Articles | Volume 15, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3611-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3611-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
15 Jun 2022
Research article |
| 15 Jun 2022
| 15 Jun 2022
Evaluation of two common source estimation measurement strategies using large-eddy simulation of plume dispersion under neutral atmospheric conditions
Anja Ražnjević
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Chiel van Heerwaarden
Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Maarten Krol
Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Related authors
Alohotsy Rafalimanana, Thomas Lauvaux, Charbel Abdallah, Mali Chariot, Michel Ramonet, Josselin Doc, Olivier Laurent, Morgan Lopez, Anja Raznjevic, Maarten Krol, Leena Järvi, Andreas Christen, Dana Looschelders, Leslie David, Olivier Sanchez, Laura Bignotti, Benjamin Loubet, Sue Grimmond, and William Morrison
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2109, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2109, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores how city design and buildings affect CO2 levels in the air over Paris. Using a transport model, we tested different urban canopy models to represent the city environment and its influence on air motion. We found that realistic descriptions of urban surfaces are crucial, especially in winter, for accurately showing how CO2 builds up and disperses, leading to better satellite monitoring of city CO2 emissions.
Anja Ražnjević, Chiel van Heerwaarden, Bart van Stratum, Arjan Hensen, Ilona Velzeboer, Pim van den Bulk, and Maarten Krol
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6489–6505, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6489-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6489-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Mobile measurement techniques (e.g., instruments placed in cars) are often employed to identify and quantify individual sources of greenhouse gases. Due to road restrictions, those observations are often sparse (temporally and spatially). We performed high-resolution simulations of plume dispersion, with realistic weather conditions encountered in the field, to reproduce the measurement process of a methane plume emitted from an oil well and provide additional information about the plume.
Alohotsy Rafalimanana, Thomas Lauvaux, Charbel Abdallah, Mali Chariot, Michel Ramonet, Josselin Doc, Olivier Laurent, Morgan Lopez, Anja Raznjevic, Maarten Krol, Leena Järvi, Andreas Christen, Dana Looschelders, Leslie David, Olivier Sanchez, Laura Bignotti, Benjamin Loubet, Sue Grimmond, and William Morrison
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2109, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2109, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores how city design and buildings affect CO2 levels in the air over Paris. Using a transport model, we tested different urban canopy models to represent the city environment and its influence on air motion. We found that realistic descriptions of urban surfaces are crucial, especially in winter, for accurately showing how CO2 builds up and disperses, leading to better satellite monitoring of city CO2 emissions.
Farhan R. Nursanto, Quanfu He, Sophia van de Wouw, Annika Zanders, Thorsten Hohaus, Willem S. J. Kroese, Robert Wegener, Max Gerrit Adam, Benjamin Winter, René Dubus, Lukas Kesper, Franz Rohrer, Yuwei Wang, Emily Matthews, Aristeidis Voliotis, Thomas J. Bannan, Gordon McFiggans, Hugh Coe, Yizhen Wu, Milan Roska, Manjula Canagaratna, Mitch Alton, Matthew M. Coggon, Chelsea E. Stockwell, Kelvin H. Bates, Eva Y. Pfannerstill, Sören R. Zorn, Hui Wang, Matthieu Riva, Sebastien Perrier, Boxing Yang, Lu Liu, Anna Novelli, Michelle Färber, Hendrik Fuchs, Andrea Carolina Marcillo Lara, Achim Grasse, Christian Wesolek, Ralf Tillmann, Rupert Holzinger, Maarten C. Krol, Georgios I. Gkatzelis, and Juliane L. Fry
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 8425–8453, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-8425-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-8425-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Urban air contains reactive gases that can form organic nitrate particles and carry nitrogen oxides pollution far from cities. We recreated urban emissions in a large atmospheric chamber and observed their reactions under day and night conditions. We found that these emissions form organic nitrate particles similar to those from natural sources, with higher amounts and heavier particles at night, making nitrogen pollution longer lived and likely to travel further before depositing on ecosystems.
Firmin T. Stroo, Joram J. D. Hooghiem, Maarten C. Krol, and Wouter Peters
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3077, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3077, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements and computer modelling were used to improve quantification of the global hydrogen budget from 2003–2023. We estimate a global soil sink of 52.8 Tg/yr and a photochemical source of 34.6 Tg/yr. Changes in the hydrogen growth rate were mainly driven by shifts in photochemical production and a weakening soil sink. Soil uptake responds to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, especially in tropical South America, likely controlled by changes in soil moisture.
Alessandro Zanchetta, Steven van Heuven, Rigel Kivi, Michel Ramonet, Andreas Engel, Maarten Krol, and Huilin Chen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2799, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2799, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we calculate the mean lifetime of carbonyl sulfide (COS) and methane (CH4) in the stratosphere from continuous vertical profiles sampled with balloon-borne instruments. We used two methods based on the stratospheric relationship of these gas species with N2O. The estimated stratospheric lifetime range is 69–90 years for COS and 146–172 years for CH4. These results are consistent with other studies and suggest no long-term trends in the stratospheric lifetime of these gas species.
Job I. Wiltink, Victor J. H. Trees, Chiel C. van Heerwaarden, and Jan Fokke Meirink
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 7207–7233, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-7207-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-7207-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Retrievals of surface solar radiation from passive satellite instruments normally neglect the three-dimensional (3D) interaction between clouds and radiation. This study identifies error sources arising from this neglect and demonstrates their influence on retrieval accuracy across a range of spatial resolutions. At the resolution of current geostationary satellites, 3D interactions can already introduce considerable errors, underscoring the need to develop corrections that account for them.
Peter J. M. Bosman, Maarten C. Krol, Laurens N. Ganzeveld, Felix M. Spielmann, and Georg Wohlfahrt
Biogeosciences, 23, 3225–3252, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-3225-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-3225-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Carbonyl sulphide (COS) is a trace gas that can be used to estimate plant CO2 uptake. For this, the ratio of deposition velocities of COS and CO2 (leaf relative uptake - LRU) is relevant. We use a soil – canopy – atmospheric mixed layer model to simulate COS and CO2 plant uptake in needleleaf ecosystems, and derive LRU. We find significant in-canopy variability of LRU, and develop a regression model for canopy-scale LRU. The results can contribute to improving COS-based ecosystem plant CO2 uptake estimates in needleleaf forests.
Michiel K. van der Molen, Henk Snellen, Rupert Holzinger, Johannes G. M. Barten, Hong Zhao, Laurens Ganzeveld, Julie Fry, Wouter Peters, Maarten Krol, Jordi Vila-Guerau de Arrelano, and Bart Kruijt
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-99, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-99, 2026
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
In 2021, a second tower was built in Loobos (NL-Loo) to measure carbon dioxide and water fluxes, as an Integrated Carbon Observing System (ICOS) Class 2 Ecosystem station. Instrumentation was installed to measure volatile organic compound and ozone fluxes. This paper describes the site’s geological and cultural history, ecosystem composition, instrumentation and ancillary ecosystem measurements. The paper goes into the quality of the measurements and continuity with respect to the first tower.
Hong Zhao, Han Dolman, Jan Elbers, Wilma Jans, Bart Kruijt, Eddy Moors, Henk Snellen, Jordi Vila-Guerau de Arellano, Wouter Peters, Maarten C. Krol, Ronald Hutjes, and Michiel van der Molen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 18, 2023–2045, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-2023-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-2023-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Under the Kyoto Protocol the carbon dioxide (CO2) balance for forest ecosystems was required to be measured. Consequently, CO2 flux measurements have been conducted in Loobos site in the Netherlands since 1996, becoming one of the 17 first FLUXNET sites globally. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the instrumentation, data processing and the resulting data archive, enabling its further use in data analysis, model development and validation of satellite data retrievals.
Tobias Borsdorff, Maarten Krol, Pepijn Veefkind, and Jochen Landgraf
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1134, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1134, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Industrial facilities release carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. The TANGO mission, launching in 2028, will monitor both gases from ten thousand facilities per year using two satellites. We studied whether combining both improves carbon dioxide emission estimates and reveals plume chemistry. While this produces cleaner carbon dioxide images, precision does not improve as noise is redistributed not eliminated. Their ratio captures how nitrogen oxide converts to nitrogen dioxide within plumes.
Alessandro Zanchetta, Steven van Heuven, Joram Hooghiem, Rigel Kivi, Thomas Laemmel, Michel Ramonet, Markus Leuenberger, Peter Nyfeler, Sophie L. Baartman, Maarten Krol, and Huilin Chen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 19, 1465–1486, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-1465-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-1465-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Continuous vertical profiles and discrete stratospheric samples of carbonyl sulfide (COS) were collected deploying the balloon-borne AirCore, LIghtweight Stratospheric Air (LISA) and BigLISA samplers and measured on a Quantum Cascade Laser Spectrometer (QCLS). Our measurements show good accordance with previous COS observations. Moreover, laboratory tests of ozone (O3) scrubbers proved squalene to remove O3 very efficiently without biasing the measurements of other trace gases.
Anne-Wil van den Berg, Joram J. D. Hooghiem, Auke M. van der Woude, Pieter Rijsdijk, Roland Vernooij, Santiago Botia, Guido R. van der Werf, John B. Miller, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Maarten C. Krol, and Wouter Peters
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6213, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6213, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We estimate 2019 Brazilian fire carbon monoxide (CO) emissions using CO retrievals from different satellite instruments in a new top-down inversion framework. The retrievals strongly constrain fire emissions and complement existing inventories. National-scale posterior emissions align well with the new GFED5.1 inventory, supporting progress in fire emission modelling. Yet, posterior emissions in the Cerrado and Caatinga are systematically higher than inventories, we discuss potential drivers.
Alba Mols, Klaas Folkert Boersma, Hugo Denier van der Gon, and Maarten Krol
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 1497–1513, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-1497-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-1497-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We created a new method to estimate city air pollution (NOx emissions) using satellite data. Testing showed our approach works well to track how pollution spreads in urban areas. By combining observations with prior knowledge, we improved the accuracy of emission estimates. Applying this method in Paris, we found emissions were 9 % lower than expected and dropped significantly during COVID-19 lockdowns. Our method offers a reliable way to monitor pollution and support environmental policies.
Marc Castellnou Ribau, Mercedes Bachfischer, Pau Guarque, Laia Estivill, Marta Miralles Bover, Borja Ruiz, Jordi Pagès, Brian Verhoeven, Zisoula Ntasiou, Ove Stokkeland, Chiel van Heerwaarden, Tristan Roelofs, Martin Janssens, Cathelijne R. Stoof, and Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 7805–7831, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-7805-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-7805-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Firefighter entrapments can occur when wildfires escalate suddenly due to fire-atmosphere interactions. This study presents a method to analyze this in real-time using two weather balloon measurements: ambient and in-plume conditions. Researchers launched 156 balloons during wildfire seasons in Spain, Chile, Greece, and the Netherlands. This methodology detects sudden changes in fire behavior by comparing ambient and in-plume data, ultimately enhancing research on fire-atmosphere interactions.
Jolanda J. E. Theeuwen, Sarah N. Warnau, Imme B. Benedict, Stefan C. Dekker, Hubertus V. M. Hamelers, Chiel C. van Heerwaarden, and Arie Staal
Biogeosciences, 22, 6913–6936, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6913-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6913-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Mediterranean Basin is prone to drying. This study uses a simple model to explore how forests affect the potential for rainfall by analyzing the lowest part of the atmosphere. Results show that forest contributes to rainfall potential in wet regions, where it also promotes cooling, and may reduce local precipitation in dry regions. These findings suggest that the impact of forestation varies with soil moisture, and may possibly mitigate or intensify future drying.
Tristan Roelofs, Marc Castellnou, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Martin Janssens, and Chiel van Heerwaarden
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4620, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4620, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study simulated an extreme wildfire event to study its impact on the surrounding airflow. We found not only an accelerated rear inflow (often hypothesised), but also the development of a circulation ahead of the fire. Our findings are a plausible explanation for the faster-than-predicted fire spread and the continued nighttime burning often observed during extreme wildfire events. Hence, we suggest considering both airflow changes ahead and behind a fire when predicting its behaviour.
Hans Segura, Xabier Pedruzo-Bagazgoitia, Philipp Weiss, Sebastian K. Müller, Thomas Rackow, Junhong Lee, Edgar Dolores-Tesillos, Imme Benedict, Matthias Aengenheyster, Razvan Aguridan, Gabriele Arduini, Alexander J. Baker, Jiawei Bao, Swantje Bastin, Eulàlia Baulenas, Tobias Becker, Sebastian Beyer, Hendryk Bockelmann, Nils Brüggemann, Lukas Brunner, Suvarchal K. Cheedela, Sushant Das, Jasper Denissen, Ian Dragaud, Piotr Dziekan, Madeleine Ekblom, Jan Frederik Engels, Monika Esch, Richard Forbes, Claudia Frauen, Lilli Freischem, Diego García-Maroto, Philipp Geier, Paul Gierz, Álvaro González-Cervera, Katherine Grayson, Matthew Griffith, Oliver Gutjahr, Helmuth Haak, Ioan Hadade, Kerstin Haslehner, Shabeh ul Hasson, Jan Hegewald, Lukas Kluft, Aleksei Koldunov, Nikolay Koldunov, Tobias Kölling, Shunya Koseki, Sergey Kosukhin, Josh Kousal, Peter Kuma, Arjun U. Kumar, Rumeng Li, Nicolas Maury, Maximilian Meindl, Sebastian Milinski, Kristian Mogensen, Bimochan Niraula, Jakub Nowak, Divya Sri Praturi, Ulrike Proske, Dian Putrasahan, René Redler, David Santuy, Domokos Sármány, Reiner Schnur, Patrick Scholz, Dmitry Sidorenko, Dorian Spät, Birgit Sützl, Daisuke Takasuka, Adrian Tompkins, Alejandro Uribe, Mirco Valentini, Menno Veerman, Aiko Voigt, Sarah Warnau, Fabian Wachsmann, Marta Wacławczyk, Nils Wedi, Karl-Hermann Wieners, Jonathan Wille, Marius Winkler, Yuting Wu, Florian Ziemen, Janos Zimmermann, Frida A.-M. Bender, Dragana Bojovic, Sandrine Bony, Simona Bordoni, Patrice Brehmer, Marcus Dengler, Emanuel Dutra, Saliou Faye, Erich Fischer, Chiel van Heerwaarden, Cathy Hohenegger, Heikki Järvinen, Markus Jochum, Thomas Jung, Johann H. Jungclaus, Noel S. Keenlyside, Daniel Klocke, Heike Konow, Martina Klose, Szymon Malinowski, Olivia Martius, Thorsten Mauritsen, Juan Pedro Mellado, Theresa Mieslinger, Elsa Mohino, Hanna Pawłowska, Karsten Peters-von Gehlen, Abdoulaye Sarré, Pajam Sobhani, Philip Stier, Lauri Tuppi, Pier Luigi Vidale, Irina Sandu, and Bjorn Stevens
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 7735–7761, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-7735-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-7735-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Next Generation of Earth Modeling Systems project (nextGEMS) developed two Earth system models that use horizontal grid spacing of 10 km and finer, giving more fidelity to the representation of local phenomena, globally. In its fourth cycle, nextGEMS simulated the Earth System climate over the 2020–2049 period under the SSP3-7.0 scenario. Here, we provide an overview of nextGEMS, insights into the model development, and the realism of multi-decadal, kilometer-scale simulations.
Sophie L. Baartman, Steven M. Driever, Maarten L. J. Wassenaar, Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Nerea Ubierna, Leon Mossink, Maria E. Popa, Ara Cho, Lisa Wingate, Thomas Röckmann, Steven M. A. C. van Heuven, and Maarten C. Krol
Biogeosciences, 22, 5683–5703, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5683-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5683-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is a proposed tracer for gross primary production. For the first time, COS and carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake fluxes and isotope discrimination were jointly measured in sunflower and papyrus plants, using a flow-through plant chamber approach and varying light availability. COS isotope discrimination did not differ significantly between the species, nor with changes in light. CO2 fluxes and isotope values provided additional valuable information for data interpretation.
Job I. Wiltink, Hartwig Deneke, Chiel C. van Heerwaarden, and Jan Fokke Meirink
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 3917–3936, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3917-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3917-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Global horizontal irradiance retrievals from satellite observations are affected by spatial displacements due to parallax and cloud shadows. We assess different approaches to correct for these displacements and quantify their added value by comparison with a network of ground-based pyranometer observations. The corrections are found to become increasingly important at higher spatial resolutions and are most relevant for variable cloud types.
Getachew Agmuas Adnew, Gerbrand Koren, Neha Mehendale, Sergey Gromov, Maarten Krol, and Thomas Röckmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 2701–2719, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2701-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2701-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents high-precision measurements of ∆′17O(CO2). Key findings include the extension of the N2O–∆′17O correlation to the upper troposphere and the identification of significant differences in the N2O–∆′17O slope in StratoClim samples. Additionally, the ∆′17O measurements are used to estimate global stratospheric production and surface removal of ∆′17O, providing an independent estimate of global vegetation CO2 exchange.
Johann Rasmus Nüß, Nikos Daskalakis, Fabian Günther Piwowarczyk, Angelos Gkouvousis, Oliver Schneising, Michael Buchwitz, Maria Kanakidou, Maarten C. Krol, and Mihalis Vrekoussis
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 2861–2890, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2861-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2861-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We estimate carbon monoxide emissions through inverse modeling, an approach where measurements of tracers in the atmosphere are fed to a model to calculate backwards in time (inverse) where the tracers came from. We introduce measurements from a new satellite instrument and show that, in most places globally, these on their own sufficiently constrain the emissions. This alleviates the need for additional datasets, which could shorten the delay for future carbon monoxide source estimates.
Wouter Mol and Chiel van Heerwaarden
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4419–4441, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4419-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4419-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Sunlight varies often and quickly under broken cloud cover, and every cloud field creates a unique pattern of sunlight on the surface below. These variations affect many processes in the Earth system, from photosynthesis and chemistry to cloud formation itself. The exact way in which cloud particles interact with sunlight is complex and expensive to calculate. We demonstrate a simplified framework which explains how sunlight changes for potentially any cloud field.
Job I. Wiltink, Hartwig Deneke, Yves-Marie Saint-Drenan, Chiel C. van Heerwaarden, and Jan Fokke Meirink
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 6003–6024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6003-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6003-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Meteosat Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) global horizontal irradiance (GHI) retrievals are validated at standard and increased spatial resolution against a network of 99 pyranometers. GHI accuracy is strongly dependent on the cloud regime. Days with variable cloud conditions show significant accuracy improvements when retrieved at higher resolution. We highlight the benefits of dense network observations and a cloud-regime-resolved approach in validating GHI retrievals.
Mirjam Tijhuis, Bart J. H. van Stratum, and Chiel C. van Heerwaarden
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10567–10582, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10567-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10567-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Radiative transfer in the atmosphere is a 3D processes, which is often modelled in 1D for computational efficiency. We studied the differences between using 1D and 3D radiative transfer. With 3D radiation, larger clouds that contain more liquid water develop. However, they cover roughly the same part of the sky, and the average total radiation at the surface is nearly unchanged. The increase in cloud size might be important for weather models, as it can impact the formation of rain, for example.
Maarten Krol, Bart van Stratum, Isidora Anglou, and Klaas Folkert Boersma
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8243–8262, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8243-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8243-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents detailed plume simulations of nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide that are emitted from four large industrial facilities world-wide. Results from the high-resolution simulations that include atmospheric chemistry are compared to nitrogen dioxide observations from satellites. We find good performance of the model and show that common assumptions that are used in simplified models need revision. This work is important for the monitoring of emissions using satellite data.
Sandro Meier, Erik F. M. Koene, Maarten Krol, Dominik Brunner, Alexander Damm, and Gerrit Kuhlmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7667–7686, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7667-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7667-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) are important air pollutants. This study addresses the challenge of accurately estimating NOx emissions from NO2 satellite observations. We develop a realistic model to convert NO2 to NOx by using simulated plumes from various power plants. We apply the model to satellite NO2 observations, significantly reducing biases in estimated NOx emissions. The study highlights the potential for a consistent, high-resolution estimation of NOx emissions using satellite data.
Jin Ma, Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Norbert Glatthor, Stephen A. Montzka, Marc von Hobe, Thomas Röckmann, and Maarten C. Krol
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6047–6070, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6047-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6047-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The global budget of atmospheric COS can be optimised by inverse modelling using TM5-4DVAR, with the co-constraints of NOAA surface observations and MIPAS satellite data. We found reduced COS biosphere uptake from inversions and improved land and ocean separation using MIPAS satellite data assimilation. Further improvements are expected from better quantification of COS ocean and biosphere fluxes.
Farhan R. Nursanto, Roy Meinen, Rupert Holzinger, Maarten C. Krol, Xinya Liu, Ulrike Dusek, Bas Henzing, and Juliane L. Fry
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10015–10034, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10015-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10015-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Particulate matter (PM) is a harmful air pollutant that depends on the complex mixture of natural and anthropogenic emissions into the atmosphere. Thus, in different regions and seasons, the way that PM is formed and grows can differ. In this study, we use a combined statistical analysis of the chemical composition and particle size distribution to determine what drives particle formation and growth across seasons, using varying wind directions to elucidate the role of different sources.
Alessandro Zanchetta, Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Steven van Heuven, Andrea Scifo, Hubertus A. Scheeren, Ivan Mammarella, Ute Karstens, Jin Ma, Maarten Krol, and Huilin Chen
Biogeosciences, 20, 3539–3553, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3539-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3539-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Carbonyl sulfide (COS) has been suggested as a tool to estimate carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake by plants during photosynthesis. However, understanding its sources and sinks is critical to preventing biases in this estimate. Combining observations and models, this study proves that regional sources occasionally influence the measurements at the 60 m tall Lutjewad tower (1 m a.s.l.; 53°24′ N, 6°21′ E) in the Netherlands. Moreover, it estimates nighttime COS fluxes to be −3.0 ± 2.6 pmol m−2 s−1.
Bert G. Heusinkveld, Wouter B. Mol, and Chiel C. van Heerwaarden
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 3767–3785, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3767-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3767-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a new instrument for fast measurements of solar irradiance in 18 wavebands (400–950 nm): GPS perfectly synchronizes 10 Hz measurement speed to universal time, low-cost (< EUR 200) complete standalone solution for realizing dense measurement grids to study cloud-shading dynamics, 940 nm waveband reveals atmospheric moisture column information, 11 wavebands to study photosynthetic active radiation and light interaction with vegetation, and good reflection spectra performance.
Ara Cho, Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Richard Wehr, and Maarten C. Krol
Biogeosciences, 20, 2573–2594, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2573-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2573-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is a useful constraint for estimating photosynthesis. To simulate COS leaf flux better in the SiB4 model, we propose a novel temperature function for enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity and optimize conductances using observations. The optimal activity of CA occurs below 40 °C, and Ball–Woodrow–Berry parameters are slightly changed. These reduce/increase uptakes in the tropics/higher latitudes and contribute to resolving discrepancies in the COS global budget.
Wouter B. Mol, Wouter H. Knap, and Chiel C. van Heerwaarden
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2139–2151, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2139-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2139-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a dataset of detailed measurements of sunlight reaching the surface, recorded at a rate of one measurement per second for 10 years. The dataset includes detailed information on direct and scattered sunlight; classifications and statistics of variability; and observations of clouds, atmospheric composition, and wind. The dataset can be used to study how the atmosphere influences sunlight variability and to validate models that aim to predict this variability with greater accuracy.
Peter J. M. Bosman and Maarten C. Krol
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 47–74, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-47-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-47-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We describe an inverse modelling framework constructed around a simple model for the atmospheric boundary layer. This framework can be fed with various observation types to study the boundary layer and land–atmosphere exchange. With this framework, it is possible to estimate model parameters and the associated uncertainties. Some of these parameters are difficult to obtain directly by observations. An example application for a grassland in the Netherlands is included.
Srijana Lama, Sander Houweling, K. Folkert Boersma, Ilse Aben, Hugo A. C. Denier van der Gon, and Maarten C. Krol
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 16053–16071, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-16053-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-16053-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Hydroxyl radical (OH) is the important chemical species that determines the lifetime of some greenhouse gases and trace gases. OH plays a vital role in air pollution chemistry. OH has a short lifetime and is extremely difficult to measure directly. OH concentrations derived from the chemistry transport model (CTM) have uncertainties of >50 %. Therefore, in this study, OH is derived indirectly using satellite date in urban plumes.
Stijn Naus, Lucas G. Domingues, Maarten Krol, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Luciana V. Gatti, John B. Miller, Emanuel Gloor, Sourish Basu, Caio Correia, Gerbrand Koren, Helen M. Worden, Johannes Flemming, Gabrielle Pétron, and Wouter Peters
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14735–14750, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14735-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14735-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We assimilate MOPITT CO satellite data in the TM5-4D-Var inverse modelling framework to estimate Amazon fire CO emissions for 2003–2018. We show that fire emissions have decreased over the analysis period, coincident with a decrease in deforestation rates. However, interannual variations in fire emissions are large, and they correlate strongly with soil moisture. Our results reveal an important role for robust, top-down fire CO emissions in quantifying and attributing Amazon fire intensity.
Luuk D. van der Valk, Adriaan J. Teuling, Luc Girod, Norbert Pirk, Robin Stoffer, and Chiel C. van Heerwaarden
The Cryosphere, 16, 4319–4341, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4319-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4319-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Most large-scale hydrological and climate models struggle to capture the spatially highly variable wind-driven melt of patchy snow cover. In the field, we find that 60 %–80 % of the total melt is wind driven at the upwind edge of a snow patch, while it does not contribute at the downwind edge. Our idealized simulations show that the variation is due to a patch-size-independent air-temperature reduction over snow patches and also allow us to study the role of wind-driven snowmelt on larger scales.
Anja Ražnjević, Chiel van Heerwaarden, Bart van Stratum, Arjan Hensen, Ilona Velzeboer, Pim van den Bulk, and Maarten Krol
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6489–6505, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6489-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6489-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Mobile measurement techniques (e.g., instruments placed in cars) are often employed to identify and quantify individual sources of greenhouse gases. Due to road restrictions, those observations are often sparse (temporally and spatially). We performed high-resolution simulations of plume dispersion, with realistic weather conditions encountered in the field, to reproduce the measurement process of a methane plume emitted from an oil well and provide additional information about the plume.
Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Elisa Bergas-Massó, María Gonçalves-Ageitos, Carlos Pérez García-Pando, Twan van Noije, Philippe Le Sager, Akinori Ito, Eleni Athanasopoulou, Athanasios Nenes, Maria Kanakidou, Maarten C. Krol, and Evangelos Gerasopoulos
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3079–3120, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3079-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3079-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We here describe the implementation of atmospheric multiphase processes in the EC-Earth Earth system model. We provide global budgets of oxalate, sulfate, and iron-containing aerosols, along with an analysis of the links among atmospheric composition, aqueous-phase processes, and aerosol dissolution, supported by comparison to observations. This work is a first step towards an interactive calculation of the deposition of bioavailable atmospheric iron coupled to the model’s ocean component.
Juhi Nagori, Narcisa Nechita-Bândă, Sebastian Oscar Danielache, Masumi Shinkai, Thomas Röckmann, and Maarten Krol
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-68, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-68, 2022
Publication in ACP not foreseen
Short summary
Short summary
The sulfur isotopes (32S and 34S) were studied to understand the sources, sinks and processes of carbonyl sulphide (COS) in the atmosphere. COS is an important source of sulfur aerosol in the stratosphere (SSA). Few measurements of COS and SSA exist, but with our 1D model, we were able to match them and show the importance of COS to sulfate formation. Moreover, we are able to highlight some important processes for the COS budget and where measurements may fill a gap in current knowledge.
Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Ara Cho, Jin Ma, Aleya Kaushik, Katherine D. Haynes, Ian Baker, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Mathijs Groenink, Wouter Peters, John B. Miller, Joseph A. Berry, Jerome Ogée, Laura K. Meredith, Wu Sun, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Timo Vesala, Ivan Mammarella, Huilin Chen, Felix M. Spielmann, Georg Wohlfahrt, Max Berkelhammer, Mary E. Whelan, Kadmiel Maseyk, Ulli Seibt, Roisin Commane, Richard Wehr, and Maarten Krol
Biogeosciences, 18, 6547–6565, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6547-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6547-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The gas carbonyl sulfide (COS) can be used to estimate photosynthesis. To adopt this approach on regional and global scales, we need biosphere models that can simulate COS exchange. So far, such models have not been evaluated against observations. We evaluate the COS biosphere exchange of the SiB4 model against COS flux observations. We find that the model is capable of simulating key processes in COS biosphere exchange. Still, we give recommendations for further improvement of the model.
Auke J. Visser, Laurens N. Ganzeveld, Ignacio Goded, Maarten C. Krol, Ivan Mammarella, Giovanni Manca, and K. Folkert Boersma
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 18393–18411, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18393-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18393-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Dry deposition is an important sink for tropospheric ozone that affects ecosystem carbon uptake, but process understanding remains incomplete. We apply a common deposition representation in atmospheric chemistry models and a multi-layer canopy model to multi-year ozone deposition observations. The multi-layer canopy model performs better on diurnal timescales compared to the common approach, leading to a substantially improved simulation of ozone deposition and vegetation ozone impact metrics.
Vilma Kangasaho, Aki Tsuruta, Leif Backman, Pyry Mäkinen, Sander Houweling, Arjo Segers, Maarten Krol, Ed Dlugokencky, Sylvia Michel, James White, and Tuula Aalto
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-843, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-843, 2021
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the composition of carbon isotopes can help to better understand the changes in methane budgets. This study investigates how methane sources affect the seasonal cycle of the methane carbon-13 isotope during 2000–2012 using an atmospheric transport model. We found that emissions from both anthropogenic and natural sources contribute. The findings raise a need to revise the magnitudes, proportion, and seasonal cycles of anthropogenic sources and northern wetland emissions.
Cited articles
Andersen, T., Scheeren, B., Peters, W., and Chen, H.: A UAV-based active AirCore system for measurements of greenhouse gases, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 2683–2699, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-2683-2018, 2018. a
Ardeshiri, H., Cassiani, M., Park, S. Y., Stohl, A., Pisso, I., and Dinger, A. S.: On the Convergence and Capability of the Large-Eddy Simulation of Concentration Fluctuations in Passive Plumes for a Neutral Boundary Layer at Infinite Reynolds Number, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 176, 291–327, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-020-00537-6, 2020. a, b, c, d, e
Atherton, E., Risk, D., Fougère, C., Lavoie, M., Marshall, A., Werring, J., Williams, J. P., and Minions, C.: Mobile measurement of methane emissions from natural gas developments in northeastern British Columbia, Canada, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 12405–12420, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12405-2017, 2017. a, b, c
Baillie, J., Risk, D., Atherton, E., O'Connell, E., Fougére, C., Bourlon, E., and MacKay, K.: Methane emissions from conventional and unconventional oil and gas production sites in southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada, Environmental Research Communications, 1, 011003, https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ab01f2, 2019. a
Baker, L. H., Collins, W. J., Olivié, D. J. L., Cherian, R., Hodnebrog, Ø., Myhre, G., and Quaas, J.: Climate responses to anthropogenic emissions of short-lived climate pollutants, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 8201–8216, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8201-2015, 2015. a
Berman, E. S., Fladeland, M., Liem, J., Kolyer, R., and Gupta, M.: Greenhouse gas analyzer for measurements of carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor aboard an unmanned aerial vehicle, Sensor. Actuat. B-Chem., 169, 128–135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2012.04.036, 2012. a
Boppana, V. B. L., Xie, Z.-T., and Castro, I. P.: Large-eddy simulation of dispersion from surface sources in arrays of obstacles, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. 135, 433–454, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-010-9489-9, 2010. a
Boppana, V. B. L., Xie, Z. T., and Castro, I. P.: Large-eddy simulation of dispersion from line sources in a turbulent channel flow, Flow Turbul. Combust., 88, 311–342, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10494-011-9356-x, 2012. a, b
Branford, S., Coceal, O., Thomas, T. G., and Belcher, S. E.: Dispersion of a point-source release of a passive scalar through an urban-like array for different wind directions, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. 139, 367–394, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-011-9589-1, 2011. a
Brantley, H. L., Thoma, E. D., Squier, W. C., Guven, B. B., and Lyon, D.: Assessment of methane emissions from oil and gas production pads using mobile measurements, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 14508–14515, https://doi.org/10.1021/es503070q 2014. a
Brasseur, J. G., and Wei, T.: Designing large-eddy simulation of the turbulent boundary layer to capture law-of-the-wall scaling, Phys. Fluids, 22, 021303, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3319073, 2010. a
Briggs, G.: Diffusion estimation of small emissions, NOAA, Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Laboratory Contribution No. 79, 83–145, https://doi.org/10.2172/5118833, 1973. a
Cassiani, M., Bertagni, M. B., Marro, M., and Salizzoni, P.: Concentration Fluctuations from Localized Atmospheric Releases, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 177, 461–510, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-020-00547-4, 2020. a
Caulton, D. R., Li, Q., Bou-Zeid, E., Fitts, J. P., Golston, L. M., Pan, D., Lu, J., Lane, H. M., Buchholz, B., Guo, X., McSpiritt, J., Wendt, L., and Zondlo, M. A.: Quantifying uncertainties from mobile-laboratory-derived emissions of well pads using inverse Gaussian methods, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15145–15168, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15145-2018, 2018. a, b, c, d, e, f, g
Cimorelli, A. J., Perry, S. G., Venkatram, A., Weil, J. C., Paine, R. J., Wilson, R. B., Leeg, R. F., Peters, W. D., and Brode, R. W.: AERMOD: A dispersion model for industrial source applications. Part I: General model formulation and boundary layer characterization, J. Appl. Meteorol., 44, 682–693, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2227.1, 2005. a
Csanady, G. T.: Turbulent Diffusion in the Environment, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, 248 pp., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-2527-0, 1973. a
Cui, Y. Y., Henze, D. K., Brioude, J., Angevine, W. M., Liu, Z., Bousserez, N., Guerrette, J., McKeen, S. A., Peischl, J., Yuan, B., Ryerson, T., Frost, G., and Trainer, M.: Inversion Estimates of Lognormally Distributed Methane Emission Rates From the Haynesville-Bossier Oil and Gas Production Region Using Airborne Measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 3520–3531, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029489, 2019. a
Dinger, A. S., Stebel, K., Cassiani, M., Ardeshiri, H., Bernardo, C., Kylling, A., Park, S.-Y., Pisso, I., Schmidbauer, N., Wasseng, J., and Stohl, A.: Observation of turbulent dispersion of artificially released SO2 puffs with UV cameras, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 6169–6188, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-6169-2018, 2018. a
Dosio, A. and de Arellano, J. V. G.: Statistics of absolute and relative dispersion in the atmospheric convective boundary layer: a large-eddy simulation study, J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 1253–1272, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3689.1, 2006. a, b
Edie, R., Robertson, A. M., Field, R. A., Soltis, J., Snare, D. A., Zimmerle, D., Bell, C. S., Vaughn, T. L., and Murphy, S. M.: Constraining the accuracy of flux estimates using OTM 33A, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 341–353, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-341-2020, 2020. a, b, c, d
Foster-Wittig, T. A., Thoma, E. D., and Albertson, J. D.: Estimation of point source fugitive emission rates from a single sensor time series: A conditionally-sampled Gaussian plume reconstruction, Atmos. Environ., 115, 101–109, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.05.042, 2015. a
Fritz, B. K., Shaw, B. W., and Parnell, C. B.: Influence of meteorological time frame and variation on horizontal dispersion coefficients in gaussian dispersion modeling, T. ASAE, 48, 1185–1196, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.18501, 2005. a
Gailis, R. M., Hill, A., Yee, E., and Hilderman, T.: Extension of a fluctuating plume model of tracer dispersion to a sheared boundary layer and to a large array of obstacles, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 122, 577–607, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-006-9118-9, 2007. a
Gifford, F.: Statistical properties of a fluctuating plume dispersion model, Adv. Geophys., 6, 117–137, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60099-0, 1959. a
Griffiths, R. F.: Errors in the use of the Briggs parameterization for atmospheric dispersion coefficients, Atmos. Environ., 28, 2861–2865, https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)90086-8, 1994. a, b, c
Hensen, A. and Scharff, H.: Methane emission estimates from landfills obtained with dynamic plume measurements, Water Air Soil Poll., 1, 455–464, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013162129012, 2001. a
Hensen, A., Groot, T. T., Van den Bulk, W. C. M., Vermeulen, A. T., Olesen, J. E., and Schelde, K.: Dairy farm CH4 and N2O emissions, from one square metre to the full farm scale, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 112, 146–152, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.08.014, 2006. a
Houweling, S., Krol, M., Bergamaschi, P., Frankenberg, C., Dlugokencky, E. J., Morino, I., Notholt, J., Sherlock, V., Wunch, D., Beck, V., Gerbig, C., Chen, H., Kort, E. A., Röckmann, T., and Aben, I.: A multi-year methane inversion using SCIAMACHY, accounting for systematic errors using TCCON measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 3991–4012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3991-2014, 2014. a
Korsakissok, I. and Mallet, V.: Comparative study of Gaussian dispersion formulas within the Polyphemus platform: evaluation with Prairie Grass and Kincaid experiments, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 48, 2459–2473, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAMC2160.1, 2009. a, b, c
Lan, X., Talbot, R., Laine, P., and Torres, A.: Characterizing fugitive methane emissions in the Barnett Shale area using a mobile laboratory, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 8139–8146, https://doi.org/10.1021/es5063055, 2015. a
Matheou, G. and Bowman, K. W.: A recycling method for the large-eddy simulation of plumes in the atmospheric boundary layer, Environ. Fluid Mech., 16, 69–85, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10652-015-9413-4, 2016. a
Mitchell, A. L., Tkacik, D. S., Roscioli, J. R., Herndon, S. C., Yacovitch, T. I., Martinez, D. M., Vaughn, T. L., Williams, L. L., Sullivan, M. R., Floerchinger, C., Omara, M., Subramanian, R., Zimmerle, D., Marchese, A. J., and Robinson, A. L.: Measurements of methane emissions from natural gas gathering facilities and processing plants: Measurement results, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 3219–3227, https://doi.org/10.1021/es5052809, 2015. a
Mønster, J., Samuelsson, J., Kjeldsen, P., and Scheutz, C.: Quantification of methane emissions from 15 Danish landfills using the mobile tracer dispersion method, Waste Manage., 35, 177–186, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.09.006, 2015. a
Nironi, C., Salizzoni, P., Marro, M., Mejean, P., Grosjean, N., and Soulhac, L.: Dispersion of a passive scalar fluctuating plume in a turbulent boundary layer. Part I: velocity and concentration measurements, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 156, 415–446, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-015-0040-x, 2015. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m
Oskouie, S. N., Wang, B. C., and Yee, E.: Numerical study of dual-plume interference in a turbulent boundary layer, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 164, 419–447, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-017-0256-z, 2017. a
Phillips, N. G., Ackley, R., Crosson, E. R., Down, A., Hutyra, L. R., Brondfield, M., Karrd, J. D., Zhao, K., and Jackson, R. B.: Mapping urban pipeline leaks: Methane leaks across Boston, Environ. Pollut., 173, 1–4, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.11.003, 2013. a
Pope, S. B.: Turbulent flows, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ISBN 9780521598866, 2000. a
Ražnjević, A., van Heerwaarden, C., van Stratum, B., Hensen, A., Velzeboer, I., van den Bulk, P., and Krol, M.: Technical note: Interpretation of field observations of point-source methane plume using observation-driven large-eddy simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6489–6505, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6489-2022, 2022. a
Robertson, A. M., Edie, R., Snare, D., Soltis, J., Field, R. A., Burkhart, M. D., Bell, C.S., Zimmerle, D., and Murphy, S. M.: Variation in methane emission rates from well pads in four oil and gas basins with contrasting production volumes and compositions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 8832–8840, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00571, 2017. a
Röckmann, T., Eyer, S., van der Veen, C., Popa, M. E., Tuzson, B., Monteil, G., Houweling, S., Harris, E., Brunner, D., Fischer, H., Zazzeri, G., Lowry, D., Nisbet, E. G., Brand, W. A., Necki, J. M., Emmenegger, L., and Mohn, J.: In situ observations of the isotopic composition of methane at the Cabauw tall tower site, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 10469–10487, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10469-2016, 2016. a
Saunois, M., Bousquet, P., Poulter, B., Peregon, A., Ciais, P., Canadell, J. G., Dlugokencky, E. J., Etiope, G., Bastviken, D., Houweling, S., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Tubiello, F. N., Castaldi, S., Jackson, R. B., Alexe, M., Arora, V. K., Beerling, D. J., Bergamaschi, P., Blake, D. R., Brailsford, G., Brovkin, V., Bruhwiler, L., Crevoisier, C., Crill, P., Covey, K., Curry, C., Frankenberg, C., Gedney, N., Höglund-Isaksson, L., Ishizawa, M., Ito, A., Joos, F., Kim, H.-S., Kleinen, T., Krummel, P., Lamarque, J.-F., Langenfelds, R., Locatelli, R., Machida, T., Maksyutov, S., McDonald, K. C., Marshall, J., Melton, J. R., Morino, I., Naik, V., O'Doherty, S., Parmentier, F.-J. W., Patra, P. K., Peng, C., Peng, S., Peters, G. P., Pison, I., Prigent, C., Prinn, R., Ramonet, M., Riley, W. J., Saito, M., Santini, M., Schroeder, R., Simpson, I. J., Spahni, R., Steele, P., Takizawa, A., Thornton, B. F., Tian, H., Tohjima, Y., Viovy, N., Voulgarakis, A., van Weele, M., van der Werf, G. R., Weiss, R., Wiedinmyer, C., Wilton, D. J., Wiltshire, A., Worthy, D., Wunch, D., Xu, X., Yoshida, Y., Zhang, B., Zhang, Z., and Zhu, Q.: The global methane budget 2000–2012, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 697–751, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-697-2016, 2016. a
Shah, A., Pitt, J. R., Ricketts, H., Leen, J. B., Williams, P. I., Kabbabe, K., Gallagher, M. W., and Allen, G.: Testing the near-field Gaussian plume inversion flux quantification technique using unmanned aerial vehicle sampling, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 1467–1484, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1467-2020, 2020.
a
van Heerwaarden, C. C., van Stratum, B. J. H., Heus, T., Gibbs, J. A., Fedorovich, E., and Mellado, J. P.: MicroHH 1.0: a computational fluid dynamics code for direct numerical simulation and large-eddy simulation of atmospheric boundary layer flows, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3145–3165, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3145-2017, 2017a. a
van Heerwaarden, C. C., van Stratum, B. J. H., and Heus, T.: microhh/microhh: 1.0.0, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.822842, 2017b. a
Wunch, D., Jones, D. B. A., Toon, G. C., Deutscher, N. M., Hase, F., Notholt, J., Sussmann, R., Warneke, T., Kuenen, J., Denier van der Gon, H., Fisher, J. A., and Maasakkers, J. D.: Emissions of methane in Europe inferred by total column measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 3963–3980, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3963-2019, 2019. a
Xiao, S., Peng, C., and Yang, D.: Large-eddy simulation of bubble plume in stratified crossflow, Phys. Rev. Fluids, 6, 044613, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.6.044613, 2021. a
Yacovitch, T. I., Herndon, S. C., Pétron, G., Kofler, J., Lyon, D., Zahniser, M. S., and Kolb, C. E.: Mobile laboratory observations of methane emissions in the Barnett Shale region, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 7889–7895, https://doi.org/10.1021/es506352j, 2015. a, b
Zickfeld, K., Solomon, S., and Gilford, D. M.: Centuries of thermal sea-level rise due to anthropogenic emissions of short-lived greenhouse gases, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114, 657–662, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1612066114, 2017. a
Short summary
We evaluate two widely used observational techniques (Other Test Method (OTM) 33A and car drive-bys) that estimate point source gas emissions. We performed our analysis on high-resolution plume dispersion simulation. For car drive-bys we found that at least 15 repeated measurements were needed to get within 40 % of the true emissions. OTM 33A produced large errors in estimation (50 %–200 %) due to its sensitivity to dispersion coefficients and underlying simplifying assumptions.
We evaluate two widely used observational techniques (Other Test Method (OTM) 33A and car...
