Industrial, and Digital Photography
Applications II, vol. 4306, pp. 266–272, International Society for Optics
and Photonics, Bellingham, USA, 2001.
Geller, M. A., Alexander, J. J., Love, P. T., Bacmeister, J., Ern, M.,
Hertzog, A., Manzini, E., Preusse, P., Sato, K., Scaife, A. A., and Zhou,
T.: A comparison between gravity wave momentum fluxes in observations and
climate models, J. Climate, 26, 6383–6405,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00545.1, 2013.
Hale, P. D. and Day, G. W.: Stability of birefringent linear retarders
(waveplates), Appl. Optics, 27, 5146–5153, 1988.
Harlander, J. M., Englert, C. R., Babcock, D. D., and Roesler, F. L.: Design
and laboratory tests of a Doppler Asymmetric Spatial Heterodyne (DASH)
interferometer for upper atmospheric wind and temperature observations,
Opt. Express, 18, 26430–26440, 2010.
Hays, P. B., Abreu, V. J., Dobbs, M. E., Gell, D. A., Grassl, H. J., and Skinner, W. R.: The high-resolution Doppler imager on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 98, 10713–10723, https://doi.org/10.1029/93jd00409, 1993.
Hines, C. O. and Tarasick, D. W.: On the detection and utilization of
gravity waves in airglow studies, Planet. Space Sci., 35, 851–866,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(87)90063-8, 1987.
Hines, C. O. and Tarasick, D. W.: On the nonlinear response of airglow to
atmospheric gravity waves, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 98, 19127–19131,
https://doi.org/10.1029/93ja00219, 1993.
Howard, J.: High-speed high-resolution plasma spectroscopy using
spatial-multiplex coherence imaging techniques, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 77, 10F111, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2219433, 2006.
Howell, C. D., Michelangeli, D. V., Allen, M., Yuk L., Y., and Thomas, R.
J.: SME observations of O2 (1Δg) nightglow: An assessment of the chemical production mechanisms, Planet. Space Sci., 38, 529–537,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(90)90145-G, 1990.
Killeen, T. L., Skinner, W. R., Johnson, R. M., Edmonson, C. J., Qian, W.,
Rick, J., Grassl, H. J., Gell, D. A., Hansen, P. E., and Harvey, J. D.:
TIMED Doppler Interferometer (TIDI), Proc. Spie, 3756, 289–301, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.366383, 1999.
Killeen, T. L., Wu, Q., Solomon, S. C., Ortland, D. A., Skinner, W. R.,
Niciejewski, R. J., and Gell, D. A.: TIMED Doppler interferometer: Overview
and recent results, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 111, A10S01,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011484, 2006.
Kristoffersen, S. K.: Doppler Michelson Interferometer Wind Observations and
Interpretations, PhD thesis, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada, 2019.
Kristoffersen, S. K., Ward, W. E., Brown, S., and Drummond, J. R.: Calibration and validation of the advanced E-Region Wind Interferometer, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 1761–1776, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-1761-2013, 2013.
Kristoffersen, S. K., Langille, J. A., and Ward, W. E.: Improvements to the
sensitivity and sampling capabilities of Doppler Michelson Interferometers,
OSA Continuum, 4, 30–46, https://doi.org/10.1364/OSAC.387944, 2021.
Langille, J., Ward, W., and Yan, T.: Efficient framework for the examination
of the field of view sensitivity of a field-widened birefringent
interferometer, Appl. Optics, 59, 8395–8404, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.396028, 2020.
Langille, J. A., Ward, W. E., Gault, W. A., Scott, A., Touahri, D., and
Bell, A.: A static birefringent interferometer for the measurement of upper
atmospheric winds, in: Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere XVIII;
and Optics in Atmospheric Propagation and Adaptive Systems XVI, vol. 8890,
p. 88900C, International Society for Optics and Photonics, Bellingham, USA, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2031965, 2013a.
Langille, J. A., Ward, W. E., Scott, A., and Arsenault, D. L.: Measurement
of two-dimensional Doppler wind fields using a field widened Michelson
interferometer, Appl. Optics, 52, 1617–1628, 2013b.
Langille, J. A., Ward, W. E., and Nakamura, T.: First mesospheric wind
images using the Michelson interferometer for airglow dynamics imaging,
Appl. Optics, 55, 10105–10118, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.55.010105,
2016.
Rochon, Y. J.: The retrieval of winds, Doppler temperatures, and emission rates for the WINDII experiment, PhD thesis, York University, Toronto, 2001.
Shepherd, G. G.: Spectral imaging of the atmosphere, vol. 82, Academic
Press, Elsevier Science Ltd., London, 2002.
Shepherd, G. G., Gault, W. A., Miller, D., Pasturczyk, Z., Johnston, S. F.,
Kosteniuk, P., Haslett, J., Kendall, D. J., and Wimperis, J.: WAMDII:
wide-angle Michelson Doppler imaging interferometer for Spacelab, Appl.
Optics, 24, 1571–1584, 1985.
Shepherd, G. G., Thuillier, G., Gault, W. A., Solheim, B. H., Hersom, C.,
Alunni, J. M., Brun, J.-F., Brune, S., Charlot, P., and Cogger, L. L.:
WINDII, the wind imaging interferometer on the Upper Atmosphere Research
Satellite, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 98, 10725–10750, https://doi.org/10.1029/93jd00227, 1993.
Shepherd, G. G., Thuillier, G., Cho, Y. M., Duboin, M. L., Evans, W. F. J., Gault, W. A., Hersom, C., Kendall, D. J. W., Lathuillere, C., Lowe, R. P., McDade, I. C., Rochon, Y. J., Shepherd, M. G., Solheim, B. H., Wang, D. Y., and Ward, W. E.: The wind imaging interferometer (WINDII) on the upper atmosphere research satellite: a 20 year perspective, Rev. Geophys., 50, RG2007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012RG000390, 2012.
Shiokawa, K., Otsuka, Y., Oyama, S., Nozawa, S., Satoh, M., Katoh, Y.,
Hamaguchi, Y., Yamamoto, Y., and Meriwether, J.: Development of low-cost
sky-scanning Fabry-Perot interferometers for airglow and auroral studies,
Earth Planets Space, 64, 1033–1046, https://doi.org/10.5047/eps.2012.05.004, 2012.
Thomas, R. J., Barth, C. A., Rusch, D. W., and Sanders, R. W.: Solar
Mesosphere Explorer near-infrared spectrometer: measurements of 1.27
micrometer radiances and the inference of mesospheric ozone, J.
Geophys. Res., 89, 9569–9580, https://doi.org/10.1029/JD089iD06p09569, 1984.
Thuillier, G. and Herse, M.: Thermally stable field compensated Michelson
interferometer for measurement of temperature and wind of the
planetary-atmospheres, Appl. Optics, 30, 1210–1220,
https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.30.001210, 1991.
Thuillier, G., Perrin, J., Lathuillere, C., Herse, M., Fuller-Rowell, T.,
Codrescu, M., Huppert, F., and Fehrenbach, M.: Dynamics in the polar
thermosphere after the coronal mass ejection of 28 October 2003 observed
with the EPIS interferometer at Svalbard, J. Geophys.
Res.-Space, 110, A09S37, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010966, 2005.
Title, A. M. and Rosenberg, W. J.: Improvements in birefringent filters. 5:
Field of view effects, Appl. Optics, 18, 3443–3456,
https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.18.003443, 1979.
Wang, J., Hays, P. B., Grassl, H. J., and Jian, W.: Fabry-Perot
interferometer with a new focal plane detection technique and its
application in ground-based measurement of NIR OH emissions, Proc. Spie,
1946, 421–433, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.158722, 1993.
Ward, W. E.: The design and implementation of the wide-angle Michelson
interferometer to observe thermospheric winds, PhD thesis, York
University, Toronto, Canada, 1988.
Ward, W. E., Gault, W. A., Shepherd, G. G., and Rowlands, N.: Waves Michelson Interferometer: A visible/near-IR interferometer for observing middle atmosphere dynamics and constituents, in: Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites V, International Symposium on Remote Sensing, Toulouse, France, 12 December 2001, Proceedings, 4540, 100–111, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.450652, 2001.
Ward, W. E., Gault, W. A., Rowlands, N., Wang, S., Shepherd, G. G., McDade, I. C., McConnell, J. C., Michelangeli, D., and Caldwell, J.: An imaging interferometer for satellite observations of wind and temperature on Mars, the Dynamics Atmosphere Mars Observer (DYNAMO), in: Proceedings of SPIE, Applications of Photonic Technology 5, Quebec City, Canada, 1–6 June 2002, Proc. SPIE, 4833, 226–236, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.473823, 2002.
Yan, T., Ward, W. E., and Zhang, C.: Efficient phase step determination
approach for four-quadrant wind imaging interferometer, in preparation, 2021.
Short summary
High-resolution interferometers are routinely used to measure upper atmospheric motions by measuring small Doppler shifts in spectrally isolated airglow emissions. The birefringent interferometer presented in this paper has similar capabilities as several existing state-of-the-art instruments but is smaller and less complex to construct and operate. This paper presents the measurement technique and characterization of a lab prototype and examines the performance of the instrument.
High-resolution interferometers are routinely used to measure upper atmospheric motions by...
