Articles | Volume 17, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-247-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-247-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
15 Jan 2024
Research article |
| 15 Jan 2024
| 15 Jan 2024
Assessing sampling and retrieval errors of GPROF precipitation estimates over the Netherlands
Hydrology and Environmental Hydraulics Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
R&D Observations and Data Technology, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, the Netherlands
Hidde Leijnse
R&D Observations and Data Technology, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, the Netherlands
Aart Overeem
R&D Observations and Data Technology, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, the Netherlands
Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering & Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
Remko Uijlenhoet
Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering & Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
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Christian Chwala, Aart Overeem, Erlend Øydvin, Louise Petersson Wårdh, Jochen Seidel, Maximilian Graf, Bas Walraven, Elia Covi, Hai Victor Habi, Martin Fencl, Lotte de Vos, Filippo Giannetti, Amy Green, Tess O’Hara, Nico Blettner, Tom Keel, Georges Schutz, Abbas El Hachem, Nicholas Illich, Julius Polz, Taoufiq Shit, Lukáš Kaleta, Damaris Zulkarnaen, and Vojtěch Bareš
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5438, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5438, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS).
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Data from so called opportunistic sensors, devices that have not been designed to provide reliable weather data, can offer valuable rainfall information. But good data processing is crucial. For this task, we created the OpenSense software ecosystem, featuring new specialized tools built on a shared foundation. These new tools allow us to collaboratively advance research and improve the operational usage of opportunistic rainfall data to provide more accurate rainfall maps.
Claudia C. Brauer, Ruben O. Imhoff, and Remko Uijlenhoet
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 30, 249–265, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-249-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-249-2026, 2026
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In lowland catchments, flood severity is determined by both the amount of rain and the groundwater depth prior to the rain event. We investigated the trade-off between these two factors and how this affects peaks in the river discharge, for both the current and future climate. We found that with climate change floods will increase in winter and spring, but decrease in fall. The number and severity of floods will increase. This can help water managers to design climate robust water management.
Reinaart van Loon, Jelle D. Assink, Olaf Scholten, Brian M. Hare, Hidde Leijnse, and Aarnout J. van Delden
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6253, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6253, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
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Comparing weather radar to high resolution LOFAR lightning images, we try to learn about sparkles; small-scale lightning that flash intermittently in the top of intense thunderstorms. Near sparkles, we observe much turbulence and a particular type of ice particles, called graupel. The findings support previous hypotheses regarding the physics of sparkles. Perhaps the combination of graupel and enhanced turbulence is causing electrification in cloud tops and lead to sparkles.
Nathalie Rombeek, Markus Hrachowitz, and Remko Uijlenhoet
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 6715–6733, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-6715-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-6715-2025, 2025
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On 29 October 2024 Valencia (Spain) was struck by torrential rainfall, triggering devastating floods in this area. In this study, we quantify and describe the spatial and temporal structure of this rainfall event using personal weather stations (PWSs). These PWSs provide near real-time observations at a temporal resolution of ~5 min. This study shows the potential of PWSs for real-time rainfall monitoring and potentially flood early warning systems by complementing dedicated rain gauge networks.
Luuk D. van der Valk, Oscar K. Hartogensis, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Rolf W. Hut, and Remko Uijlenhoet
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 6589–6606, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-6589-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-6589-2025, 2025
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Commercial microwave links (CMLs), part of mobile phone networks, transmit comparable signals as instruments specially designed to estimate evaporation. Therefore, we investigate if CMLs could be used to estimate evaporation, even though they have not been designed for this purpose. Our results illustrate the potential of using CMLs to estimate evaporation, especially given their global coverage, but also outline some major drawbacks, often a consequence of unfavourable design choices for CMLs.
Indy van Grinsven, Meiert Willem Grootes, Remko Uijlenhoet, and Gert-Jan Steeneveld
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2634, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2634, 2025
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This study explores the use the signal attenuation of cellular communication networks, combined with machine learning approaches, to observe fog events. We use the McFly software package that selects the most appropriate machine leaning technique (out of ~20 available techniques) based on small samples of the input datasets. This approach is developed for a microwave link over Wageningen in The Netherlands, while in a second part of the paper the approach is upscaled to the whole country.
Luuk D. van der Valk, Oscar K. Hartogensis, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Rolf W. Hut, Bas Walraven, and Remko Uijlenhoet
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 6143–6165, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-6143-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-6143-2025, 2025
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Commercial microwave links (CMLs), part of mobile phone networks, transmit comparable signals to instruments specially designed to estimate evaporation. Therefore, we investigate if CMLs could be used to estimate evaporation, even though they have not been designed for this purpose. Our results illustrate the potential for using CMLs to estimate evaporation, especially given their global coverage, but also outline some major drawbacks, often a consequence of unfavourable design choices for CMLs.
Aart Overeem, Hidde Leijnse, Mats Veldhuizen, and Bastiaan Anker
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 4715–4736, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4715-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4715-2025, 2025
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The Dutch real-time gauge-adjusted radar product provides 5 min precipitation accumulations every 5 min covering the Netherlands and the area around it. It plays a key role in hydrological decision-support systems and as input for short-term weather forecasts. Major changes were implemented on 31 January 2023, and the associated quality improvement is presented. Moreover, the employed radar and rain gauge datasets and the algorithms needed to produce this real-time radar product are described.
Nathalie Rombeek, Markus Hrachowitz, Arjan Droste, and Remko Uijlenhoet
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 4585–4606, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-4585-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-4585-2025, 2025
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Rain gauge networks from personal weather stations (PWSs) have a network density 100 times higher than dedicated rain gauge networks in the Netherlands. However, PWSs are prone to several sources of error, as they are generally not installed and maintained according to international guidelines. This study systematically quantifies and describes the uncertainties arising from PWS rainfall estimates. In particular, the focus is on the highest rainfall accumulations.
Xuan Chen, Job Augustijn van der Werf, Arjan Droste, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, and Remko Uijlenhoet
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 3447–3480, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-3447-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-3447-2025, 2025
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The review highlights the need to integrate urban land surface and hydrological models to better predict and manage compound climate events in cities. We find that inadequate representation of water surfaces, hydraulic systems and detailed building representations are key areas for improvement in future models. Coupled models show promise but face challenges at regional and neighbourhood scales. Interdisciplinary communication is crucial to enhance urban hydrometeorological simulations.
Abbas El Hachem, Jochen Seidel, Tess O'Hara, Roberto Villalobos Herrera, Aart Overeem, Remko Uijlenhoet, András Bárdossy, and Lotte de Vos
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 4715–4731, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4715-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4715-2024, 2024
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This study presents an overview of open-source quality control (QC) algorithms for rainfall data from personal weather stations (PWSs). The methodology and usability along technical and operational guidelines for using every QC algorithm are presented. All three QC algorithms are available for users to explore in the OpenSense sandbox. They were applied in a case study using PWS data from the Amsterdam region in the Netherlands. The results highlight the necessity for data quality control.
Athanasios Tsiokanos, Martine Rutten, Ruud J. van der Ent, and Remko Uijlenhoet
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 3327–3345, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3327-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3327-2024, 2024
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We focus on past high-flow events to find flood drivers in the Geul. We also explore flood drivers’ trends across various timescales and develop a new method to detect the main direction of a trend. Our results show that extreme 24 h precipitation alone is typically insufficient to cause floods. The combination of extreme rainfall and wet initial conditions determines the chance of flooding. Precipitation that leads to floods increases in winter, whereas no consistent trends are found in summer.
Luuk D. van der Valk, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Rolf W. Hut, Aart Overeem, Bas Walraven, and Remko Uijlenhoet
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2811–2832, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2811-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2811-2024, 2024
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Microwave links, often part of mobile phone networks, can be used to measure rainfall along the link path by determining the signal loss caused by rainfall. We use high-frequency data of multiple microwave links to recreate commonly used sampling strategies. For time intervals up to 1 min, the influence of sampling strategies on estimated rainfall intensities is relatively little, while for intervals longer than 5–15 min, the sampling strategy can have significant influences on the estimates.
Aart Overeem, Hidde Leijnse, Gerard van der Schrier, Else van den Besselaar, Irene Garcia-Marti, and Lotte Wilhelmina de Vos
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 649–668, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-649-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-649-2024, 2024
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Ground-based radar precipitation products typically need adjustment with rain gauge accumulations to achieve a reasonable accuracy. Crowdsourced rain gauge networks have a much higher density than conventional ones. Here, a 1-year personal weather station (PWS) gauge dataset is obtained. After quality control, the 1 h PWS gauge accumulations are merged with pan-European radar accumulations. The potential of crowdsourcing to improve radar precipitation products in (near) real time is confirmed.
Louise J. Schreyers, Tim H. M. van Emmerik, Thanh-Khiet L. Bui, Khoa L. van Thi, Bart Vermeulen, Hong-Q. Nguyen, Nicholas Wallerstein, Remko Uijlenhoet, and Martine van der Ploeg
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 589–610, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-589-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-589-2024, 2024
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River plastic emissions into the ocean are of global concern, but the transfer dynamics between fresh water and the marine environment remain poorly understood. We developed a simple Eulerian approach to estimate the net and total plastic transport in tidal rivers. Applied to the Saigon River, Vietnam, we found that net plastic transport amounted to less than one-third of total transport, highlighting the need to better integrate tidal dynamics in plastic transport and emission models.
Bich Ngoc Tran, Johannes van der Kwast, Solomon Seyoum, Remko Uijlenhoet, Graham Jewitt, and Marloes Mul
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 4505–4528, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4505-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4505-2023, 2023
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Satellite data are increasingly used to estimate evapotranspiration (ET) or the amount of water moving from plants, soils, and water bodies into the atmosphere over large areas. Uncertainties from various sources affect the accuracy of these calculations. This study reviews the methods to assess the uncertainties of such ET estimations. It provides specific recommendations for a comprehensive assessment that assists in the potential uses of these data for research, monitoring, and management.
Aart Overeem, Else van den Besselaar, Gerard van der Schrier, Jan Fokke Meirink, Emiel van der Plas, and Hidde Leijnse
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1441–1464, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1441-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1441-2023, 2023
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EURADCLIM is a new precipitation dataset covering a large part of Europe. It is based on weather radar data to provide local precipitation information every hour and combined with rain gauge data to obtain good precipitation estimates. EURADCLIM provides a much better reference for validation of weather model output and satellite precipitation datasets. It also allows for climate monitoring and better evaluation of extreme precipitation events and their impact (landslides, flooding).
Femke A. Jansen, Remko Uijlenhoet, Cor M. J. Jacobs, and Adriaan J. Teuling
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 2875–2898, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2875-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2875-2022, 2022
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We studied the controls on open water evaporation with a focus on Lake IJssel, the Netherlands, by analysing eddy covariance observations over two summer periods at two locations at the borders of the lake. Wind speed and the vertical vapour pressure gradient can explain most of the variation in observed evaporation, which is in agreement with Dalton's model. We argue that the distinct characteristics of inland waterbodies need to be taken into account when parameterizing their evaporation.
Wagner Wolff, Aart Overeem, Hidde Leijnse, and Remko Uijlenhoet
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 485–502, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-485-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-485-2022, 2022
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The existing infrastructure for cellular communication is promising for ground-based rainfall remote sensing. Rain-induced signal attenuation is used in dedicated algorithms for retrieving rainfall depth along commercial microwave links (CMLs) between cell phone towers. This processing is a source of many uncertainties about input data, algorithm structures, parameters, CML network, and local climate. Application of a stochastic optimization method leads to improved CML rainfall estimates.
Ruben Imhoff, Claudia Brauer, Klaas-Jan van Heeringen, Hidde Leijnse, Aart Overeem, Albrecht Weerts, and Remko Uijlenhoet
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4061–4080, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4061-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4061-2021, 2021
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Significant biases in real-time radar rainfall products limit the use for hydrometeorological forecasting. We introduce CARROTS (Climatology-based Adjustments for Radar Rainfall in an OperaTional Setting), a set of fixed bias reduction factors to correct radar rainfall products and to benchmark other correction algorithms. When tested for 12 Dutch basins, estimated rainfall and simulated discharges with CARROTS generally outperform those using the operational mean field bias adjustments.
Simone Gelsinari, Valentijn R. N. Pauwels, Edoardo Daly, Jos van Dam, Remko Uijlenhoet, Nicholas Fewster-Young, and Rebecca Doble
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2261–2277, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2261-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2261-2021, 2021
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Estimates of recharge to groundwater are often driven by biophysical processes occurring in the soil column and, particularly in remote areas, are also always affected by uncertainty. Using data assimilation techniques to merge remotely sensed observations with outputs of numerical models is one way to reduce this uncertainty. Here, we show the benefits of using such a technique with satellite evapotranspiration rates and coupled hydrogeological models applied to a semi-arid site in Australia.
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Short summary
Algorithms merge satellite radiometer data from various frequency channels, each tied to a different footprint size. We studied the uncertainty associated with sampling (over the Netherlands using 4 years of data) as precipitation is highly variable in space and time by simulating ground-based data as satellite footprints. Though sampling affects precipitation estimates, it doesn’t explain all discrepancies. Overall, uncertainties in the algorithm seem more influential than how data is sampled.
Algorithms merge satellite radiometer data from various frequency channels, each tied to a...
