Articles | Volume 6, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-1347-2013
© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-1347-2013
© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Raman Lidar for Meteorological Observations, RALMO – Part 2: Validation of water vapor measurements
E. Brocard
Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Payerne, Switzerland
R. Philipona
Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Payerne, Switzerland
A. Haefele
Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Payerne, Switzerland
G. Romanens
Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Payerne, Switzerland
A. Mueller
Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Payerne, Switzerland
D. Ruffieux
Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Payerne, Switzerland
V. Simeonov
Laboratory of Environmental Fluid Mechanics and Hydrology, Lausanne, Switzerland
B. Calpini
Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Payerne, Switzerland
Related authors
No articles found.
Michael Kahnert, Melanie Ades, Mickaël Bacles, Johannes Flemming, Vincent Guidard, Alexander Haefele, Robin J. Hogan, Samuel Rémy, and Eric Sauvageat
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6077, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6077, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
The Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) provides quality-controlled information related to air quality and health. We explore the possibility to constrain the CAMS global forecasting model by use of ground-based observations of laser light backscattered by particulate matter. We find that the vertical distribution of particulate matter can be predicted more faithfully with this approach, which can have implications for air quality forecasts provided by CAMS to end users.
Jorge Muñiz-Rosado, Alberto Cazorla, Eric Sauvageat, Alexander Haefele, Celia Herrero del Barrio, Ramiro González, Roberto Román, Pedro Luis Molina-Molero, Arlett Díaz-Zurita, Victor Manuel Naval-Hernández, Onel Rodríguez, María José Granados-Muñoz, Juan Antonio Bravo-Aranda, Milagros Herrera, Daniel Pérez-Ramírez, Lionel Doppler, Lucas Alados-Arboledas, and Francisco Navas-Guzman
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-990, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-990, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study validates two ceilometer aerosol retrieval methods (backward and forward methods) using GRASP and COBALD balloon measurements across three European sites under different aerosol regimes. The forward method systematically outperforms the backward approach, reducing AOD uncertainties by ~50 % under high aerosol loads. Results demonstrate that forward retrievals with independent calibration significantly improve operational ceilometer network performance for aerosol monitoring.
Louis Mirallie, Eliane Maillard Barras, Caroline Jonas, Corinne Vigouroux, Roeland Van Malderen, Irina Petropavlovskikh, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Thierry Leblanc, Wolfgang Steinbrecht, Antoine Vadès, Rolf Ruefenach, Alexander Haefele, Gunter Stober, Peter Effertz, Julian Gröbner, Gerard Ancellet, María Cazorla, Petra Duff, Matthias Frey, Michael Gill, James W. Hannigan, Nicholas Jones, Rigel Kivi, Raphael Koehler, Bogumil Kois, Debra Kollonige, Emmanuel Mahieu, Glen McConville, Johan Mellqvist, Gary Morris, Isao Murata, Tomoo Nagahama, Gerald E. Nedoluha, Shin-Ya Ogino, Richard Querel, Ryan Stauffer, Wolfgang Stremme, Kimberly Strong, Ralf Sussmann, Anne Thompson, and Yana Virolainen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-113, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-113, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We present regional Bayesian composite of ground-based ozone records. Defining coherent regions via CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) representativeness study and partial columns to be merged using the BASIC (BAyeSian Integrated and Consolidated, Ball et al., 2017) method, we reduce trends by 15.3 % compared to a weighted mean. Results confirm upper stratospheric recovery and reveal significant lower stratospheric decline in some regions.
Anne M. Thompson, Ryan M. Stauffer, Debra E. Kollonige, Jerald R. Ziemke, Bryan J. Johnson, Gary A. Morris, Patrick Cullis, María Cazorla, Jorge Andres Diaz, Ankie Piters, Igor Nedeljkovic, Truus Warsodikromo, Francisco Raimundo Silva, E. Thomas Northam, Patrick Benjamin, Thumeka Mkololo, Tshidi Machinini, Christian Félix, Gonzague Romanens, Syprose Nyadida, Jérôme Brioude, Stéphanie Evan, Jean-Marc Metzger, Ambun Dindang, Yuzaimi B. Mahat, Mohan Kumar Sammathuria, Norazura Binti Zakaria, Ninong Komala, Shin-Ya Ogino, Nguyen Thi Quyen, Francis S. Mani, Miriama Vuiyasawa, David Nardini, Matthew Martinsen, Darryl T. Kuniyuki, Katrin Müller, Pawel Wolff, and Bastien Sauvage
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 18475–18507, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-18475-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-18475-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone profile trends from SHADOZ sondes and IAGOS aircraft show that ozone in the tropical free troposphere (FT) is not growing fast except over equatorial SE Asia. This agrees with HEGIFTOM (Van Malderen et al., 2025), Stauffer et al. (2024) and Gaudel et al. (2024) TOAR-II papers. Other findings are as follows: (1) our trends are independent of method (QR, MLR) and (2) sample number (SN) (i.e., SHADOZ sampling is sufficient), and (3) all ground-based trends constitute the gold standard for satellite-derived trends.
Vasura Jayaweera, Robert J. Sica, Giovanni Martucci, and Alexander Haefele
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 1461–1469, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1461-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1461-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study presents a new method, the solar background calibration method, which improves temperature determinations in rotational Raman lidar systems. By utilizing background solar radiation, this technique offers more continuous and reliable temperatures independent of external measuring instruments. This new method enhances our ability to monitor and understand atmospheric trends and their association with climate change with greater accuracy.
Alexandra Tsekeri, Anna Gialitaki, Marco Di Paolantonio, Davide Dionisi, Gian Luigi Liberti, Alnilam Fernandes, Artur Szkop, Aleksander Pietruczuk, Daniel Pérez-Ramírez, Maria J. Granados Muñoz, Juan Luis Guerrero-Rascado, Lucas Alados-Arboledas, Diego Bermejo Pantaleón, Juan Antonio Bravo-Aranda, Anna Kampouri, Eleni Marinou, Vassilis Amiridis, Michael Sicard, Adolfo Comerón, Constantino Muñoz-Porcar, Alejandro Rodríguez-Gómez, Salvatore Romano, Maria Rita Perrone, Xiaoxia Shang, Mika Komppula, Rodanthi-Elisavet Mamouri, Argyro Nisantzi, Diofantos Hadjimitsis, Francisco Navas-Guzmán, Alexander Haefele, Dominika Szczepanik, Artur Tomczak, Iwona S. Stachlewska, Livio Belegante, Doina Nicolae, Kalliopi Artemis Voudouri, Dimitris Balis, Athena A. Floutsi, Holger Baars, Linda Miladi, Nicolas Pascal, Oleg Dubovik, and Anton Lopatin
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 6025–6050, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-6025-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-6025-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
EARLINET/ACTRIS organized an intensive observational campaign in May 2020, with the objective of monitoring the atmospheric state over Europe during the COVID-19 lockdown and relaxation period. The work presented herein focuses on deriving a common methodology for applying a synergistic retrieval that utilizes the network's ground-based passive and active remote sensing measurements and deriving the aerosols from anthropogenic activities over Europe.
Eric Sauvageat, Klemens Hocke, Eliane Maillard Barras, Shengyi Hou, Quentin Errera, Alexander Haefele, and Axel Murk
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7321–7345, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7321-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7321-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In Switzerland, two microwave radiometers can measure continuous ozone profiles in the middle atmosphere. From these instruments, we can study the diurnal variation of ozone, which is difficult to observe otherwise. It is valuable to validate the model simulations of diurnal variations in this region. We present results obtained during the last decade and compare them against various models. For the first time, we also show that the winter diurnal variations have some short-term fluctuations.
Eliane Maillard Barras, Alexander Haefele, René Stübi, Achille Jouberton, Herbert Schill, Irina Petropavlovskikh, Koji Miyagawa, Martin Stanek, and Lucien Froidevaux
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14283–14302, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14283-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14283-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Intercomparisons of three Dobson and three Brewer spectrophotometers at Arosa/Davos, Switzerland, are used for the homogenization of the longest Umkehr ozone profiles time series worldwide. Dynamic linear modeling (DLM) reveals a significant positive trend after 2004 in the upper stratosphere, a persistent negative trend between 25 and 30 km in the middle stratosphere, and a negative trend at 20 km in the lower stratosphere, with different levels of significance depending on the dataset.
Eric Sauvageat, Eliane Maillard Barras, Klemens Hocke, Alexander Haefele, and Axel Murk
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 6395–6417, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6395-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6395-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present new harmonized ozone time series from two ground-based microwave radiometers in Switzerland. The new series consist of hourly ozone profiles in the middle atmosphere (~ 20–70 km) from 2009 until 2021. Cross-validation of the new data series shows the benefit of the harmonization process compared to the previous versions. Comparisons with collocated satellite observations is used to further validate these time series for long-term ozone monitoring over central Europe.
Fernando Chouza, Thierry Leblanc, Mark Brewer, Patrick Wang, Giovanni Martucci, Alexander Haefele, Hélène Vérèmes, Valentin Duflot, Guillaume Payen, and Philippe Keckhut
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4241–4256, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4241-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4241-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The comparison of water vapor lidar measurements with co-located radiosondes and aerosol backscatter profiles indicates that laser-induced aerosol fluorescence in smoke layers injected into the stratosphere can introduce very large and chronic wet biases above 15 km, thus impacting the ability of these systems to accurately estimate long-term water vapor trends. The proposed correction method presented in this work is able to reduce this fluorescence-induced bias from 75 % to under 5 %.
Hugues Brenot, Nicolas Theys, Lieven Clarisse, Jeroen van Gent, Daniel R. Hurtmans, Sophie Vandenbussche, Nikolaos Papagiannopoulos, Lucia Mona, Timo Virtanen, Andreas Uppstu, Mikhail Sofiev, Luca Bugliaro, Margarita Vázquez-Navarro, Pascal Hedelt, Michelle Maree Parks, Sara Barsotti, Mauro Coltelli, William Moreland, Simona Scollo, Giuseppe Salerno, Delia Arnold-Arias, Marcus Hirtl, Tuomas Peltonen, Juhani Lahtinen, Klaus Sievers, Florian Lipok, Rolf Rüfenacht, Alexander Haefele, Maxime Hervo, Saskia Wagenaar, Wim Som de Cerff, Jos de Laat, Arnoud Apituley, Piet Stammes, Quentin Laffineur, Andy Delcloo, Robertson Lennart, Carl-Herbert Rokitansky, Arturo Vargas, Markus Kerschbaum, Christian Resch, Raimund Zopp, Matthieu Plu, Vincent-Henri Peuch, Michel Van Roozendael, and Gerhard Wotawa
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3367–3405, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3367-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3367-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The purpose of the EUNADICS-AV (European Natural Airborne Disaster Information and Coordination System for Aviation) prototype early warning system (EWS) is to develop the combined use of harmonised data products from satellite, ground-based and in situ instruments to produce alerts of airborne hazards (volcanic, dust, smoke and radionuclide clouds), satisfying the requirement of aviation air traffic management (ATM) stakeholders (https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/723986).
René Stübi, Herbert Schill, Jörg Klausen, Eliane Maillard Barras, and Alexander Haefele
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5757–5769, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5757-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5757-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In the first half of the 20th century, Prof. Dobson developed an instrument to measure the ozone column. Around 50 of these Dobson instruments, manufactured in the second half of the 20th century, are still used today to monitor the state of the ozone layer. Started in 1926, the Arosa series was, until recently, based on manually operated Dobsons. To ensure its future operation, a fully automated version of the Dobson has been developed. This well-working automated system is described here.
René Stübi, Herbert Schill, Eliane Maillard Barras, Jörg Klausen, and Alexander Haefele
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4203–4217, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4203-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4203-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Total ozone column has been measured since 1926 in the Swiss Alps station Arosa. These worldwide series are based on Dobson sun spectrophotometers. To assure the continuity of these series, a two-stage project was realized at MeteoSwiss: first, Dobson instruments were automated, and then parallel measurements between Arosa and a nearby site in Davos were carried out. The analysis of the data of the manual-to-automated transition and coincident data between the two sites are presented here.
Cited articles
Apituley, A., Wilson, K., Potma, C., Volten, H., and de Graaf, M.: Performance assessment and application of CAELI – A high-performance Raman lidar for diurnal profiling of Water Vapour, Aerosols and Clouds, in: Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Tropospheric Profiling, edited by: Apituley, A., Russchenberg, H. W. J., and Monna, W. A. A., Delft, The Netherlands, October 2009, 2009.
Bleisch, R., Kämpfer, N., and Haefele, A.: Retrieval of tropospheric water vapour by using spectra of a 22 GHz radiometer, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 1891–1903, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-1891-2011, 2011.
de Haan, S., Holleman, I., and Holtslag, A. A. M.: Real-Time Water Vapor Maps from a GPS Surface Network: Construction, Validation, and Applications, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 48, 1302–1316, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JAMC2024.1, 2008.
Dinoev, T.: Automated Raman lidar for day and night operational observation of tropospheric water vapor for meteorological applications, Ph.D. Thesis, Federal Institute of Technology EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2009.
Dinoev, T. S., Simeonov, V. B., Arshinov, Y. F., Bobrovnikov, S. M., Ristori, P., Calpini, B., Parlange, M. B., and van den Bergh, H.: Raman Lidar for Meteorological Observations, RALMO – Part I: Instrument description, Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., 5, 6867–6914, https://doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-6867-2012, 2012.
Dionisi, D., Congeduti, F., Liberti, G. L., and Cardillo, F.: Calibration of a Multichannel Water Vapor Raman Lidar through Noncollocated Operational Soundings: Optimization and Characterization of Accuracy and Variability, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 27, 108, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JTECHA1327.1, 2010.
Duerr, B. and Philipona, R.: Automatic cloud amount detection by surface longwave downward radiation measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D05201, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004182, 2004.
Engelbart, D., Reichardt, J., Mattis, I., Wandinger, U., Klein, V., Meister, A., Hilber, B., and Jaenisch, V.: RAMSES – German meteorological service Raman lidar for atmospheric moisture measuring, in: Proceedings of the 23rd International Laser Radar Conference (ILRC), Nara, Japan , 24–28 July, 683–686, 2006.
Eumetnet: WMO FM94 (BUFR) Specification for GNSS Water Vapour Data, Tech. Rep. E-GVAP/METO/FMT/BUFR/001, EIG EUMETNET, 2009.
Ferrare, R., Turner, D., Clayton, M., Schmid, B., Redemann, J., Covert, D., Elleman, R., Ogren, J., Andrews, E., Goldsmith, J. E. M., and Jonsson, H.: Evaluation of daytime measurements of aerosols and water vapor made by an operational Raman lidar over the Southern Great Plains, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D05S08, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD005836, 2006.
Fujiwara, M., Shiotani, M., Hasebe, F., Vömel, H., Oltmans, S. J., Ruppert, P. W., Horinouchi, T., and Tsuda, T.: Performance of the Meteolabor "Snow White" chilled-mirror hygrometer in the tropical troposphere: comparisons with the Vaisala RS80 A/H-Humicap sensors, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 20, 1534–1542, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<1534:POTMSW>2.0.CO;2, 2003.
Goldsmith, J., Blair, F. H., Bisson, S. E., and Turner, D. D.: Turn-key Raman lidar for profiling atmospheric water vapor, clouds, and aerosols, Appl. Opt., 37, 4979–4990, 1998.
IPCC: Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2007.
Kämpfer, N. (Ed.): Monitoring Atmospheric Water Vapour, vol. 10 of ISSI Scientific Report, Springer NewYork Dordrecht Heidelberg London, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3909-7, 2013.
Leblanc, T., McDermid, I. S., and Aspey, R. A.: First-year operation of a new water vapor Raman lidar at the JPL Table Mountain Facility, California, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 25, 1454–1462, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JTECHA978.1, 2008.
Leblanc, T., Walsh, T. D., McDermid, I. S., Toon, G. C., Blavier, J.-F., Haines, B., Read, W. G., Herman, B., Fetzer, E., Sander, S., Pongetti, T., Whiteman, D. N., McGee, T. G., Twigg, L., Sumnicht, G., Venable, D., Calhoun, M., Dirisu, A., Hurst, D., Jordan, A., Hall, E., Miloshevich, L., Vömel, H., Straub, C., Kampfer, N., Nedoluha, G. E., Gomez, R. M., Holub, K., Gutman, S., Braun, J., Vanhove, T., Stiller, G., and Hauchecorne, A.: Measurements of Humidity in the Atmosphere and Validation Experiments (MOHAVE)-2009: overview of campaign operations and results, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 2579–2605, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-2579-2011, 2011.
Leblanc, T., McDermid, I. S., and Walsh, T. D.: Ground-based water vapor raman lidar measurements up to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere for long-term monitoring, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 17–36, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-17-2012, 2012.
Löhnert, U., Kneifel, S., Battaglia, A., Hagen, M., Hirsch, L., and Crewell, S.: A Multisensor Approach Toward a Better Understanding of Snowfall Microphysics: The TOSCA Project, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 92, 613–628, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010BAMS2909.1, 2011.
Martin, L., Matzler, C., Hewison, T., and Ruffieux, D.: Intercomparison of integrated water vapour measurements, Meteorol. Z., 15, 57–64, https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0098, 2006.
Miloshevich, L. M., Vömel, H., Whiteman, D. N., Lesht, B. M., Schmidlin, F. J., and Russo, F.: Absolute accuracy of water vapor measurements from six operational radiosonde types launched during AWEX-G and implications for AIRS validation, J. Geophys. Res., 111, 1–25, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006083, 2006.
Nash, J., Oakley, T., Vömel, H., and Wei, L.: WMO intercomparison of high quality radiosonde systems, Yangjiang, China, 12 July–3 August 2010, Tech. Rep. 107, World Meteorological Organization, available at: http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/IMOP/publications/IOM-107_Y% angjiang.pdf, wMO/TD-No. 1580, 2011.
Philipona, R., Levrat, G., Romanens, G., Jeannet, P., Ruffieux, D., and Calpini, B.: Transition from VIZ}/{S}ippican to {ROTRONIC – A new humidity sensor for the SWISS SRS 400 Radiosonde, Arbeitsberichte der MeteoSchweiz 229, MeteoSwiss, available at: http://www.meteoschweiz.admin.ch/web/de/forschung/publikation% en/alle_publikationen/abb_229.html, 2009.
Roulet, Y.-A., Landl, B., Félix, C., and Calpini, B.: Development and challenges in SwissMetNet, the new Swiss meteorological network, Presented at the TECO-2010 – WMO Technical Conference on Meteorological and Environmental Instruments and Methods of Observation, 2010.
RPG: Instrument Operation and Software Guide, Tech. Rep. RPG-MWR-STD-SW, 01/01, Radiometer Physics GmbH, Meckenheim, Germany, 2011.
Schneider, M., Romero, P. M., Hase, F., Blumenstock, T., Cuevas, E., and Ramos, R.: Continuous quality assessment of atmospheric water vapour measurement techniques: FTIR, Cimel, MFRSR, GPS, and Vaisala RS92, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 323–338, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-323-2010, 2010.
Seidel, D. J., Berger, F. H., Diamond, H. J., Dykema, J., Goodrich, D., Immler, F., Murray, W., Peterson, T., Siststerson, D., Somme, M., Thorne, P., Vömel, H., and Wang, J.: Reference upper-air observations for climate: rationale, progress, and plans, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 90, 361–369, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008BAMS2540.1, 2009.
Sussmann, R., Borsdorff, T., Rettinger, M., Camy-Peyret, C., Demoulin, P., Duchatelet, P., Mahieu, E., and Servais, C.: Technical Note: Harmonized retrieval of column-integrated atmospheric water vapor from the FTIR network – first examples for long-term records and station trends , Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8987–8999, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-8987-2009, 2009.
Vogelmann, H., Sussmann, R., Trickl, T., and Borsdorff, T.: Intercomparison of atmospheric water vapor soundings from the differential absorption lidar (DIAL) and the solar FTIR system on Mt. Zugspitze, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 835–841, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-835-2011, 2011.
Vömel, H., Fujiwara, M., Shiotani, M., Hasebe, F., Oltmans, S. J., and Barnes, J. E.: The behavior of the Snow White chilled-mirror hygrometer in extremely dry conditions, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 20, 1560–1567, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<1560:TBOTSW>2.0.CO;2, 2003.
Wirth, M., Fix, A., Ehret, G., Reichardt, R., Begbie, R., Engelbart, D., Vömel, H., Calpini, B., Romanens, G., Apituley, A., Wilson, K. M., Vogelmann, H., and Trickl, T.: Intercomparison of Airborne Water Vapour DIAL Measurements with Ground Based Remote Sensing and Radiosondes within the Framework of LUAMI 2008, in: Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Tropospheric Profiling, edited by: Apituley, A., Russchenberg, H. W. J., and Monna, W. A. A., Delft, The Netherlands, October 2009, 2009.
WMO: Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation. Part I. Measurement of upper-air pressure, temperature and humidity, Chap. 12, I.12-1–I.12-46, WMO-No. 8, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2008.