Articles | Volume 14, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1689-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1689-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
01 Mar 2021
Research article |
| 01 Mar 2021
| 01 Mar 2021
Measurement characteristics of an airborne microwave temperature profiler (MTP)
Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
previously published under the name Mareike Kenntner
Andreas Fix
Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Matthias Jirousek
Institut für Hochfrequenztechnik, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Franz Schreier
Institut für Methodik der Fernerkundung, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Institut für Methodik der Fernerkundung, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Markus Rapp
Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Related authors
No articles found.
Bohai Li, Shanshan Wang, Zhiwen Jiang, Yuhao Yan, Sanbao Zhang, Ruibin Xue, Yuhan Shi, Chuanqi Gu, Jian Xu, and Bin Zhou
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2588, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2588, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Based on ground-based remote sensing and sea-land breeze identification algorithms, researchers found that sea breezes and typhoons along Hainan Island's coast suppress photochemical reactions but transport ozone precursors to the area. Sea breezes largely confine pollutants below 300 m, while typhoons elevate pollution levels at mid-upper altitudes. These findings highlight that tropical coastal sea breezes and typhoons threaten air quality, necessitating targeted pollution mitigation policies.
Yutong Wang, Huazhe Shang, Chenqian Tang, Jian Xu, Tianyang Ji, Wenwu Wang, Lesi Wei, Yonghui Lei, Jiancheng Shi, and Husi Letu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2471, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2471, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
By analyzing global CloudSat data, we identified that most liquid cloud profiles have triangle-shaped or steadily decreasing structures, and we developed a new method using pattern recognition, fitting techniques, and machine learning to accurately estimate these profiles. This research advances our understanding of cloud life cycle and improves the ability to characterize cloud profiles, which is crucial for enhancing weather forecast and climate change research.
Birte Klug, Ralf Weigel, Konrad Kandler, Markus Rapp, Manuel Baumgartner, Thomas Böttger, Klaus Dieter Wilhelm, Harald Rott, Thomas Kenntner, Oliver Drescher, and Anna Hundertmark
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-510, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-510, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The nuclei onto which noctilucent clouds (NLC) form are largely unknown. We investigated the development of an inertia-based particle collector allowing for sampling NLC particles during a sounding rocket flight for off-line single particle physico-chemical analyzes. Computational fluid dynamics simulations (for Mach numbers 1.31 and 1.75) support the design and development process in reference to a basic mechanical concept of particle sampling and sample storage, which is also presented here.
Joan Stude, Heinfried Aufmhoff, Hans Schlager, Markus Rapp, Carsten Baumann, Frank Arnold, and Boris Strelnikov
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 383–396, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-383-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-383-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We used a mass spectrometer on a rocket to analyze natural ions at altitudes between 60 and 120 km. Our instrument was launched in 2018 and 2021 from Norway. The heaviest particles were detected around 80 km, while medium particles could be found even above 100 km. Our measurements show that different particles are formed and not just one predominating compound. The most likely compounds that form meteor smoke particles in our measurements are made up of oxides of iron, magnesium and silicon.
Natalie Kaifler, Bernd Kaifler, Markus Rapp, Guiping Liu, Diego Janches, Gerd Baumgarten, and Jose-Luis Hormaechea
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 14029–14044, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14029-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14029-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Noctilucent clouds (NLCs) are silvery clouds that can be viewed during twilight and indicate atmospheric conditions like temperature and water vapor in the upper mesosphere. High-resolution measurements from a remote sensing laser instrument provide NLC height, brightness, and occurrence rate since 2017. Most observations occur in the morning hours, likely caused by strong tidal winds, and NLC ice particles are thus transported from elsewhere to the observing location in the Southern Hemisphere.
Christoph Kiemle, Andreas Fix, Christian Fruck, Gerhard Ehret, and Martin Wirth
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 6569–6578, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6569-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6569-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrous oxide is the third most important greenhouse gas modified by human activities after carbon dioxide and methane. This study examines the feasibility of airborne differential absorption lidar to quantify emissions from agriculture, fossil fuel combustion, industry, and biomass burning. Simulations show that a technically realizable and affordable mid-infrared lidar system will be able to measure the nitrous oxide column concentration enhancements with sufficient precision.
Sven Krautwurst, Christian Fruck, Sebastian Wolff, Jakob Borchardt, Oke Huhs, Konstantin Gerilowski, Michał Gałkowski, Christoph Kiemle, Mathieu Quatrevalet, Martin Wirth, Christian Mallaun, John P. Burrows, Christoph Gerbig, Andreas Fix, Hartmut Bösch, and Heinrich Bovensmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3182, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3182, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Anomalously high CH4 emissions from landfills in Madrid, Spain, have been observed by satellite measurements in recent years. Our investigations of these waste facilities using passive and active airborne remote sensing measurements confirm these high emission rates with values of up to 13 th-1 during the overflight and show excellent agreement between the two techniques. A large fraction of the emissions is attributed to active landfill sites.
Bjorn Stevens, Stefan Adami, Tariq Ali, Hartwig Anzt, Zafer Aslan, Sabine Attinger, Jaana Bäck, Johanna Baehr, Peter Bauer, Natacha Bernier, Bob Bishop, Hendryk Bockelmann, Sandrine Bony, Guy Brasseur, David N. Bresch, Sean Breyer, Gilbert Brunet, Pier Luigi Buttigieg, Junji Cao, Christelle Castet, Yafang Cheng, Ayantika Dey Choudhury, Deborah Coen, Susanne Crewell, Atish Dabholkar, Qing Dai, Francisco Doblas-Reyes, Dale Durran, Ayoub El Gaidi, Charlie Ewen, Eleftheria Exarchou, Veronika Eyring, Florencia Falkinhoff, David Farrell, Piers M. Forster, Ariane Frassoni, Claudia Frauen, Oliver Fuhrer, Shahzad Gani, Edwin Gerber, Debra Goldfarb, Jens Grieger, Nicolas Gruber, Wilco Hazeleger, Rolf Herken, Chris Hewitt, Torsten Hoefler, Huang-Hsiung Hsu, Daniela Jacob, Alexandra Jahn, Christian Jakob, Thomas Jung, Christopher Kadow, In-Sik Kang, Sarah Kang, Karthik Kashinath, Katharina Kleinen-von Königslöw, Daniel Klocke, Uta Kloenne, Milan Klöwer, Chihiro Kodama, Stefan Kollet, Tobias Kölling, Jenni Kontkanen, Steve Kopp, Michal Koran, Markku Kulmala, Hanna Lappalainen, Fakhria Latifi, Bryan Lawrence, June Yi Lee, Quentin Lejeun, Christian Lessig, Chao Li, Thomas Lippert, Jürg Luterbacher, Pekka Manninen, Jochem Marotzke, Satoshi Matsouoka, Charlotte Merchant, Peter Messmer, Gero Michel, Kristel Michielsen, Tomoki Miyakawa, Jens Müller, Ramsha Munir, Sandeep Narayanasetti, Ousmane Ndiaye, Carlos Nobre, Achim Oberg, Riko Oki, Tuba Özkan-Haller, Tim Palmer, Stan Posey, Andreas Prein, Odessa Primus, Mike Pritchard, Julie Pullen, Dian Putrasahan, Johannes Quaas, Krishnan Raghavan, Venkatachalam Ramaswamy, Markus Rapp, Florian Rauser, Markus Reichstein, Aromar Revi, Sonakshi Saluja, Masaki Satoh, Vera Schemann, Sebastian Schemm, Christina Schnadt Poberaj, Thomas Schulthess, Cath Senior, Jagadish Shukla, Manmeet Singh, Julia Slingo, Adam Sobel, Silvina Solman, Jenna Spitzer, Philip Stier, Thomas Stocker, Sarah Strock, Hang Su, Petteri Taalas, John Taylor, Susann Tegtmeier, Georg Teutsch, Adrian Tompkins, Uwe Ulbrich, Pier-Luigi Vidale, Chien-Ming Wu, Hao Xu, Najibullah Zaki, Laure Zanna, Tianjun Zhou, and Florian Ziemen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2113–2122, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2113-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2113-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To manage Earth in the Anthropocene, new tools, new institutions, and new forms of international cooperation will be required. Earth Virtualization Engines is proposed as an international federation of centers of excellence to empower all people to respond to the immense and urgent challenges posed by climate change.
Alina Fiehn, Maximilian Eckl, Julian Kostinek, Michał Gałkowski, Christoph Gerbig, Michael Rothe, Thomas Röckmann, Malika Menoud, Hossein Maazallahi, Martina Schmidt, Piotr Korbeń, Jarosław Neçki, Mila Stanisavljević, Justyna Swolkień, Andreas Fix, and Anke Roiger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15749–15765, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15749-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15749-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
During the CoMet mission in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) ground-based and airborne air samples were taken and analyzed for the isotopic composition of CH4 to derive the mean signature of the USCB and source signatures of individual coal mines. Using δ2H signatures, the biogenic emissions from the USCB account for 15 %–50 % of total emissions, which is underestimated in common emission inventories. This demonstrates the importance of δ2H-CH4 observations for methane source apportionment.
Philipp Hochstaffl, Franz Schreier, Claas Henning Köhler, Andreas Baumgartner, and Daniele Cerra
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4195–4214, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4195-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4195-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The study examines methane enhancements inferred from hyperspectral imaging observations using different retrieval schemes. One of the core challenges is the high spatial and moderate spectral resolution as it makes separation of spectral variations caused by molecular absorption and surface reflectivity challenging. It was found that localized methane enhancements can be detected and quantified from HySpex airborne observations using various retrieval schemes.
Wenyu Wang, Jian Xu, and Zhenzhan Wang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4137–4153, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4137-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4137-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This article presents a study for feasibility analysis of atmospheric wind measurement using a terahertz (THz) passive limb radiometer with high spectral resolution. The simulations show that line-of-sight wind from 40 to 120 km can be obtained better than 10 m s−1 (at most altitudes it is better than 5 m s−1) using the O3, O2, H2O, and OI bands. This study will provide reference for future payload design.
Truls Andersen, Zhao Zhao, Marcel de Vries, Jaroslaw Necki, Justyna Swolkien, Malika Menoud, Thomas Röckmann, Anke Roiger, Andreas Fix, Wouter Peters, and Huilin Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5191–5216, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5191-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5191-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland, is one of the hot spots of methane emissions in Europe. Using an uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV), we performed atmospheric measurements of methane concentrations downwind of five ventilation shafts in this region and determined the emission rates from the individual shafts. We found a strong correlation between quantified shaft-averaged emission rates and hourly inventory data, which also allows us to estimate the methane emissions from the entire region.
Benjamin Witschas, Sonja Gisinger, Stephan Rahm, Andreas Dörnbrack, David C. Fritts, and Markus Rapp
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1087–1101, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1087-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1087-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, a novel scan technique is applied to an airborne coherent Doppler wind lidar, enabling us to measure the vertical wind speed and the horizontal wind speed along flight direction simultaneously with a horizontal resolution of about 800 m and a vertical resolution of 100 m. The performed observations are valuable for gravity wave characterization as they allow us to calculate the leg-averaged momentum flux profile and, with that, the propagation direction of excited gravity waves.
Dominik Brunner, Gerrit Kuhlmann, Stephan Henne, Erik Koene, Bastian Kern, Sebastian Wolff, Christiane Voigt, Patrick Jöckel, Christoph Kiemle, Anke Roiger, Alina Fiehn, Sven Krautwurst, Konstantin Gerilowski, Heinrich Bovensmann, Jakob Borchardt, Michal Galkowski, Christoph Gerbig, Julia Marshall, Andrzej Klonecki, Pascal Prunet, Robert Hanfland, Margit Pattantyús-Ábrahám, Andrzej Wyszogrodzki, and Andreas Fix
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2699–2728, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2699-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2699-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated six atmospheric transport models for their capability to simulate the CO2 plumes from two of the largest power plants in Europe by comparing the models against aircraft observations collected during the CoMet (Carbon Dioxide and Methane Mission) campaign in 2018. The study analyzed how realistically such plumes can be simulated at different model resolutions and how well the planned European satellite mission CO2M will be able to quantify emissions from power plants.
Andreas Schäfler, Michael Sprenger, Heini Wernli, Andreas Fix, and Martin Wirth
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 999–1018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-999-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-999-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, airborne lidar profile measurements of H2O and O3 across a midlatitude jet stream are combined with analyses in tracer–trace space and backward trajectories. We highlight that transport and mixing processes in the history of the observed air masses are governed by interacting tropospheric weather systems on synoptic timescales. We show that these weather systems play a key role in the high variability of the paired H2O and O3 distributions near the tropopause.
Natalie Kaifler, Bernd Kaifler, Markus Rapp, and David C. Fritts
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 949–961, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-949-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-949-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We used a lidar to measure polar mesospheric clouds from a balloon floating in the upper stratosphere. The thin-layered ice clouds at 83 km altitude are perturbed by waves. The high-resolution lidar soundings reveal small-scale structures induced by the breaking of those waves. We study these patterns and find that they occur very often. We show their morphology and discuss associated dynamical physical processes, which help to interpret case studies and to guide modelling.
Hans-Christoph Lachnitt, Peter Hoor, Daniel Kunkel, Martina Bramberger, Andreas Dörnbrack, Stefan Müller, Philipp Reutter, Andreas Giez, Thorsten Kaluza, and Markus Rapp
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 355–373, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-355-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-355-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present an analysis of high-resolution airborne measurements during a flight of the DEEPWAVE 2014 campaign in New Zealand. The focus of this flight was to study the effects of enhanced mountain wave activity over the Southern Alps. We discuss changes in the upstream and downstream distributions of N2O and CO and show that these changes are related to turbulence-induced trace gas fluxes which have persistent effects on the trace gas composition in the lower stratosphere.
Justyna Swolkień, Andreas Fix, and Michał Gałkowski
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 16031–16052, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-16031-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-16031-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Determination of emissions from coal mines on a local scale requires instantaneous data. We analysed temporal emission data for ventilation shafts and factors influencing their variability. They were saturation of the seams with methane, the permeability of the rock mass, and coal output. The data for the verification should reflect the actual values of emissions from point sources. It is recommended to achieve this by using a standardised emission measurement system for all coal mines.
Natalie Kaifler, Bernd Kaifler, Markus Rapp, and David C. Fritts
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4923–4934, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4923-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4923-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We measured polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs), our Earth’s highest clouds at the edge of space, with a Rayleigh lidar from a stratospheric balloon. We describe how we derive the cloud’s brightness and discuss the stability of the gondola pointing and the sensitivity of our measurements. We present our high-resolution PMC dataset that is used to study dynamical processes in the upper mesosphere, e.g. regarding gravity waves, mesospheric bores, vortex rings, and Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities.
Carsten Baumann, Antti Kero, Shikha Raizada, Markus Rapp, Michael P. Sulzer, Pekka T. Verronen, and Juha Vierinen
Ann. Geophys., 40, 519–530, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-519-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-519-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Arecibo radar was used to probe free electrons of the ionized atmosphere between 70 and 100 km altitude. This is also the altitude region were meteors evaporate and form secondary particulate matter, the so-called meteor smoke particles (MSPs). Free electrons attach to these MSPs when the sun is below the horizon and cause a drop in the number of free electrons, which are the subject of these measurements. We also identified a different number of free electrons during sunset and sunrise.
Stefanie Knobloch, Bernd Kaifler, and Markus Rapp
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2021-310, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2021-310, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
The study tests the quality of temperature measurements from the airborne Rayleigh lidar ALIMA. The ALIMA system was first used during the SouthTRAC campaign in September 2019 in the vicinity of the Southern Andes, Drake Passage and Antarctic Peninsula. The raw lidar measurements are additionally simulated based on reanalysis data for one research flight. Different types of uncertainty influencing the accuracy of the temperature measurements are studied, e.g. atmospheric and technical sources.
Sven Krautwurst, Konstantin Gerilowski, Jakob Borchardt, Norman Wildmann, Michał Gałkowski, Justyna Swolkień, Julia Marshall, Alina Fiehn, Anke Roiger, Thomas Ruhtz, Christoph Gerbig, Jaroslaw Necki, John P. Burrows, Andreas Fix, and Heinrich Bovensmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17345–17371, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17345-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17345-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Quantification of anthropogenic CH4 emissions remains challenging, but it is essential for near-term climate mitigation strategies. We use airborne remote sensing observations to assess bottom-up estimates of coal mining emissions from one of Europe's largest CH4 emission hot spots located in Poland. The analysis reveals that emissions from small groups of shafts can be disentangled, but caution is advised when comparing observations to commonly reported annual emissions.
Song Liu, Pieter Valks, Gaia Pinardi, Jian Xu, Ka Lok Chan, Athina Argyrouli, Ronny Lutz, Steffen Beirle, Ehsan Khorsandi, Frank Baier, Vincent Huijnen, Alkiviadis Bais, Sebastian Donner, Steffen Dörner, Myrto Gratsea, François Hendrick, Dimitris Karagkiozidis, Kezia Lange, Ankie J. M. Piters, Julia Remmers, Andreas Richter, Michel Van Roozendael, Thomas Wagner, Mark Wenig, and Diego G. Loyola
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7297–7327, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7297-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7297-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, an improved tropospheric NO2 retrieval algorithm from TROPOMI measurements over Europe is presented. The stratospheric estimation is implemented with correction for the dependency of the stratospheric NO2 on the viewing geometry. The AMF calculation is implemented using improved surface albedo, a priori NO2 profiles, and cloud correction. The improved tropospheric NO2 data show good correlations with ground-based MAX-DOAS measurements.
Bjorn Stevens, Sandrine Bony, David Farrell, Felix Ament, Alan Blyth, Christopher Fairall, Johannes Karstensen, Patricia K. Quinn, Sabrina Speich, Claudia Acquistapace, Franziska Aemisegger, Anna Lea Albright, Hugo Bellenger, Eberhard Bodenschatz, Kathy-Ann Caesar, Rebecca Chewitt-Lucas, Gijs de Boer, Julien Delanoë, Leif Denby, Florian Ewald, Benjamin Fildier, Marvin Forde, Geet George, Silke Gross, Martin Hagen, Andrea Hausold, Karen J. Heywood, Lutz Hirsch, Marek Jacob, Friedhelm Jansen, Stefan Kinne, Daniel Klocke, Tobias Kölling, Heike Konow, Marie Lothon, Wiebke Mohr, Ann Kristin Naumann, Louise Nuijens, Léa Olivier, Robert Pincus, Mira Pöhlker, Gilles Reverdin, Gregory Roberts, Sabrina Schnitt, Hauke Schulz, A. Pier Siebesma, Claudia Christine Stephan, Peter Sullivan, Ludovic Touzé-Peiffer, Jessica Vial, Raphaela Vogel, Paquita Zuidema, Nicola Alexander, Lyndon Alves, Sophian Arixi, Hamish Asmath, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Katharina Baier, Adriana Bailey, Dariusz Baranowski, Alexandre Baron, Sébastien Barrau, Paul A. Barrett, Frédéric Batier, Andreas Behrendt, Arne Bendinger, Florent Beucher, Sebastien Bigorre, Edmund Blades, Peter Blossey, Olivier Bock, Steven Böing, Pierre Bosser, Denis Bourras, Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot, Keith Bower, Pierre Branellec, Hubert Branger, Michal Brennek, Alan Brewer, Pierre-Etienne Brilouet, Björn Brügmann, Stefan A. Buehler, Elmo Burke, Ralph Burton, Radiance Calmer, Jean-Christophe Canonici, Xavier Carton, Gregory Cato Jr., Jude Andre Charles, Patrick Chazette, Yanxu Chen, Michal T. Chilinski, Thomas Choularton, Patrick Chuang, Shamal Clarke, Hugh Coe, Céline Cornet, Pierre Coutris, Fleur Couvreux, Susanne Crewell, Timothy Cronin, Zhiqiang Cui, Yannis Cuypers, Alton Daley, Gillian M. Damerell, Thibaut Dauhut, Hartwig Deneke, Jean-Philippe Desbios, Steffen Dörner, Sebastian Donner, Vincent Douet, Kyla Drushka, Marina Dütsch, André Ehrlich, Kerry Emanuel, Alexandros Emmanouilidis, Jean-Claude Etienne, Sheryl Etienne-Leblanc, Ghislain Faure, Graham Feingold, Luca Ferrero, Andreas Fix, Cyrille Flamant, Piotr Jacek Flatau, Gregory R. Foltz, Linda Forster, Iulian Furtuna, Alan Gadian, Joseph Galewsky, Martin Gallagher, Peter Gallimore, Cassandra Gaston, Chelle Gentemann, Nicolas Geyskens, Andreas Giez, John Gollop, Isabelle Gouirand, Christophe Gourbeyre, Dörte de Graaf, Geiske E. de Groot, Robert Grosz, Johannes Güttler, Manuel Gutleben, Kashawn Hall, George Harris, Kevin C. Helfer, Dean Henze, Calvert Herbert, Bruna Holanda, Antonio Ibanez-Landeta, Janet Intrieri, Suneil Iyer, Fabrice Julien, Heike Kalesse, Jan Kazil, Alexander Kellman, Abiel T. Kidane, Ulrike Kirchner, Marcus Klingebiel, Mareike Körner, Leslie Ann Kremper, Jan Kretzschmar, Ovid Krüger, Wojciech Kumala, Armin Kurz, Pierre L'Hégaret, Matthieu Labaste, Tom Lachlan-Cope, Arlene Laing, Peter Landschützer, Theresa Lang, Diego Lange, Ingo Lange, Clément Laplace, Gauke Lavik, Rémi Laxenaire, Caroline Le Bihan, Mason Leandro, Nathalie Lefevre, Marius Lena, Donald Lenschow, Qiang Li, Gary Lloyd, Sebastian Los, Niccolò Losi, Oscar Lovell, Christopher Luneau, Przemyslaw Makuch, Szymon Malinowski, Gaston Manta, Eleni Marinou, Nicholas Marsden, Sebastien Masson, Nicolas Maury, Bernhard Mayer, Margarette Mayers-Als, Christophe Mazel, Wayne McGeary, James C. McWilliams, Mario Mech, Melina Mehlmann, Agostino Niyonkuru Meroni, Theresa Mieslinger, Andreas Minikin, Peter Minnett, Gregor Möller, Yanmichel Morfa Avalos, Caroline Muller, Ionela Musat, Anna Napoli, Almuth Neuberger, Christophe Noisel, David Noone, Freja Nordsiek, Jakub L. Nowak, Lothar Oswald, Douglas J. Parker, Carolyn Peck, Renaud Person, Miriam Philippi, Albert Plueddemann, Christopher Pöhlker, Veronika Pörtge, Ulrich Pöschl, Lawrence Pologne, Michał Posyniak, Marc Prange, Estefanía Quiñones Meléndez, Jule Radtke, Karim Ramage, Jens Reimann, Lionel Renault, Klaus Reus, Ashford Reyes, Joachim Ribbe, Maximilian Ringel, Markus Ritschel, Cesar B. Rocha, Nicolas Rochetin, Johannes Röttenbacher, Callum Rollo, Haley Royer, Pauline Sadoulet, Leo Saffin, Sanola Sandiford, Irina Sandu, Michael Schäfer, Vera Schemann, Imke Schirmacher, Oliver Schlenczek, Jerome Schmidt, Marcel Schröder, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Andrea Sealy, Christoph J. Senff, Ilya Serikov, Samkeyat Shohan, Elizabeth Siddle, Alexander Smirnov, Florian Späth, Branden Spooner, M. Katharina Stolla, Wojciech Szkółka, Simon P. de Szoeke, Stéphane Tarot, Eleni Tetoni, Elizabeth Thompson, Jim Thomson, Lorenzo Tomassini, Julien Totems, Alma Anna Ubele, Leonie Villiger, Jan von Arx, Thomas Wagner, Andi Walther, Ben Webber, Manfred Wendisch, Shanice Whitehall, Anton Wiltshire, Allison A. Wing, Martin Wirth, Jonathan Wiskandt, Kevin Wolf, Ludwig Worbes, Ethan Wright, Volker Wulfmeyer, Shanea Young, Chidong Zhang, Dongxiao Zhang, Florian Ziemen, Tobias Zinner, and Martin Zöger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4067–4119, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The EUREC4A field campaign, designed to test hypothesized mechanisms by which clouds respond to warming and benchmark next-generation Earth-system models, is presented. EUREC4A comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic – eastward and southeastward of Barbados. It was the first campaign that attempted to characterize the full range of processes and scales influencing trade wind clouds.
Julian Kostinek, Anke Roiger, Maximilian Eckl, Alina Fiehn, Andreas Luther, Norman Wildmann, Theresa Klausner, Andreas Fix, Christoph Knote, Andreas Stohl, and André Butz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8791–8807, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8791-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8791-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Abundant mining and industrial activities in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin lead to large emissions of the potent greenhouse gas methane. This study quantifies these emissions with continuous, high-precision airborne measurements and dispersion modeling. Our emission estimates are in line with values reported in the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR 2017) but significantly lower than values reported in the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR v4.3.2).
Sebastian Wolff, Gerhard Ehret, Christoph Kiemle, Axel Amediek, Mathieu Quatrevalet, Martin Wirth, and Andreas Fix
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2717–2736, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2717-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2717-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We report on CO2 emissions of a coal-fired power plant derived from flight measurements performed with the IPDA lidar CHARM-F during the CoMet campaign in spring 2018. Despite the results being in broad agreement with reported emissions, we observe strong variations between successive flyovers. Using a high-resolution large eddy simulation, we identify strong atmospheric turbulence as the cause for the variations and recommend more favorable measurement conditions for future campaign planning.
Andreas Schäfler, Andreas Fix, and Martin Wirth
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5217–5234, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5217-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5217-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
First-ever, collocated ozone and water vapor lidar observations across the tropopause are applied to investigate the extratropical transition layer (ExTL). The combined view of a quasi-instantaneous cross section and its tracer–tracer depiction allows us to analyze the ExTL shape and composition and the formation of mixing lines in relation to the dynamic situation. Such lidar data are relevant for future upper-tropospheric and lower-stratospheric investigations and model validations.
Michał Gałkowski, Armin Jordan, Michael Rothe, Julia Marshall, Frank-Thomas Koch, Jinxuan Chen, Anna Agusti-Panareda, Andreas Fix, and Christoph Gerbig
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1525–1544, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1525-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1525-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present results of atmospheric measurements of greenhouse gases, performed over Europe in 2018 aboard German research aircraft HALO as part of the CoMet 1.0 (Carbon Dioxide and Methane Mission). In our analysis, we describe data quality, discuss observed mixing ratios and show an example of describing a regional methane source using stable isotopic composition based on the collected air samples. We also quantitatively compare our results to selected global atmospheric modelling systems.
Joan Stude, Heinfried Aufmhoff, Hans Schlager, Markus Rapp, Frank Arnold, and Boris Strelnikov
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 983–993, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-983-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-983-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we describe the instrument ROMARA and show data from the first flight on a research rocket.
On the way through the atmosphere, the instrument detects positive and negative, natural occurring ions before returning back to ground.
ROMARA was successfully launched together with other instruments into a special radar echo.
We detected typical, light ions of positive and negative charge and heavy negative ions, but no heavy positive ions.
Seidai Nara, Tomohiro O. Sato, Takayoshi Yamada, Tamaki Fujinawa, Kota Kuribayashi, Takeshi Manabe, Lucien Froidevaux, Nathaniel J. Livesey, Kaley A. Walker, Jian Xu, Franz Schreier, Yvan J. Orsolini, Varavut Limpasuvan, Nario Kuno, and Yasuko Kasai
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 6837–6852, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6837-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6837-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In the atmosphere, more than 80 % of chlorine compounds are anthropogenic. Hydrogen chloride (HCl), the main stratospheric chlorine reservoir, is useful to estimate the total budget of the atmospheric chlorine compounds. We report, for the first time, the HCl vertical distribution from the middle troposphere to the lower thermosphere using a high-sensitivity SMILES measurement; the data quality is quantified by comparisons with other measurements and via theoretical error analysis.
Alina Fiehn, Julian Kostinek, Maximilian Eckl, Theresa Klausner, Michał Gałkowski, Jinxuan Chen, Christoph Gerbig, Thomas Röckmann, Hossein Maazallahi, Martina Schmidt, Piotr Korbeń, Jarosław Neçki, Pawel Jagoda, Norman Wildmann, Christian Mallaun, Rostyslav Bun, Anna-Leah Nickl, Patrick Jöckel, Andreas Fix, and Anke Roiger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12675–12695, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12675-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12675-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A severe reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is necessary to fulfill the Paris Agreement. We use aircraft- and ground-based in situ observations of trace gases and wind speed from two flights over the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland, for independent emission estimation. The derived methane emission estimates are within the range of emission inventories, carbon dioxide estimates are in the lower range and carbon monoxide emission estimates are slightly higher than emission inventory values.
Cited articles
Anderson, G., Clough, S., Kneizys, F., Chetwynd, J., and Shettle, E.: AFGL
Atmospheric Constituent Profiles (0–120 km), Technical Report TR-86-0110,
AFGL, Hanscom AFB, MA, USA, 1986.
Bacmeister, J. T., Schoeberl, M. R., Lait, L., Newman, P., and Gary, B.:
Small-Scale Waves Encountered During AASE, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
17, 349–352, 1990.
Bacmeister, J. T., Eckermann, S., Newman, P., Lait, L., Chan, K.,
Loewenstein, M., Proffit, M., and Gary, B.: Stratospheric horizontal
wavenumber spectra of winds, potential temperature, and atmospheric tracers
observed by high-altitude aircraft, J. Geophys. Res.,
101, 9441–9470, 1996.
Bacmeister, J. T., Eckermann, S. D., Tsias, A., Carslaw, K. S., and Peter,
T.: Mesoscale Temperature Fluctuations Induced by a Spectrum of Gravity
Waves: A Comparison of Parameterizations and Their Impact on Stratospheric
Microphysics, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1913–1924, 1999.
Balanis, C. A.: Antenna theory: analysis and design, Wiley, New York, USA, 1997.
Chan, K., Pfister, L., Bui, T., Bowen, S., Dean-Day, J., Gary, B., Fahey,
D., Kelly, K., Webster, C., and May, R.: A Case Study of the Mountain Lee
Wave Event of January 6, 1992, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2551–2554,
1993.
Cho, J., Newell, R., Bui, T., Browel, E. V., Fenn, M. A., Mahoney. M. J.,
Gregory, G. L., Sachse, G. W., Vay, S. A., Kucsera, T. L., and Thompson, A. M.:
Observations of convective and dynamical instabilities in tropopause folds
and their contribution to stratosphere-troposphere exchange, J.
Geophys. Res., 104, 21549–21568, 1999.
Corti, T., Luo, B., de Reus, M., Brunner, D., Cairo, F., Mahoney, M.,
Martucci, G., Matthey, R., Mitev, V., dos Santos, F., Schiller, C., Shur,
G., Sitnikov, N., Spelten, N., Vössing, H., Borrmann, S.,
and Peter, T.: Unprecedented evidence for deep convection hydrating the
tropical stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L10810, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033641, 2008.
Davis, C. A., Ahijevych, D. A., Haggerty, J. A., and Mahoney, M. J.:
Observations of Temperature in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere
of Tropical Weather Disturbances, J. Atmos. Sci.,
71, 1593–1608, 2014.
Dean-Day, J., Chan, K., Bowen, S., Bui, T., Gary, B., and Mahoney, M.:
Dynamics of Rocky Mountain lee waves observed during SUCCESS, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 25, 1351–1354, 1998.
Denning, R. F., Guidero, S. L., Parks, G. S., and Gary, B. L.: Instrument
Description of the Airborne Microwave Temperature Profiler, J.
Geophys. Res., 94, 16757–16765, 1989.
Dörnbrack, A., Birner, T., Fix, A., Flentje, H., Meister, A., Schmid,
H., Browell, E. V., and Mahoney, M. J.: Evidence for inertia gravity waves
forming polar stratospheric clouds over Scandinavia, J. Geophys.
Res., 107, 8287, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000452, 2002.
Eckermann, S., Dörnbrack, A., Flentje, H., Vosper, S. B., Mahoney, M. J.,
Bui, T. P., and Carslaw, K. S.: Mountain Wave-Induced Polar Stratospheric
Cloud Forecasts for Aircraft Science Flights during SOLVE/THESEO 2000,
Weather Forecast., 21, 42–68, 2006.
Gamblin, B., Toon, O., Tolbert, M., Kondo, Y., Takegawa, N., Irie, H.,
Koike, M., Ballenthin, J., Hunton, D., Miller, T., Viggiano, A., Anderson,
B., Avery, M., Sachse, G., Podolske, J., Guenther, K., Sorenson, C., and
Mahoney, M.: Nitric acid condensation on ice: 1. Non-HNO3 constituent of NOY
condensing cirrus particles on upper tropospheric, J. Geophys.
Res., 111, D21203, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006048, 2006.
Gary, B. L.: Observational Results Using the Microwave Temperature Profiler
During the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment, J. Geophys.
Res., 94, 11223–11231, 1989.
Gary, B. L.: Mesoscale temperature fluctuations in the stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4577–4589, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-4577-2006, 2006.
German Aerospace Center: HALO database, Mission: ML CIRRUS, Instrument BAHAMAS, https://doi.org/10.17616/R39Q0T, 2014.
Gary, B. L.: Mesoscale temperature fluctuations in the Southern Hemisphere stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4677–4681, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-4677-2008, 2008.
Haggerty, J., Schick, K., Mahoney, M. J., and Lim, B.: The NCAR Microwave
Temperature Profiler: Data applications from recent deployments, in: Proceedings of the 13th Specialist Meeting on Microwave Radiometry and Remote Sensing of the Environment (MicroRad), 24–27 March 2014, Pasadena, California, USA, 133–135, 2014.
Han, Y. and Westwater, E. R.: Analysis and improvement of tipping calibration
for ground-based microwave radiometers, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.,
38, 1260–1276, 2000.
Hartmann, D., Chan, K., Gary, B., Schoeberl, M., Newman, P., Martin, R.,
Lowenstein, M., Podolske, J., and Strahan, S.: Potential Vorticity and
Mixing in the South Polar Vortex During Spring, J. Geophys.
Res., 94, 11223–11231, 1989.
Jacob, M., Ament, F., Gutleben, M., Konow, H., Mech, M., Wirth, M., and Crewell, S.: Investigating the liquid water path over the tropical Atlantic with synergistic airborne measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 3237–3254, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3237-2019, 2019.
Jensen, E. J., Pfister, L., Bui, T.-P., Lawson, P., and Baumgardner, D.: Ice nucleation and cloud microphysical properties in tropical tropopause layer cirrus, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1369–1384, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-1369-2010, 2010.
Kenntner, M.: Using MTP measurements to characterise atmospheric
gravity waves in the Tropopause region, PhD Thesis, DLR, Institut für
Physik der Atmosphäre and LMU München, Germany, 2018.
Krautstrunk M. and Giez, A.: The Transition From FALCON to HALO Era Airborne
Atmospheric Research, in: Atmospheric Physics. Research
Topics in Aerospace, edited by: Schumann, U., Springer, Berlin and Heidelberg, Germany, 2012.
Küchler, N., Turner, D. D., Löhnert, U., and Crewell, S.: Calibrating
ground-based microwave radiometers: Uncertainty and drifts, Radio Sci., 51,
311–327, 2016.
Leutbecher, M. and Volkert, H.: The Propagation of Mountain Waves into the
Stratosphere: Quantitative Evaluation of Three-Dimensional Simulations,
J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 3090–3108, 2000.
Liebe, H., Rosenkranz, P., and Hufford, G.: Atmospheric 60-GHz oxygen
spectrum: New laboratory measurements and line parameters, J.
Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 48, 629–643, 1992.
Lim, B., Mahoney, M., Haggerty, J., and Denning, R.: The Microwave
Temperature Profiler performance in recent airborne campaigns, in: Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE
International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium – IGARSS, 21–26 July 2013, Melbourne, Australia,
3363–3366, 2013.
Mahoney, M. and Denning, R.: A State-of-the-Art Airborne Microwave
Temperature Profiler (MTP), in: 33rd International Symposium on the Remote
Sensing of the Environment, 4–8 May 2009, Stresa, Italy, 2009.
Marcy, T., Popp, P., Gao, R., Fahey, D., Ray, E., Richard, E., Thompson, T.,
Atlas, E., Loewenstein, M., Wofsy, S., Park, S., Weinstock, E., Swartz, W.,
and Mahoney, M.: Measurements of trace gases in the tropical tropopause
layer, Atmos. Environ., 41, 7253–7261, 2007.
McGrath, A. and Hewison, T.: Measuring the Accuracy of MARSS – An Airborne
Microwave Radiometer, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 18, 2003–2012, 2001.
Mech, M., Orlandi, E., Crewell, S., Ament, F., Hirsch, L., Hagen, M., Peters, G., and Stevens, B.: HAMP – the microwave package on the High Altitude and LOng range research aircraft (HALO), Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 4539–4553, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-4539-2014, 2014.
Murphy, D. and Gary, B.: Mesoscale Temperature Fluctuations and Polar
Stratospheric Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1753–1760,
1995.
Nielsen-Gammon, J., Powell, C., Mahoney, M., Angevine, W., Senff, C., White,
A., Berkowitz, C., Doran, C., and Knupp, K.: Multisensor Estimation of
Mixing Heights over a Coastal City, J. Appl. Meteorol.
Clim., 47, 27–43, 2008.
Pfister, L., Chan, K., Bui, T., Bowen, S., Legg, M., Gary, B., Kelly, K.,
Proffitt, M., and Starr, W.: Gravity Waves Generated by a Tropical Cyclone
During the STEP Tropical Field Program: A Case Study, J. Geophys.
Res., 98, 8611–8638, 1993.
Popp, P. J., Marcy, T. P., Jensen, E. J., Kärcher, B., Fahey, D. W., Gao, R. S., Thompson, T. L., Rosenlof, K. H., Richard, E. C., Herman, R. L., Weinstock, E. M., Smith, J. B., May, R. D., Vömel, H., Wilson, J. C., Heymsfield, A. J., Mahoney, M. J., and Thompson, A. M.: The observation of nitric acid-containing particles in the tropical lower stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 601–611, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-601-2006, 2006.
Rothman, L., Rinsland, C., Goldman, A., Massie, S., Edwards, D., Flaud,
J.-M., Perrin, A., Camy-Peyret, C., Dana, V., Mandin, J.-Y., Schroeder, J.,
McCann, A., Gamache, R., Wattson, R., Yoshino, K., Chance, K., Jucks, K.,
Brown, L., Nentchinov, V., and Varanas, P.: The HITRAN Molecular
Spectroscopic Database and HAWKS (Hitran Atmospheric WorKStation): 1996
Edition, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 60, 665–710, 1998.
Schreier, F., Gimeno García, S., Hedelt, P., Hess, M., Mendrok, J.,
Vasquez, M., and Xu, J.: GARLIC a general purpose atmospheric radiative
transfer line-by-line infrared-microwave code: Implementation and
evaluation, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra.,
137, 29–50, 2014.
Schreier, F., Gimeno García, S., Hochstaffl, P., and Städt, S.:
Py4CAtS – PYthon for Computational ATmospheric Spectroscopy, Atmosphere, 10,
262, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10050262, 2019.
Schumann, U., Kiemle, C., Schlager, H., Weigel, R., Borrmann, S., D'Amato, F., Krämer, M., Matthey, R., Protat, A., Voigt, C., and Volk, C. M.: Long-lived contrails and convective cirrus above the tropical tropopause, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 2311–2346, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2311-2017, 2017.
Schwarz, J., Spackman, J., Fahey, D., Gao, R., Lohmann, U., Stier, P.,
Watts, L., Thomson, D., Lack, D., Pfister, L., Mahoney, M., Baumgardner, D.,
Wilson, J., and Reeves, J.: Coatings and their enhancement of black carbon
light absorption in the tropical atmosphere, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 113, D03203, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009042, 2008.
Sitnikova, V., Sitnikov, N., Ulanovskii, A., Shur, G., Lukyanov, A., and
Ravegnani, M. M.: Estimation of the Tropospheric Air Ratio near the Thermal
Tropopause Using the Aircraft Measurements, Russ. Meteorol.
Hydrolo., 34, 510–514, 2009.
Spinei, E., Cede, A., Herman, J., Mount, G. H., Eloranta, E., Morley, B., Baidar, S., Dix, B., Ortega, I., Koenig, T., and Volkamer, R.: Ground-based direct-sun DOAS and airborne MAX-DOAS measurements of the collision-induced oxygen complex, O2O2, absorption with significant pressure and temperature differences, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 793–809, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-793-2015, 2015.
Tabazadeh, A., Toon, O., Gary, B., Bacmeister, J., and Schoeberl, M.:
Observational constraints on the formation of type ia polar stratospheric
clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2109–2112, 1996.
Thornton, B. F., Toohey, D. W., Tuck, A. F., Elkins, J. W., Kelly, K. K., Hovde,
S. J., Richard, E. C., Rosenlof, K. H., Thompson, T. L., Mahoney, M. J., and
Wilson, J. C.: Chlorine activation near the midlatitude tropopause, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D18306, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007640, 2007.
Torrence, C. and Compo, G. P.: A Practical Guide to Wavelet Analysis,
B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 79, 61–78, 1998.
Tuck, A., Baumgardner, D., Chan, K., Dye, J., Elkins, J., Hovde, S., Kelly,
K., Loewenstein, M., Margitan, J., May, R., Podolske, J., Proffitt, M.,
Rosenlof, K., Smith, W., Webste, C., and Wilson, J.: The Brewer-Dobson
Circulation In the Light of High Altitude In Situ Aircraft Observations,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 123, 1–69, 1997.
Tuck, A., Hovde, S., Kelly, K., Mahoney, M., Proffitt, M., Richard, E., and
Thompson, T.: Exchange between the upper tropical troposphere and the lower
stratosphere studied with aircraft observations, J. Geophys.
Res., 108, 4734, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003399, 2003.
Ulaby, F., Moore, R., and Fung, A.: Microwave remote sensing: active and
passive. Volume I: microwave remote sensing fundamentals and radiometry,
Artech House, Norwood, MA, USA, 1981.
Ungermann, J., Blank, J., Dick, M., Ebersoldt, A., Friedl-Vallon, F., Giez, A., Guggenmoser, T., Höpfner, M., Jurkat, T., Kaufmann, M., Kaufmann, S., Kleinert, A., Krämer, M., Latzko, T., Oelhaf, H., Olchewski, F., Preusse, P., Rolf, C., Schillings, J., Suminska-Ebersoldt, O., Tan, V., Thomas, N., Voigt, C., Zahn, A., Zöger, M., and Riese, M.: Level 2 processing for the imaging Fourier transform spectrometer GLORIA: derivation and validation of temperature and trace gas volume mixing ratios from calibrated dynamics mode spectra, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 2473–2489, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-2473-2015, 2015.
Urbanek, B., Groß, S., Schäfler, A., and Wirth, M.: Determining stages of cirrus evolution: a cloud classification scheme, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 1653–1664, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-1653-2017, 2017.
Voigt, C., Schumann, U., Minikin, A., Abdelmonem, A., Afchine, A., Borrmann,
S., Boettcher, M., Buchholz, B., Bugliaro, L., Costa, A., Curtius, J.,
Dollner, M., Dörnbrack, A., Dreiling, V., Ebert, V., Ehrlich, A., Fix,
A., Forster, L., Frank, F., Fütterer, D., Giez, A., Graf, K., Grooß,
J.-U., Groß, S., Heimerl, K., Heinold, B., Hüneke, T., Järvinen,
E., Jurkat, T., Kaufmann, S., Kenntner, M., Klingebiel, M., Klimach, T.,
Kohl, R., Krämer, M., Krisna, T. C., Luebke, A., Mayer, B., Mertes, S.,
Molleker, S., Petzold, A., Pfeilsticker, K., Port, M., Rapp, M., Reutter,
P., Rolf, C., Rose, D., Sauer, D., Schäfler, A., Schlage, R., Schnaiter,
M., Schneider, J., Spelten, N., Spichtinger, P., Stock, P., Walser, A.,
Weigel, R., Weinzierl, B., Wendisch, M., Werner, F., Wernli, H., Wirth, M.,
Zahn, A., Ziereis, H., and Zöger, M.: ML-CIRRUS: The Airborne Experiment
on Natural Cirrus and Contrail Cirrus with the High-Altitude Long-Range
Research Aircraft HALO, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc.,
98, 271–288, 2017.
Wang, L., Alexander, M. J., Bui, T. B., and Mahoney, M. J.: Small-scale gravity waves in ER-2 MMS/MTP wind and temperature measurements during CRYSTAL-FACE, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1091–1104, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-1091-2006, 2006.
Wirth, M., Fix, A., Mahnke, P., Schwarzer, H., Schrandt, F., and Ehret, G.: The airborne multi-wavelength water vapor
differential absorption lidar WALES: system design and performance, Appl. Phys., 96, 201, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-009-3365-7, 2009.
Woodhouse, I. H.: Introduction to Microwave Remote Sensing, CRC press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2005.
Xu, J., Schreier, F., Doicu, A., and Trautmann, T.: Assessment of
Tikhonov-type regularization methods for solving atmospheric inverse
problems, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra.,
184, 274–286, 2016.
