Articles | Volume 14, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5657-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5657-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
19 Aug 2021
Research article |
| 19 Aug 2021
| 19 Aug 2021
Real-time UV index retrieval in Europe using Earth observation-based techniques: system description and quality assessment
Panagiotis G. Kosmopoulos
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens (IERSD/NOA), Athens, Greece
Stelios Kazadzis
Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Davos Dorf, Switzerland
Alois W. Schmalwieser
Unit of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
Panagiotis I. Raptis
Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens (IERSD/NOA), Athens, Greece
Kyriakoula Papachristopoulou
Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens (IAASARS/NOA), Athens, Greece
Ilias Fountoulakis
Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens (IAASARS/NOA), Athens, Greece
Regional Environmental Protection Agency (ARPA) of the Aosta Valley, Saint-Christophe, Italy
Akriti Masoom
Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
Alkiviadis F. Bais
Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Julia Bilbao
Atmosphere and Energy Laboratory, Valladolid University, Valladolid, Spain
Mario Blumthaler
Division for Biomedical Physics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
Axel Kreuter
Division for Biomedical Physics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
LuftBlick, Earth Observation Technologies, Mutters, Austria
Anna Maria Siani
Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Kostas Eleftheratos
Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Chrysanthi Topaloglou
Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Julian Gröbner
Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Davos Dorf, Switzerland
Bjørn Johnsen
Section for Non-Ionizing Radiation, Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Bærum, Norway
Tove M. Svendby
Department of Atmospheric and Climate Research, NILU – Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
Jose Manuel Vilaplana
Department of Atmospheric Research and Instrumentation, National Institute for Aerospace Technology, Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain
Lionel Doppler
Deutscher Wetterdienst, Meteorologisches Observatorium Lindenberg – Richard Assmann Observatorium (DWD, MOL-RAO), Lindenberg, Germany
Ann R. Webb
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Marina Khazova
Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, London, UK
Hugo De Backer
Observations Department, Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium
Anu Heikkilä
Climate Research Programme, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
Kaisa Lakkala
Space and Earth Observation Centre, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Sodankylä, Finland
Janusz Jaroslawski
Department of Atmospheric Physics, Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Charikleia Meleti
Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Henri Diémoz
Regional Environmental Protection Agency (ARPA) of the Aosta Valley, Saint-Christophe, Italy
Gregor Hülsen
Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Davos Dorf, Switzerland
Barbara Klotz
Division for Biomedical Physics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
John Rimmer
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Charalampos Kontoes
Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens (IAASARS/NOA), Athens, Greece
Related authors
No articles found.
William Wandji Nyamsi, Ville Leinonen, Antti Lipponen, Else van den Besselaar, Santtu Mikkonen, Arturo Sanchez–Lorenzo, Martin Wild, Doris Folini, Tero Mielonen, Harri Kokkola, Antti Kukkurainen, Neus Sabater, Rei Kudo, Ben Liley, Raghav Srinivasan, Bruce W. Forgan, Alexandru Dumitrescu, Grzegorz Urban, Michał K. Kowalewski, Márcia Akemi Yamasoe, Nilton Évora do Rosário, Dimitra Founda, Stelios Kazadzis, Veronica Manara, Derbetini A. Vondou, Christian Gueymard, Anders V. Lindfors, Atsumu Ohmura, and Antti Arola
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5950, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5950, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Worldwide reconstructed historical aerosol load reveals that during the period of: 1900–1959: the atmosphere became cleaner in most European cities; 1960–1985: anthropogenic aerosols were responsible for the dimming phenomenon in Europe. AOD increased over Southeast Brazil and decreased noticeably over Japan while a small negative trend was found over Oceania; 1986–2015: generally, the atmosphere has become much cleaner everywhere after the reversal trend around 1980s mainly observed in Europe.
David Tichopád, Kamil Láska, Tove Svendby, Klára Čížková, Andrea Pazmiño, Boyan Petkov, and Ladislav Metelka
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 1751–1768, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-1751-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-1751-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study examined changes in the total ozone column above three Antarctic stations in 2007–2023 using ground and satellite observations. Ozone changes were mainly influenced by stratospheric temperature and atmospheric circulation. A significant increase occurred at Marambio, and unusually warm conditions in September 2019 caused ozone to rise strongly over East Antarctica, improving understanding of how the ozone layer responds to environmental changes.
Sara Herrero-Anta, Sabine Eckhardt, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Stefania Gilardoni, Sandra Graßl, Dominic Heslin-Rees, Stelios Kazadzis, Natalia Kouremeti, Radovan Krejci, David Mateos, Mauro Mazzola, Christoph Ritter, Roberto Román, Kerstin Stebel, and Tymon Zielinski
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 1435–1457, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-1435-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-1435-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
In summer 2019, unusually high aerosol concentrations were measured in the Arctic, extending through the troposphere and stratosphere up to 16 km. Using multiple instruments and models, aerosol particles were linked to wildfires, volcanic eruptions, and anthropogenic pollution. The aerosol consisted of spherical, fine-mode, weakly absorbing particles, which significantly reduced direct solar radiation. This combined approach improves understanding of Arctic aerosol events and climate processes.
Costanza Civale, M. Dolores Andrés Hernández, Jean-Philippe Putaud, Francesca Barnaba, Henri Diémoz, Johannes Schneider, Helmut Ziereis, Katharina Kaiser, Jörg Schmidt, Ovid Oktavian Krüger, Bruna Holanda, Robert Baumann, Benjamin Weyland, Eric Förster, Midhun George, Yangzhuoran Liu, Daniel Sauer, Jennifer Wolf, Annachiara Bellini, Birger Bohn, Klaus Pfeilsticker, and John Philip Burrows
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6458, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6458, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
This study combines measurements of gases and particles at the ground and on-board an instrumented aircraft to investigate pollution transport over the Po Valley, a major atmospheric pollution hotspot in Europe. Overall, the extensive data set obtained at different altitudes provides insight into the mixing of pollution plumes and their export towards the Adriatic coast as well as with naturally occurring dust and its impact on air quality over the Po Plain.
Caroline Jonas, Corinne Vigouroux, Bavo Langerock, Robin Björklund, Anne Boynard, Thomas Carlund, Martine De Mazière, Peter Effertz, Quentin Errera, Matthias Frey, James W. Hannigan, Nis Jepsen, Rigel Kivi, Norrie Lyall, Mathias Palm, Maxime Prignon, Viktoria F. Sofieva, Kimberly Strong, Tove Svendby, David Tarasick, Laura Thölix, Roeland Van Malderen, Yana Virolainen, Sibylle von Löwis, and Xiaoyi Zhao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6473, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6473, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
We study the evolution of ozone in the Arctic over the 2000–2024 period in the stratosphere (about 10 to 50 km) to assess the expected recovery of the ozone layer following the diminution of ozone-depleting substances. We merge ground-based data sets within spatially coherent regions to reduce uncertainties and we obtain positive trends for the total column everywhere in the Arctic and for the middle and upper stratosphere over Canada, but no significant trends in the lower stratosphere.
Dimitris Karagkiozidis, Alkiviadis Bais, Katerina Garane, Michel Van Roozendael, Dimitris Nikolis, Manuel Roca, and Dimitris Balis
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5627, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5627, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we measured the total ozone in the atmosphere over Thessaloniki, Greece, using remote-sensing techniques. Our approach, applied in both ultraviolet and visible regions, produced results highly consistent with reference instruments. It consistently captured daily and seasonal ozone patterns across both spectral regions under varying atmospheric conditions. This research enhances ground-based ozone monitoring and supports long-term observations and satellite validation.
Christos Spyrou, Ilias Fountoulakis, Stavros Solomos, Nikolaos Papadimitriou, Alkiviadis Bais, Julian Gröbner, Daniela Meloni, and Christos Zerefos
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 7717–7734, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-7717-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-7717-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Dust particles originating from desert areas of the planet have significant radiative impacts on the ground and atmospheric column. The magnitude of the dust radiative effect is dependent on their optical properties and mineralogical content. Therefore, we upgrade the METAL-WRF model to incorporate the direct radiative impact of the minerals in dust. The capabilities of the model to simulate the chemical composition and associated impacts is significantly improved.
Angelos Karanikolas, Benjamin Torres, Masahiro Momoi, Marcos Herreras Giralda, Natalia Kouremeti, Julian Gröbner, Lionel Doppler, and Stelios Kazadzis
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 7651–7677, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-7651-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-7651-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Several techniques retrieve of the aerosol size distribution. The Generalized Retrieval of Atmosphere and Surface Properties algorithm can retrieve aerosol size distribution parameters using only aerosol optical depth (AOD) as input that is continuously observed by sun photometers worldwide. In this study, we apply the algorithm to AOD measured by sun photometers and spectroradiometers to assess the performance and limitations of such retrievals and investigate the effect of the spectral range.
Marilena Gidarakou, Alexandros Papayannis, Maria Mylonaki, Eleni Kralli, Kostas Eleftheratos, Ilias Fountoulakis, Olga Zografou, Evangelia Diapouli, Maria I. Gini, Stergios Vratolis, Konstantinos Granakis, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Christine Groot Zwaaftink, Eugenia Giagka, Marios-Andreas Zagklis, and Igor Veselovskii
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5856, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5856, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In summer 2023, Greece experienced one of its most intense wildfire seasons, with major fires across several regions. This study examines how smoke from two major fire events affected air quality and ultraviolet radiation in Athens using satellite images, modelling, and ground-based measurements to understand the optical and microphysical behavior of airborne particles.
Dhrona Jaine, Julian Gröbner, and Wolfgang Finsterle
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 7177–7186, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-7177-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-7177-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Solar irradiance monitoring is an integral part of climate research. But the major drawback was the larger uncertainties associated with the measurements. To minimize the uncertainties, improved calibration standards, measurement techniques and sensors were developed. In this study we are validating the a newly developed Bi-Tec sensor spectroradiometer with an average uncertainty of 0.53 % with world radiometric reference (WRR) and international system of units (SI).
Henri Diémoz, Francesca Barnaba, Luca Ferrero, Ivan K. F. Tombolato, Caterina Mapelli, Annachiara Bellini, Claudia Desandré, Tiziana Magri, and Manuela Zublena
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5044, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5044, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
Short summary
Short summary
RASPBERRY is a new method to identify aerosol emission sources using physical properties (particle size and light absorption) measured at high time resolution by cost-effective optical instruments, instead of labour-intensive chemical analyses. Applied over five years in Aosta, Italy, it identified six main sources – traffic, biomass burning, two types of secondary particles, desert dust, and local resuspension. Validation against chemical apportionment and real-time applications are presented.
Nikolaos Papadimitriou, Ilias Fountoulakis, Antonis Gkikas, Kyriakoula Papachristopoulou, Andreas Kazantzidis, Stelios Kazadzis, Stefan Pfenninger, John Kapsomenakis, Kostas Eleftheratos, Athanassios A. Argiriou, Lionel Doppler, and Christos S. Zerefos
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5351628, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5351628, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We assess PV power modelling uncertainty linked to the use of the BRL diffuse fraction model. We perform simulations with GSEE, which includes the BRL model, with input from BSRN and CAMS. The simulations are validated under diverse conditions, with aerosol defined using AERONET. Results show that the BRL is reliable under most conditions but can lead to overestimations of PV output during dust events. CAMS-based simulations closely match ground measurements, confirming the robustness of GSEE.
Emmanouil Proestakis, Kyriakoula Papachristopoulou, Thanasis Georgiou, Sofia Eirini Chatoutsidou, Mihalis Lazaridis, Antonis Gkikas, Ilias Fountoulakis, Ioanna Tsikoudi, Manolis P. Petrakis, and Vassilis Amiridis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 14777–14823, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14777-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14777-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Based on Earth observations of dust the study addresses the questions: To what extent have the fine and coarse modes of atmospheric dust within the planetary boundary layer (PBL) changed over major cities worldwide? Which areas experience fine-mode and coarse-mode dust mass concentrations within the PBL that exceed World Health Organization air quality guidelines, and which areas are projected to exceed these guidelines in the near future? Can we quantify associated impacts on human health?
Carmen González, José M. Vilaplana, Alberto Redondas, Javier López-Solano, José M. San Atanasio, Richard Kift, Andrew R. D. Smedley, Pavel Babal, Ana Díaz, Nis Jepsen, Guisella Gacitúa, and Antonio Serrano
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 14131–14152, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14131-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14131-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Brewer spectroradiometers are widely used instruments that have been monitoring global solar ultraviolet (UV) irradiance since the 1990s, playing a key role in solar UV research. The uncertainties of these measurements are rarely evaluated even though they are essential to determine the quality of these measurements. In this work, the uncertainty of 10 Brewers is estimated using the Monte Carlo method, showing that Brewers’ relative uncertainty is less than 5 % for wavelengths above 310 nm.
Ilias Fountoulakis, Kyriaki Papachristopoulou, Stelios Kazadzis, Gregor Hülsen, Julian Gröbner, Ioannis-Panagiotis Raptis, Dimitra Kouklaki, Akriti Masoom, Natalia Kouremeti, Charalampos Kontoes, and Christos S. Zerefos
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 7451–7473, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-7451-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-7451-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The UVIOS2 model has been evaluated at Davos, Switzerland during the UVCIII campaign. The accuracy in the modelled UV indices has been assessed for different combinations of model inputs. A good overall agreement between UVIOS2 and the world reference spectroradiometer QASUME was found (average ratio of ~ 1 between the modelled and measured UV index), although the variability in the ratio can be large under cloudy conditions.
Agnieszka Czerwińska, Janusz Krzyścin, Janusz Jarosławski, Piotr S. Sobolewski, and Aleksander Pietruczuk
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 12497–12512, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12497-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12497-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Excessive levels of ultraviolet solar radiation at the Earth's surface have been linked to several types of skin cancer. The world's longest record of solar radiation intensities causing harmful skin redness comes from observations at Belsk, Poland, between 1976 and 2023. In this century, the intensity of such radiation is stable but 15 % higher than in the 1970s. This trend is due to the combined effects of a decrease in stratospheric ozone and an increase in cloud transparency before 2000.
Peristera Paschou, Nikolaos Siomos, Eleni Marinou, Antonis Gkikas, Samira M. Idrissa, Daniel T. Quaye, Désiré D. Fiogbe Attannon, Kalliopi Artemis Voudouri, Charikleia Meleti, David P. Donovan, George Georgoussis, Tommaso Parrinello, Thorsten Fehr, Jonas von Bismarck, and Vassilis Amiridis
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 4731–4754, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-4731-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-4731-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the results from a validation study on the Level 2A products (aerosol optical properties) of the ESA's (European Space Agency) Aeolus mission. Measurements from the eVe lidar, a combined linear/circular polarization and Raman lidar and ESA's ground reference system, that have been collected during the Joint Aeolus Tropical Atlantic Campaign are compared with collocated Aeolus Level 2A profiles obtained from the latest version (Baseline 16) of the Aeolus algorithms.
Xinyuan Hou, Kyriakoula Papachristopoulou, and Stelios Kazadzis
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 4543–4557, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-4543-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-4543-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed aerosol ground measurements and model based aerosol optical depth (AOD) forecasts to study variations in AOD at different global sites. We compared day-ahead AOD forecast methods and assessed their impact on forecasting clear-sky direct normal irradiance (DNI). While none of the methods accurately forecast DNI within 5 %, most sites showed a DNI deviation within 20 %, especially at sites with urban-industrial aerosols.
Simone Pulimeno, Angelo Lupi, Vito Vitale, Claudia Frangipani, Carlos Toledano, Stelios Kazadzis, Natalia Kouremeti, Christoph Ritter, Sandra Graßl, Kerstin Stebel, Vitali Fioletov, Ihab Abboud, Sandra Blindheim, Lynn Ma, Norm O’Neill, Piotr Sobolewski, Pawan Gupta, Elena Lind, Thomas F. Eck, Antti Hyvärinen, Veijo Aaltonen, Rigel Kivi, Janae Csavina, Dmitry Kabanov, Sergey M. Sakerin, Olga R. Sidorova, Robert S. Stone, Hagen Telg, Laura Riihimaki, Raul R. Cordero, Martin Radenz, Ronny Engelmann, Michel Van Roozendal, Anatoli Chaikovsky, Philippe Goloub, Junji Hisamitsu, and Mauro Mazzola
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2527, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2527, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzed aerosols optical properties over the Arctic and Antarctic to measure them even during long periods of darkness. It found that pollution in the Arctic is decreasing, likely due to European emission regulations, while wildfires are becoming a more important source of particles. In Antarctica, particle levels are higher near the coast than inland, and vary by season. These results help us better understand how air pollution and climate are changing at the Earth’s poles.
Janusz W. Krzyścin, Agnieszka Czerwińska, Bonawentura Rajewska-Więch, Janusz Jarosławski, Piotr S. Sobolewski, and Izabela Pawlak
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 3757–3775, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3757-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3757-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Time series (1976−2023) of biologically effective (for skin redness, vitamin D3 production, and psoriasis healing) daily radiant exposure (RE) at Belsk from standard erythemal biometers are examined. Comparisons of the measured data for cloudless days with values from a radiation transfer model provide a basis for data homogenisation. Averaged results from different versions of the recalculated data give the 1976−2004 trend of about 6 % per 10 years in annual RE for all biological effects.
Konstantinos Christofi, Charalambos Chrysostomou, Iason Tsardanidis, Michalis Mavrovouniotis, Giorgia Guerrisi, Charalampos Kontoes, and Diofantos G. Hadjimitsis
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-G-2025, 295–300, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-G-2025-295-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-G-2025-295-2025, 2025
Akriti Masoom, Stelios Kazadzis, Robin Lewis Modini, Martin Gysel-Beer, Julian Gröbner, Martine Collaud Coen, Francisco Navas-Guzman, Natalia Kouremeti, Benjamin Tobias Brem, Nora Kristina Nowak, Giovanni Martucci, Maxime Hervo, and Sophie Erb
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2755, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2755, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This article aims at providing details on the special aerosol properties observed during 2023 Canadian wildfire plume transport and exploring the synergism between remote sensing and in situ measurements for investigating the cause of the occurrence of the observations of special aerosol properties.
Christos Theocharidis, Marinos Eliades, Kyriacos Themistocleous, Kyriacos Neocleous, Charalampos Kontoes, and Diofantos Hadjimitsis
ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., X-G-2025, 879–884, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-G-2025-879-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-G-2025-879-2025, 2025
Roberto Román, Daniel González-Fernández, Juan Carlos Antuña-Sánchez, Celia Herrero del Barrio, Sara Herrero-Anta, África Barreto, Victoria E. Cachorro, Lionel Doppler, Ramiro González, Christoph Ritter, David Mateos, Natalia Kouremeti, Gustavo Copes, Abel Calle, María José Granados-Muñoz, Carlos Toledano, and Ángel M. de Frutos
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 2847–2875, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2847-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2847-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a novel technique to extract starlight signals from all-sky images and retrieve aerosol optical depth (AOD). It is validated against lunar photometry, showing a strong correlation between data series. This innovative approach will expand nocturnal AOD measurements to more locations, as all-sky cameras are a simpler and more cost-effective alternative to stellar and lunar photometers.
Anna Moustaka, Stelios Kazadzis, Emmanouil Proestakis, Anton Lopatin, Oleg Dubovik, Kleareti Tourpali, Christos Zerefos, Vassilis Amiridis, and Antonis Gkikas
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-888, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-888, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
North Africa and the Middle East are home to the world’s most active dust sources, but accurately monitoring airborne dust remains challenging. We refine satellite-based dust retrievals by improving the lidar ratio, a key parameter in aerosol observations, using data from multiple sensors. Our findings reveal regional variations in dust optical depth (DOD), leading to improved climatological assessments. These results enhance climate models and air quality studies.
Omer Celebi, Andrew R. D. Smedley, Paul J. Connolly, and Ann R. Webb
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-200, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-200, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for AMT
Short summary
Short summary
Ice crystals have a significant role in weather and climate, but their roughness is not measured which affects how ice crystals scatter sunlight. In our study, we have developed a new way of measuring roughness parameters of ice crystals. By growing crystals in laboratory conditions and creating replicas , we can image them under special imaging tools to measure small features on their surface. Results can be implemented in models to reduce uncertainties in understanding the atmosphere.
Annachiara Bellini, Henri Diémoz, Luca Di Liberto, Gian Paolo Gobbi, Alessandro Bracci, Ferdinando Pasqualini, and Francesca Barnaba
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 6119–6144, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6119-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6119-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We provide a comprehensive overview of the Italian Automated LIdar-CEilometer network, ALICENET, describing its infrastructure, aerosol retrievals, and main applications. The supplement covers data-processing details. We include examples of output products, comparisons with independent data, and examples of the network capability to provide near-real-time aerosol fields over Italy. ALICENET is expected to benefit the sectors of air quality, radiative budget/solar energy, and aviation safety.
Angelos Karanikolas, Natalia Kouremeti, Monica Campanelli, Victor Estellés, Masahiro Momoi, Gaurav Kumar, Stephan Nyeki, and Stelios Kazadzis
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 6085–6105, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6085-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6085-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Different sun photometer networks use different instruments, post-processing algorithms and calibration protocols for aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieval. Such differences can affect the homogeneity and comparability of their measurements. In this study, we assess the homogeneity between the sun photometer networks GAW-PFR and SKYNET, analysing common measurements during three campaigns between 2017–2021, and investigate the main cause of the differences.
Akriti Masoom, Stelios Kazadzis, Masimo Valeri, Ioannis-Panagiotis Raptis, Gabrielle Brizzi, Kyriakoula Papachristopoulou, Francesca Barnaba, Stefano Casadio, Axel Kreuter, and Fabrizio Niro
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5525–5549, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5525-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5525-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosols, which have a wide impact on climate, radiative forcing, and human health, are widely represented by aerosol optical depth (AOD). AOD retrievals require Rayleigh scattering and atmospheric absorption (ozone, NO2, etc.) corrections. We analysed the NO2 (which has a high spatiotemporal variation) uncertainty impact on AOD retrievals using the synergy of co-located ground-based instruments with a long-term dataset at worldwide sites and found significant AOD over- or underestimations.
Monica Campanelli, Victor Estellés, Gaurav Kumar, Teruyuki Nakajima, Masahiro Momoi, Julian Gröbner, Stelios Kazadzis, Natalia Kouremeti, Angelos Karanikolas, Africa Barreto, Saulius Nevas, Kerstin Schwind, Philipp Schneider, Iiro Harju, Petri Kärhä, Henri Diémoz, Rei Kudo, Akihiro Uchiyama, Akihiro Yamazaki, Anna Maria Iannarelli, Gabriele Mevi, Annalisa Di Bernardino, and Stefano Casadio
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5029–5050, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5029-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5029-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To retrieve columnar aerosol properties from sun photometers, some calibration factors are needed. The on-site calibrations, performed as frequently as possible to monitor changes in the machine conditions, allow operators to track and evaluate the calibration status on a continuous basis, reducing the data gaps incurred by the periodic shipments for performing centralized calibrations. The performance of the on-site calibration procedures was evaluated, providing very good results.
Jochen Wagner, Alma Anna Ubele, Verena Schenzinger, and Axel Kreuter
Aerosol Research, 2, 153–159, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2-153-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2-153-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we explored how tiny particles in the air, known as aerosols, have changed over time in two mountainous areas in Austria and Switzerland from 2007 to 2023. By using special instruments that measure sunlight, we tracked these changes and found that the amount of aerosols has been decreasing in both locations. This is important because aerosols can affect both our health and the climate. This work is crucial for understanding air quality trends in mountain environments.
Ilias Fountoulakis, Alexandra Tsekeri, Stelios Kazadzis, Vassilis Amiridis, Angelos Nersesian, Maria Tsichla, Emmanouil Proestakis, Antonis Gkikas, Kyriakoula Papachristopoulou, Vasileios Barlakas, Claudia Emde, and Bernhard Mayer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4915–4948, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4915-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4915-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In our study we provide an assessment, through a sensitivity study, of the limitations of models to calculate the dust direct radiative effect (DRE) due to the underrepresentation of its size, refractive index (RI), and shape. Our results indicate the necessity of including more realistic sizes and RIs for dust particles in dust models, in order to derive better estimations of the dust direct radiative effects.
Karl Voglmeier, Voltaire A. Velazco, Luca Egli, Julian Gröbner, Alberto Redondas, and Wolfgang Steinbrecht
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2277–2294, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2277-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2277-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Comparison between total ozone column (TOC) measurements from ground-based Dobson and Brewer spectrophotometers generally reveals seasonally varying differences of a few percent. This study recommends a new TOC retrieval approach, which effectively eliminates these seasonally varying differences by applying new ozone absorption cross sections, appropriate slit functions for the Dobson instrument, and climatological values for the effective ozone temperature.
Kyriakoula Papachristopoulou, Ilias Fountoulakis, Alkiviadis F. Bais, Basil E. Psiloglou, Nikolaos Papadimitriou, Ioannis-Panagiotis Raptis, Andreas Kazantzidis, Charalampos Kontoes, Maria Hatzaki, and Stelios Kazadzis
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1851–1877, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1851-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1851-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The upgraded systems SENSE2 and NextSENSE2 focus on improving the quality of solar nowcasting and forecasting. SENSE2 provides real-time estimates of solar irradiance across a wide region every 15 min. NextSENSE2 offers short-term forecasts of irradiance up to 3 h ahead. Evaluation with actual data showed that the instantaneous comparison yields the most discrepancies due to the uncertainties of cloud-related information and satellite versus ground-based spatial representativeness limitations.
Antonio Fernando Almansa, África Barreto, Natalia Kouremeti, Ramiro González, Akriti Masoom, Carlos Toledano, Julian Gröbner, Rosa Delia García, Yenny González, Stelios Kazadzis, Stéphane Victori, Óscar Álvarez, Fabrice Maupin, Virgilio Carreño, Victoria Eugenia Cachorro, and Emilio Cuevas
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 659–675, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-659-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-659-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper applies sun photometer synergies to improve calibration transference between different sun photometers and also enhance their quality assurance and quality control. We have validated this technique using different instrumentation, the WMO-GAW and NASA-AERONET references, under different aerosol regimes using the standard Langley calibration method as a reference.
Barbara Klotz, Verena Schenzinger, Michael Schwarzmann, and Axel Kreuter
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3130, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3130, 2024
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
The manuscript compares ground-based measurements of ultraviolet (UV) radiation from 17 German stations with modelled UV maps in which the influence of clouds is taken into account using information from satellite images. While for clear sky conditions the agreement is good, uncertainties increase for cloudy conditions. The issue of representativeness of satellite pixel values versus ground measurements is discussed and an approach to combine measurement and UV map is presented.
G. Giannarakis, I. Tsoumas, S. Neophytides, C. Papoutsa, C. Kontoes, and D. Hadjimitsis
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-1-W2-2023, 1379–1384, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W2-2023-1379-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W2-2023-1379-2023, 2023
M. Tzouvaras, S. Alatza, M. Prodromou, C. Theocharidis, K. Fotiou, A. Argyriou, C. Loupasakis, A. Apostolakis, Z. Pittaki, M. Kaskara, C. Kontoes, and D. Hadjimitsis
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-1-W2-2023, 1581–1587, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W2-2023-1581-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W2-2023-1581-2023, 2023
Óscar Alvárez, África Barreto, Omaira E. García, Frank Hase, Rosa D. García, Julian Gröbner, Sergio F. León-Luis, Eliezer Sepúlveda, Virgilio Carreño, Antonio Alcántara, Ramón Ramos, A. Fernando Almansa, Stelios Kazadzis, Noémie Taquet, Carlos Toledano, and Emilio Cuevas
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4861–4884, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4861-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4861-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we have extended the capabilities of a portable Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) instrument, which was originally designed to provide high-quality greenhouse gas monitoring within COCCON (COllaborative Carbon Column Observing Network). The extension allows the spectrometer to now also provide coincidentally column-integrated aerosol information. This addition of a reference instrument to a global network will be utilised to enhance our understanding of atmospheric chemistry.
Vladimir Savastiouk, Henri Diémoz, and C. Thomas McElroy
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4785–4806, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4785-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4785-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes a way to significantly improve ozone measurements at low sun elevations and large ozone amounts when using the Brewer ozone spectrophotometer. The proposed algorithm will allow more uniform ozone measurements across the monitoring network. This will contribute to more reliable trend analysis and support the satellite validation. This research contributes to better understanding the physics of the instrument, and the new algorithm is based on this new knowledge.
Verena Schenzinger, Axel Kreuter, Barbara Klotz, Michael Schwarzmann, and Julian Gröbner
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2023-188, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2023-188, 2023
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
We present a fast an easy method to incorporate clouds from satellite imagery into a model for calculating surface UV index maps in near-real time. To judge the quality of the model, we compare our results to measurements from ground based detectors. We discuss in detail where variations in either of the values come from and why satellite and ground values might not necessarily be comparable in every situation.
Julian Gröbner, Natalia Kouremeti, Gregor Hülsen, Ralf Zuber, Mario Ribnitzky, Saulius Nevas, Peter Sperfeld, Kerstin Schwind, Philipp Schneider, Stelios Kazadzis, África Barreto, Tom Gardiner, Kavitha Mottungan, David Medland, and Marc Coleman
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4667–4680, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4667-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4667-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Spectral solar irradiance measurements traceable to the International System of Units (SI) allow for intercomparability between instruments and for their validation according to metrological standards. Here we also validate and reduce the uncertainties of the top-of-atmosphere TSIS-1 Hybrid Solar Reference Spectrum (HSRS). The management of large networks, e.g. AERONET or GAW-PFR, will benefit from reducing logistical overhead, improving their resilience and achieving metrological traceability.
Vasiliki Daskalopoulou, Panagiotis I. Raptis, Alexandra Tsekeri, Vassilis Amiridis, Stelios Kazadzis, Zbigniew Ulanowski, Vassilis Charmandaris, Konstantinos Tassis, and William Martin
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4529–4550, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4529-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4529-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric dust particles may present a preferential alignment due to their shape on long range transport. Since dust is abundant and plays a key role to global climate, the elusive observation of orientation will be a game changer to existing measurement techniques and the representation of particles in climate models. We utilize a specifically designed instrument, SolPol, and target the Sun from the ground for large polarization values under dusty conditions, a clear sign of orientation.
P. Russo, A. Laguarda, G. Abal, and L. Doppler
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-M-1-2023, 565–572, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-M-1-2023-565-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-M-1-2023-565-2023, 2023
Akriti Masoom, Ilias Fountoulakis, Stelios Kazadzis, Ioannis-Panagiotis Raptis, Anna Kampouri, Basil E. Psiloglou, Dimitra Kouklaki, Kyriakoula Papachristopoulou, Eleni Marinou, Stavros Solomos, Anna Gialitaki, Dimitra Founda, Vasileios Salamalikis, Dimitris Kaskaoutis, Natalia Kouremeti, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Vassilis Amiridis, Andreas Kazantzidis, Alexandros Papayannis, Christos S. Zerefos, and Kostas Eleftheratos
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8487–8514, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8487-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8487-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We analyse the spatial and temporal aerosol spectral optical properties during the extreme wildfires of August 2021 in Greece and assess their effects on air quality and solar radiation quantities related to health, agriculture, and energy. Different aerosol conditions are identified (pure smoke, pure dust, dust–smoke together); the largest impact on solar radiation quantities is found for cases with mixed dust–smoke aerosols. Such situations are expected to occur more frequently in the future.
G. Boccacci, F. Frasca, B. Bartolucci, L. Vergelli, C. Bertolin, and A. M. Siani
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-M-2-2023, 227–234, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-M-2-2023-227-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-M-2-2023-227-2023, 2023
Theano Drosoglou, Ioannis-Panagiotis Raptis, Massimo Valeri, Stefano Casadio, Francesca Barnaba, Marcos Herreras-Giralda, Anton Lopatin, Oleg Dubovik, Gabriele Brizzi, Fabrizio Niro, Monica Campanelli, and Stelios Kazadzis
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 2989–3014, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2989-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2989-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol optical properties derived from sun photometers depend on the optical depth of trace gases absorbing solar radiation at specific spectral ranges. Various networks use satellite-based climatologies to account for this or neglect their effect. In this work, we evaluate the effect of NO2 absorption in aerosol retrievals from AERONET and SKYNET over two stations in Rome, Italy, with relatively high NO2 spatiotemporal variations, using NO2 data from the Pandora network and the TROPOMI sensor.
Luca Egli, Julian Gröbner, Herbert Schill, and Eliane Maillard Barras
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 2889–2902, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2889-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2889-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper introduces a new method to retrieve total column ozone with spectral ground-based measurements from a novel array spectroradiometer. Total column ozone estimates using the small, cost-effective, and robust instrument and the new retrieval method are compared with other co-located total column ozone instruments. The comparison shows that the new system performs similarly to other well-established instruments, which require substantially more maintenance than the system introduced here.
Xiaoyi Zhao, Vitali Fioletov, Alberto Redondas, Julian Gröbner, Luca Egli, Franz Zeilinger, Javier López-Solano, Alberto Berjón Arroyo, James Kerr, Eliane Maillard Barras, Herman Smit, Michael Brohart, Reno Sit, Akira Ogyu, Ihab Abboud, and Sum Chi Lee
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 2273–2295, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2273-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2273-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Brewer ozone spectrophotometer is one of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW)'s standard ozone monitoring instruments since the 1980s. This work is aimed at obtaining answers to (1) why Brewer primary calibration work can only be performed at certain sites (e.g., Izaña and MLO) and (2) what is needed to assure the equivalence of calibration quality from different sites.
Ka Lok Chan, Pieter Valks, Klaus-Peter Heue, Ronny Lutz, Pascal Hedelt, Diego Loyola, Gaia Pinardi, Michel Van Roozendael, François Hendrick, Thomas Wagner, Vinod Kumar, Alkis Bais, Ankie Piters, Hitoshi Irie, Hisahiro Takashima, Yugo Kanaya, Yongjoo Choi, Kihong Park, Jihyo Chong, Alexander Cede, Udo Frieß, Andreas Richter, Jianzhong Ma, Nuria Benavent, Robert Holla, Oleg Postylyakov, Claudia Rivera Cárdenas, and Mark Wenig
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1831–1870, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1831-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1831-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the theoretical basis as well as verification and validation of the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) daily and monthly level-3 products.
Leonie Bernet, Tove Svendby, Georg Hansen, Yvan Orsolini, Arne Dahlback, Florence Goutail, Andrea Pazmiño, Boyan Petkov, and Arve Kylling
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4165–4184, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4165-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4165-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
After the severe destruction of the ozone layer, the amount of ozone in the stratosphere is expected to increase again. At northern high latitudes, however, such a recovery has not been detected yet. To assess ozone changes in that region, we analyse the amount of ozone above specific locations (total ozone) measured at three stations in Norway. We found that total ozone increases significantly at two Arctic stations, which may be an indication of ozone recovery at northern high latitudes.
Bruce W. Forgan, Julian Gröbner, and Ibrahim Reda
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 727–743, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-727-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-727-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates the Absolute Cavity Pyrgeometer (ACP) and its use in measuring atmospheric terrestrial irradiances traceable to the standard system of units (SI). This work fits into the objective of the Expert Team on Radiation References, established by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), to develop and validate instrumentation that can be used as reference instruments for terrestrial radiation measurements.
Kyriakoula Papachristopoulou, Ioannis-Panagiotis Raptis, Antonis Gkikas, Ilias Fountoulakis, Akriti Masoom, and Stelios Kazadzis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15703–15727, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15703-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15703-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Megacities' air quality is determined by atmospheric aerosols. We focus on changes over the last two decades in the 81 largest cities, using satellite data. European and American cities have lower aerosol compared to African and Asian cities. For European, North American and East Asian cities, aerosols are decreasing over time, especially in China and the US. In the remaining cities, aerosol loads are increasing, particularly in India.
Angelos Karanikolas, Natalia Kouremeti, Julian Gröbner, Luca Egli, and Stelios Kazadzis
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 5667–5680, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5667-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5667-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The aim of this work is to investigate the limitations of calculating long-term trends of a parameter that quantifies the overall effect of atmospheric aerosols on the solar radiation. A main finding is that even instruments with good agreement between their observations can show significantly different linear trends. By calculating time-varying trends, the trend agreement is shown to improve. We also show that different methods of trend estimation can result in significant trend differences.
Kostas Eleftheratos, John Kapsomenakis, Ilias Fountoulakis, Christos S. Zerefos, Patrick Jöckel, Martin Dameris, Alkiviadis F. Bais, Germar Bernhard, Dimitra Kouklaki, Kleareti Tourpali, Scott Stierle, J. Ben Liley, Colette Brogniez, Frédérique Auriol, Henri Diémoz, Stana Simic, Irina Petropavlovskikh, Kaisa Lakkala, and Kostas Douvis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12827–12855, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12827-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12827-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present the future evolution of DNA-active ultraviolet (UV) radiation in view of increasing greenhouse gases (GHGs) and decreasing ozone depleting substances (ODSs). It is shown that DNA-active UV radiation might increase after 2050 between 50° N–50° S due to GHG-induced reductions in clouds and ozone, something that is likely not to happen at high latitudes, where DNA-active UV radiation will continue its downward trend mainly due to stratospheric ozone recovery from the reduction in ODSs.
Alena Dekhtyareva, Mark Hermanson, Anna Nikulina, Ove Hermansen, Tove Svendby, Kim Holmén, and Rune Grand Graversen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11631–11656, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11631-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11631-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Despite decades of industrial activity in Svalbard, there is no continuous air pollution monitoring in the region’s settlements except Ny-Ålesund. The NOx and O3 observations from the three-station network have been compared for the first time in this study. It has been shown how the large-scale weather regimes control the synoptic meteorological conditions and determine the atmospheric long-range transport pathways and efficiency of local air pollution dispersion.
Carmen González, José M. Vilaplana, José A. Bogeat, and Antonio Serrano
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4125–4133, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4125-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4125-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring ultraviolet (UV) radiation is important since it can have harmful effects on the biosphere. Array spectroradiometers are increasingly used to measure UV as they are more versatile than scanning spectroradiometers. In this study, the long-term performance of the BTS-2048-UV-S-WP array spectroradiometer was assessed. The results show that the BTS can reliably measure both the UV index and UV radiation in the 300–360 nm range. Moreover, the BTS was stable and showed no seasonal behavior.
Peristera Paschou, Nikolaos Siomos, Alexandra Tsekeri, Alexandros Louridas, George Georgoussis, Volker Freudenthaler, Ioannis Binietoglou, George Tsaknakis, Alexandros Tavernarakis, Christos Evangelatos, Jonas von Bismarck, Thomas Kanitz, Charikleia Meleti, Eleni Marinou, and Vassilis Amiridis
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2299–2323, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2299-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2299-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The eVe lidar delivers quality-assured aerosol and cloud optical properties according to the standards of ACTRIS. It is a mobile reference system for the validation of the ESA's Aeolus satellite mission (L2 aerosol and cloud products). eVe provides linear and circular polarisation measurements with Raman capabilities. Here, we describe the system design, the polarisation calibration techniques, and the software for the retrieval of the optical products.
Luca Egli, Julian Gröbner, Gregor Hülsen, Herbert Schill, and René Stübi
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 1917–1930, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1917-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1917-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents traceable total column ozone retrievals from direct solar spectral irradiance measurements. The retrieved ozone does not require any field calibration with a reference instrument as it is required for other operational network instruments such as Brewer or Dobson. Total column ozone can be retrieved with a traceable overall standard uncertainty of less than 0.8 % indicating a benchmark uncertainty for total column ozone measurements.
Antonis Gkikas, Emmanouil Proestakis, Vassilis Amiridis, Stelios Kazadzis, Enza Di Tomaso, Eleni Marinou, Nikos Hatzianastassiou, Jasper F. Kok, and Carlos Pérez García-Pando
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3553–3578, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3553-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3553-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a comprehensive climatological analysis of dust optical depth (DOD) relying on the MIDAS dataset. MIDAS provides columnar mid-visible (550 nm) DOD at fine spatial resolution (0.1° × 0.1°) over a 15-year period (2003–2017). In the current study, the analysis is performed at various spatial (from regional to global) and temporal (from months to years) scales. More specifically, focus is given to specific regions hosting the major dust sources as well as downwind areas of the planet.
Stephen M. Platt, Øystein Hov, Torunn Berg, Knut Breivik, Sabine Eckhardt, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Markus Fiebig, Rebecca Fisher, Georg Hansen, Hans-Christen Hansson, Jost Heintzenberg, Ove Hermansen, Dominic Heslin-Rees, Kim Holmén, Stephen Hudson, Roland Kallenborn, Radovan Krejci, Terje Krognes, Steinar Larssen, David Lowry, Cathrine Lund Myhre, Chris Lunder, Euan Nisbet, Pernilla B. Nizzetto, Ki-Tae Park, Christina A. Pedersen, Katrine Aspmo Pfaffhuber, Thomas Röckmann, Norbert Schmidbauer, Sverre Solberg, Andreas Stohl, Johan Ström, Tove Svendby, Peter Tunved, Kjersti Tørnkvist, Carina van der Veen, Stergios Vratolis, Young Jun Yoon, Karl Espen Yttri, Paul Zieger, Wenche Aas, and Kjetil Tørseth
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3321–3369, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3321-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3321-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Here we detail the history of the Zeppelin Observatory, a unique global background site and one of only a few in the high Arctic. We present long-term time series of up to 30 years of atmospheric components and atmospheric transport phenomena. Many of these time series are important to our understanding of Arctic and global atmospheric composition change. Finally, we discuss the future of the Zeppelin Observatory and emerging areas of future research on the Arctic atmosphere.
Dimitris Karagkiozidis, Martina Michaela Friedrich, Steffen Beirle, Alkiviadis Bais, François Hendrick, Kalliopi Artemis Voudouri, Ilias Fountoulakis, Angelos Karanikolas, Paraskevi Tzoumaka, Michel Van Roozendael, Dimitris Balis, and Thomas Wagner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 1269–1301, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1269-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1269-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we focus on the retrieval of aerosol, NO2, and HCHO vertical profiles from multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations for the first time over Thessaloniki, Greece. We use two independent inversion algorithms for the profile retrievals. We evaluate their performance, we intercompare their results, and we validate their products with ancillary data, measured by other co-located reference instruments.
Monica Campanelli, Henri Diémoz, Anna Maria Siani, Alcide di Sarra, Anna Maria Iannarelli, Rei Kudo, Gabriele Fasano, Giampietro Casasanta, Luca Tofful, Marco Cacciani, Paolo Sanò, and Stefano Dietrich
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 1171–1183, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1171-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1171-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The aerosol optical depth (AOD) characteristics in an urban area of Rome were retrieved over a period of 11 years (2010–2020) to determine, for the first time, their effect on the incoming ultraviolet (UV) solar radiation. The surface forcing efficiency shows that the AOD is the primary parameter affecting the surface irradiance in Rome, and it is found to be greater for smaller zenith angles and for larger and more absorbing particles in the UV range (such as, e.g., mineral dust).
Ilias Fountoulakis, Henri Diémoz, Anna Maria Siani, Alcide di Sarra, Daniela Meloni, and Damiano M. Sferlazzo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 18689–18705, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18689-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18689-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The variability and trends of solar spectral UV irradiance have been studied for the periods 1996–2020 (for Rome) and 2006–2020 (for Lampedusa, Rome, and Aosta) with respect to the variability and trends of total ozone and geopotential height. Analyses revealed increasing UV in particular months at all sites, possibly due to decreasing lower-stratospheric ozone (at Rome in 1996–2020) and decreasing attenuation by aerosols and/or clouds (at all stations in 2006–2020).
Song Liu, Pieter Valks, Gaia Pinardi, Jian Xu, Ka Lok Chan, Athina Argyrouli, Ronny Lutz, Steffen Beirle, Ehsan Khorsandi, Frank Baier, Vincent Huijnen, Alkiviadis Bais, Sebastian Donner, Steffen Dörner, Myrto Gratsea, François Hendrick, Dimitris Karagkiozidis, Kezia Lange, Ankie J. M. Piters, Julia Remmers, Andreas Richter, Michel Van Roozendael, Thomas Wagner, Mark Wenig, and Diego G. Loyola
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7297–7327, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7297-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7297-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, an improved tropospheric NO2 retrieval algorithm from TROPOMI measurements over Europe is presented. The stratospheric estimation is implemented with correction for the dependency of the stratospheric NO2 on the viewing geometry. The AMF calculation is implemented using improved surface albedo, a priori NO2 profiles, and cloud correction. The improved tropospheric NO2 data show good correlations with ground-based MAX-DOAS measurements.
Stavros-Andreas Logothetis, Vasileios Salamalikis, Antonis Gkikas, Stelios Kazadzis, Vassilis Amiridis, and Andreas Kazantzidis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16499–16529, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16499-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16499-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the temporal trends of dust optical depth (DOD; 550 nm) on global, regional and seasonal scales over a 15-year period (2003–2017) using the MIDAS (ModIs Dust AeroSol) dataset. The findings of this study revealed that the DOD was increased across the central Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula, with opposite trends over the eastern and western Sahara, the Thar and Gobi deserts, in the Bodélé Depression, and in the southern Mediterranean.
Xinyuan Hou, Martin Wild, Doris Folini, Stelios Kazadzis, and Jan Wohland
Earth Syst. Dynam., 12, 1099–1113, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-1099-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-1099-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Solar photovoltaics (PV) matters for the carbon neutrality goal. We use climate scenarios to quantify climate risk for PV in Europe and find higher PV potential. The seasonal cycle of PV generation changes in most places. We find an increase in the spatial correlations of daily PV production, implying that PV power balancing through redistribution will be more difficult in the future. Thus, changes in the spatiotemporal structure of PV generation should be included in power system design.
Henri Diémoz, Anna Maria Siani, Stefano Casadio, Anna Maria Iannarelli, Giuseppe Rocco Casale, Vladimir Savastiouk, Alexander Cede, Martin Tiefengraber, and Moritz Müller
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4929–4950, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4929-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4929-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A 20-year (1996–2017) record of nitrogen dioxide column densities collected in Rome by a Brewer spectrophotometer is presented, together with the novel algorithm employed to re-evaluate the series. The high quality of the data is demonstrated by comparison with reference instrumentation, including a co-located Pandora spectrometer. The data can be used for satellite validation and identification of NO2 trends. The method can be replicated on other instruments of the international Brewer network.
Janusz W. Krzyścin, Bonawentura Rajewska-Więch, and Janusz Jarosławski
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4425–4436, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4425-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4425-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The article presents a dataset comprising all manual observations of total column ozone taken at Belsk (Poland) from 23 March 1963 up to 31 December 2019 by the Dobson spectrophotometer. The dataset contains results of ~115 000 intraday measurements. The original data can be used for trend analyses as the instrument's aging has not been detected. For comparative research with other ozone data sources, correction procedures (for adjustments to the Brewer spectrophotometer output) are proposed.
Kevin Lamy, Thierry Portafaix, Colette Brogniez, Kaisa Lakkala, Mikko R. A. Pitkänen, Antti Arola, Jean-Baptiste Forestier, Vincent Amelie, Mohamed Abdoulwahab Toihir, and Solofoarisoa Rakotoniaina
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4275–4301, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4275-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4275-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper is about the presentation of the UV-Indien measurement network. This network measures the ultraviolet radiation emitted by the Sun received at the Earth's surface and the clouding above each station. It has been deployed at several sites in the Indian Ocean region representing different environmental conditions. A description of the instruments and their calibration, maintenance, and data processing is presented in this paper along with a valuation of the data quality.
Isabelle De Smedt, Gaia Pinardi, Corinne Vigouroux, Steven Compernolle, Alkis Bais, Nuria Benavent, Folkert Boersma, Ka-Lok Chan, Sebastian Donner, Kai-Uwe Eichmann, Pascal Hedelt, François Hendrick, Hitoshi Irie, Vinod Kumar, Jean-Christopher Lambert, Bavo Langerock, Christophe Lerot, Cheng Liu, Diego Loyola, Ankie Piters, Andreas Richter, Claudia Rivera Cárdenas, Fabian Romahn, Robert George Ryan, Vinayak Sinha, Nicolas Theys, Jonas Vlietinck, Thomas Wagner, Ting Wang, Huan Yu, and Michel Van Roozendael
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12561–12593, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12561-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12561-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper assess the performances of the TROPOMI formaldehyde observations compared to its predecessor OMI at different spatial and temporal scales. We also use a global network of MAX-DOAS instruments to validate both satellite datasets for a large range of HCHO columns. The precision obtained with daily TROPOMI observations is comparable to monthly OMI observations. We present clear detection of weak HCHO column enhancements related to shipping emissions in the Indian Ocean.
Roeland Van Malderen, Dirk De Muer, Hugo De Backer, Deniz Poyraz, Willem W. Verstraeten, Veerle De Bock, Andy W. Delcloo, Alexander Mangold, Quentin Laffineur, Marc Allaart, Frans Fierens, and Valérie Thouret
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12385–12411, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12385-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12385-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The main aim of initiating measurements of the vertical distribution of the ozone concentration by means of ozonesondes attached to weather balloons at Uccle in 1969 was to improve weather forecasts. Since then, this measurement technique has barely changed, but the dense, long-term, and homogeneous Uccle dataset currently remains crucial for studying the temporal evolution of ozone from the surface to the stratosphere and is also the backbone of the validation of satellite ozone retrievals.
Antti Arola, William Wandji Nyamsi, Antti Lipponen, Stelios Kazadzis, Nickolay A. Krotkov, and Johanna Tamminen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4947–4957, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4947-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4947-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Methods to estimate surface UV radiation from satellite measurements offer the only means to obtain global coverage, and the development of satellite-based UV algorithms has been ongoing since the early 1990s. One of the main challenges in this development has been how to account for the overall effect of absorption by atmospheric aerosols. One such method was suggested roughly a decade ago, and in this study we propose further improvements for this kind of approach.
Ralf Zuber, Ulf Köhler, Luca Egli, Mario Ribnitzky, Wolfgang Steinbrecht, and Julian Gröbner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4915–4928, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4915-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4915-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We validated two BTS-based systems in a longer-term TOC analysis in the 2019/2020 campaign at Hohenpeißenberg and Davos. The results showed a deviation of the BTS-Solar to Brewers of < 0.1 % with a k = 2 of < 1.5 %. Koherent showed a deviation of 1.7 % with a k = 2 of 2.7 %. Resultingly, the BTS-Solar performance is comparable to Brewers in Hohenpeißenberg. Koherent shows a seasonal variation in Davos due to the sensitivity of its TOC retrieval algorithm to stratospheric temperature.
Tove M. Svendby, Bjørn Johnsen, Arve Kylling, Arne Dahlback, Germar H. Bernhard, Georg H. Hansen, Boyan Petkov, and Vito Vitale
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7881–7899, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7881-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7881-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of total ozone and effective cloud transmittance (eCLT) have been performed since 1995 at three Norwegian sites with GUV multi-filter instruments. The unique data sets of high-time-resolution measurements can be used for a broad range of studies. Data analyses reveal an increase in total ozone above Norway from 1995 to 2019. Measurements of GUV eCLT indicate changes in albedo in Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard) during the past 25 years, most likely resulting from increased Arctic ice melt.
Marek Šmíd, Geiland Porrovecchio, Jiří Tesař, Tim Burnitt, Luca Egli, Julian Grőbner, Petr Linduška, and Martin Staněk
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3573–3582, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3573-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3573-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We designed and developed a tuneable and portable radiation source (TuPS) to provide a reference wavelength scale, with a bandwidth of emitted radiation of 0.13 nm and uncertainty in wavelength of 0.02 nm. TuPS was successfully used for the in-field characterization of 14 Dobson spectrophotometers in campaigns in Europe. The line spread functions of Dobsons measured by TuPS in conjunction with the cross-sections from IUP improves the consistency between the Dobson and Brewer from 3 % to 1 %.
Rei Kudo, Henri Diémoz, Victor Estellés, Monica Campanelli, Masahiro Momoi, Franco Marenco, Claire L. Ryder, Osamu Ijima, Akihiro Uchiyama, Kouichi Nakashima, Akihiro Yamazaki, Ryoji Nagasawa, Nozomu Ohkawara, and Haruma Ishida
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3395–3426, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3395-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3395-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A new method, Skyrad pack MRI version 2, was developed to retrieve aerosol physical and optical properties, water vapor, and ozone column concentrations from the sky radiometer, a filter radiometer deployed in the SKYNET international network. Our method showed good performance in a radiative closure study using surface solar irradiances from the Baseline Surface Radiation Network and a comparison using aircraft in situ measurements of Saharan dust events during the SAVEX-D 2015 campaign.
Julian Gröbner, Herbert Schill, Luca Egli, and René Stübi
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3319–3331, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3319-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3319-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The world's longest continuous total column ozone time series was initiated in 1926 at the Lichtklimatisches Observatorium (LKO), at Arosa, in the Swiss Alps. The measurements between Dobson and Brewer spectroradiometers have shown seasonal variations of the order of 2 %. The results of the study show that the consistency between the two instrument types can be significantly improved when the ozone cross-sections from Serdyuchenko et al. (2013) and the measured slit functions are used.
Verena Schenzinger and Axel Kreuter
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2787–2798, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2787-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2787-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
When measuring the aerosol optical depth of the atmosphere, clouds in front of the sun lead to erroneously high values. Therefore, measurements that are potentially affected by clouds need to be removed from the dataset by an automatic process. As the currently used algorithm cannot reliably identify thin clouds, we developed a new one based on a method borrowed from machine learning. Tests with 10 years of data show improved performance of the new routine and therefore higher data quality.
Ioanna Skoulidou, Maria-Elissavet Koukouli, Astrid Manders, Arjo Segers, Dimitris Karagkiozidis, Myrto Gratsea, Dimitris Balis, Alkiviadis Bais, Evangelos Gerasopoulos, Trisevgeni Stavrakou, Jos van Geffen, Henk Eskes, and Andreas Richter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5269–5288, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5269-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5269-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The performance of LOTOS-EUROS v2.2.001 regional chemical transport model NO2 simulations is investigated over Greece from June to December 2018. Comparison with in situ NO2 measurements shows a spatial correlation coefficient of 0.86, while the model underestimates the concentrations mostly during daytime (12 to 15:00 local time). Further, the simulated tropospheric NO2 columns are evaluated against ground-based MAX-DOAS NO2 measurements and S5P/TROPOMI observations for July and December 2018.
Cited articles
Andrady, A. L., Aucamp, P. J., Austin, A. T., Bais, A. F., Ballare, C. L.,
Barnes, P. W., Bernhard, G. H., Bornman, J. F., Caldwell, M. M., de Gruijl,
F. R., and Erickson, D. J.: Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its
interactions with climate change: 2014 assessment executive summary,
Photoch. Photobio. Sci., 14, 14–18, https://doi.org/10.1039/c4pp90042a,
2015.
Arola, A., Kazadzis, S., Lindfors, A., Krotkov, N., Kujanpää, J.,
Tamminen, J., Bais, A., di Sarra, A., Villaplana, J. M., Brogniez, C.,
Siani, A. M., Janouch, M., Weihs, P., Webb, A., Koskela, T., Kouremeti, N.,
Meloni, D., Buchard, V., Auriol, F., Ialongo, I., Staneck, M., Simic, S.,
Smedley, A., and Kinne, S.: A new approach to correct for absorbing aerosols
in OMI UV, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L22805, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl041137, 2009.
Badosa, J. and Van Weele, M.: Effects of aerosols on UV-index, Tech. Rep. WR-2002-07, KNMI, De Bilt, the Netherlands, 2002.
Badosa, J., Calbó, J., McKenzie, R., Liley, B., González, J.-A.,
Forgan, B., and Long, C. N.: Two Methods for Retrieving UV Index for All
Cloud Conditions from Sky Imager Products or Total SW Radiation
Measurements, Photochem. Photobiol., 90, 941–951,
https://doi.org/10.1111/php.12272, 2014.
Bais, A. F., Zerefos, C. S., Meleti, C., Ziomas, I. C., and Tourpali, K.:
Spectral measurements of solar UVB radiation and its relations to total
ozone, SO2, and clouds, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 98,
5199–5204, https://doi.org/10.1029/92jd02904, 1993.
Bais, A. F., Lucas, R. M., Bornman, J. F., Williamson, C. E., Sulzberger,
B., Austin, A. T., Wilson, S. R., Andrady, A. L., Bernhard, G., McKenzie, R.
L., Aucamp, P. J., Madronich, S., Neale, R. E., Yazar, S., Young, A. R., de
Gruijl, F. R., Norval, M., Takizawa, Y., Barnes, P. W., Robson, T. M.,
Robinson, S. A., Ballaré, C. L., Flint, S. D., Neale, P. J., Hylander,
S., Rose, K. C., Wängberg, S. Å., Häder, D. P., Worrest, R. C.,
Zepp, R. G., Paul, N. D., Cory, R. M., Solomon, K. R., Longstreth, J.,
Pandey, K. K., Redhwi, H. H., Torikai, A., and Heikkilä, A. M.:
Environmental effects of ozone depletion, UV radiation and interactions with
climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, update 2017,
Photoch. Photobio. Sci., 17, 127–179, https://doi.org/10.1039/c7pp90043k, 2018.
Bais, A. F., Bernhard, G., McKenzie, R. L., Aucamp, P. J., Young, P. J.,
Ilyas, M., Jöckel, P., and Deushi, M.: Ozone–climate interactions and
effects on solar ultraviolet radiation, Photoch. Photobio. Sci., 18, 602–640, https://doi.org/10.1039/c8pp90059k, 2019.
Bernhard, G. and Stierle, S.: Trends of UV Radiation in Antarctica,
Atmosphere, 11, 795, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11080795, 2020.
Bieliński, T.: A Parallax Shift Effect Correction Based on Cloud Height
for Geostationary Satellites and Radar Observations, Remote Sens., 12, 365, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12030365, 2020.
Blumthaler, M. and Ambach, W.: SOLAR UVB-ALBEDO OF VARIOUS SURFACES,
Photochem. Photobiol., 48, 85–88,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1988.tb02790.x, 1988.
Blumthaler, M., Ambach, W., and Ellinger, R.: Increase in solar UV radiation
with altitude, J. Photoch. Photobio. B, 39,
130–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1011-1344(96)00018-8, 1997.
Boynard, A., Hurtmans, D., Garane, K., Goutail, F., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Koukouli, M. E., Wespes, C., Vigouroux, C., Keppens, A., Pommereau, J.-P., Pazmino, A., Balis, D., Loyola, D., Valks, P., Sussmann, R., Smale, D., Coheur, P.-F., and Clerbaux, C.: Validation of the IASI FORLI/EUMETSAT ozone products using satellite (GOME-2), ground-based (Brewer–Dobson, SAOZ, FTIR) and ozonesonde measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 5125–5152, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5125-2018, 2018.
Carrer, D., Roujean, J.-L., and Meurey, C.: Comparing Operational MSG/SEVIRI
Land Surface Albedo Products From Land SAF With Ground Measurements and
MODIS, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 48, 1714–1728, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2009.2034530, 2010.
Cede, A., Herman, J., Richter, A., Krotkov, N., and Burrows, J.:
Measurements of nitrogen dioxide total column amounts using a Brewer double
spectrophotometer in direct Sun mode, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D05304, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006585, 2006.
Chubarova, N., Zhdanova, Y., and Nezval, Y.: A new parameterization of the UV irradiance altitude dependence for clear-sky conditions and its application in the on-line UV tool over Northern Eurasia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11867–11881, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11867-2016, 2016.
Chubarova, N. E., Pastukhova, A. S., Zhdanova, E. Y., Volpert, E. V.,
Smyshlyaev, S. P., and Galin, V. Y.: Effects of ozone and clouds on temporal
variability of surface UV radiation and UV resources over Northern Eurasia
derived from measurements and modeling, Atmosphere, 11, 59, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11010059, 2020.
Corr, C. A., Krotkov, N., Madronich, S., Slusser, J. R., Holben, B., Gao, W., Flynn, J., Lefer, B., and Kreidenweis, S. M.: Retrieval of aerosol single scattering albedo at ultraviolet wavelengths at the T1 site during MILAGRO, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5813–5827, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5813-2009, 2009.
Czerwińska, A. E., Krzyścin, J. W., Jarosławski, J., and Posyniak, M.: Effects of urban agglomeration on surface-UV doses: a comparison of Brewer measurements in Warsaw and Belsk, Poland, for the period 2013–2015, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 13641–13651, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13641-2016, 2016.
Dahlback, A.: Dahlback, Measurements of biologically effective UV doses,
total ozone abundances, and cloud effects with multichannel, moderate
bandwidth filter instruments, Appl. Optics, 35, 6514, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.35.006514, 1996.
De Bock, V., De Backer, H., Van Malderen, R., Mangold, A., and Delcloo, A.: Relations between erythemal UV dose, global solar radiation, total ozone column and aerosol optical depth at Uccle, Belgium, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 12251–12270, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12251-2014, 2014.
Derrien, M. and Le Gléau, H.: MSG/SEVIRI cloud mask and type from
SAFNWC, Int. J. Remote Sens., 26, 4707–4732, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160500166128, 2005.
Eleftheratos, K., Kazadzis, S., Zerefos, C. S., Tourpali, K., Meleti, C.,
Balis, D., Zyrichidou, I., Lakkala, K., Feister, U., Koskela, T.,
Heikkilä, A., and Karhu, J. M.: Ozone and Spectroradiometric UV Changes
in the Past 20 Years over High Latitudes, Atmos.-Ocean, 53, 117–125, https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2014.919897, 2015.
Eskes, H., Huijnen, V., Arola, A., Benedictow, A., Blechschmidt, A.-M., Botek, E., Boucher, O., Bouarar, I., Chabrillat, S., Cuevas, E., Engelen, R., Flentje, H., Gaudel, A., Griesfeller, J., Jones, L., Kapsomenakis, J., Katragkou, E., Kinne, S., Langerock, B., Razinger, M., Richter, A., Schultz, M., Schulz, M., Sudarchikova, N., Thouret, V., Vrekoussis, M., Wagner, A., and Zerefos, C.: Validation of reactive gases and aerosols in the MACC global analysis and forecast system, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 3523–3543, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3523-2015, 2015.
Eskes, H. J., Velthoven, P. F. J. V., Valks, P. J. M., and Kelder, H. M.:
Assimilation of GOME total-ozone satellite observations in a
three-dimensional tracer-transport model, Q. J. Roy.
Meteor. Soc., 129, 1663–1681, https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.02.14,
2003.
Eskes, H. J., Wagner, A., Schulz, M., Christophe, Y., Ramonet, M., Basart,
S., Benedictow, A., Bennouna, Y., Blechschmidt, A.-M., Chabrillat, S.,
Clark, H., Cuevas, E., Flentje, H., Hansen, K. M., IM, U., Kapsomenakis, J.,
Langerock, B., Petersen, K., Richter, A., Sudarchikova, N., Thouret, V.,
Warneke, T., and Zerefos, C.: Validation report of the cams near-real-time
global atmospheric composition service: period September–November 2017,
Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) Report,
CAMS84_2015SC3_D84.1.1.10_2017SON_V1.pdf, February 2018, available at: https://atmosphere.copernicus.eu/sites/default/files/repository/CAMS84_2015SC3_D84.1.1.10_2017SON_v1_0.pdf
(last access: 25 July 2020), 2018.
Feister, U. and Grewe, R.: Spectral Albedo Measurements In The Uv And
Visible Region Over Different Types Of Surfaces, Photochem. Photobiol., 62, 736–744,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1995.tb08723.x, 1995.
Fioletov, V., Kerr, J. B., and Fergusson, A.: The UV Index: Definition,
Distribution and Factors Affecting It, C. J. Public Health,
101, I5–I9, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03405303, 2010.
Fioletov, V. E., Griffioen, E., Kerr, J. B., Wardle, D. I., and Uchino, O.:
Influence of volcanic sulfur dioxide on spectral UV irradiance as measured
by Brewer spectrophotometers. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25,
1665–1668, 1998.
Fioletov, V. E., Kerr, J. B., McArthur, L. J. B., Wardle, D. I., and
Mathews, T. W.: Estimating UV Index Climatology over Canada, J.
Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 42, 417–433, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<0417:EUICOC>2.0.CO;2, 2003.
Fioletov, V. E., McArthur, L. J. B., Mathews, T. W., and Marrett, L.: On the
relationship between erythemal and vitamin D action spectrum weighted
ultraviolet radiation, J. Photoch. Photobio. B, 95, 9–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2008.11.014, 2009.
Fountoulakis, I., Bais, A. F., Fragkos, K., Meleti, C., Tourpali, K., and Zempila, M. M.: Short- and long-term variability of spectral solar UV irradiance at Thessaloniki, Greece: effects of changes in aerosols, total ozone and clouds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 2493–2505, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2493-2016, 2016.
Fountoulakis, I., Zerefos, C. S., Bais, A. F., Kapsomenakis, J., Koukouli,
M.-E., Ohkawara, N., Fioletov, V., De Backer, H., Lakkala, K., Karppinen,
T., and Webb, A. R.: Twenty-five years of spectral UV-B measurements over
Canada, Europe and Japan: Trends and effects from changes in ozone,
aerosols, clouds, and surface reflectivity, C. R. Geosci., 350,
393–402, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2018.07.011, 2018.
Fountoulakis, I., Natsis, A., Siomos, N., Drosoglou, T., and Bais, F. A.:
Deriving Aerosol Absorption Properties from Solar Ultraviolet Radiation
Spectral Measurements at Thessaloniki, Greece, Remote Sens., 11, 2179, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11182179, 2019.
Fountoulakis, I., Diémoz, H., Siani, A.-M., Laschewski, G., Filippa, G.,
Arola, A., Bais, A. F., De Backer, H., Lakkala, K., Webb, A. R., De Bock,
V., Karppinen, T., Garane, K., Kapsomenakis, J., Koukouli, M.-E., and
Zerefos, C. S.: Solar UV Irradiance in a Changing Climate: Trends in Europe
and the Significance of Spectral Monitoring in Italy, Environments, 7, 1, https://doi.org/10.3390/environments7010001, 2020a.
Fountoulakis, I., Diémoz, H., Siani, A. M., Hülsen, G., and Gröbner, J.: Monitoring of solar spectral ultraviolet irradiance in Aosta, Italy, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2787–2810, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2787-2020, 2020b.
Gal, S.: Computing elementary functions: A new approach for achieving high
accuracy and good performance, Accurate Scientific Computations, Berlin,
Heidelberg, Germany, 1–16, 1986.
Garane, K., Bais, A. F., Kazadzis, S., Kazantzidis, A., and Meleti, C.: Monitoring of UV spectral irradiance at Thessaloniki (1990–2005): data re-evaluation and quality control, Ann. Geophys., 24, 3215–3228, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-24-3215-2006, 2006.
Garane, K., Lerot, C., Coldewey-Egbers, M., Verhoelst, T., Koukouli, M. E., Zyrichidou, I., Balis, D. S., Danckaert, T., Goutail, F., Granville, J., Hubert, D., Keppens, A., Lambert, J.-C., Loyola, D., Pommereau, J.-P., Van Roozendael, M., and Zehner, C.: Quality assessment of the Ozone_cci Climate Research Data Package (release 2017) – Part 1: Ground-based validation of total ozone column data products, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 1385–1402, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-1385-2018, 2018.
Garane, K., Koukouli, M.-E., Verhoelst, T., Lerot, C., Heue, K.-P., Fioletov, V., Balis, D., Bais, A., Bazureau, A., Dehn, A., Goutail, F., Granville, J., Griffin, D., Hubert, D., Keppens, A., Lambert, J.-C., Loyola, D., McLinden, C., Pazmino, A., Pommereau, J.-P., Redondas, A., Romahn, F., Valks, P., Van Roozendael, M., Xu, J., Zehner, C., Zerefos, C., and Zimmer, W.: TROPOMI/S5P total ozone column data: global ground-based validation and consistency with other satellite missions, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 5263–5287, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-5263-2019, 2019.
Giles, D. M., Sinyuk, A., Sorokin, M. G., Schafer, J. S., Smirnov, A., Slutsker, I., Eck, T. F., Holben, B. N., Lewis, J. R., Campbell, J. R., Welton, E. J., Korkin, S. V., and Lyapustin, A. I.: Advancements in the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Version 3 database – automated near-real-time quality control algorithm with improved cloud screening for Sun photometer aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 169–209, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-169-2019, 2019.
Gratien, A., Nilsson, E., Doussin, J. F., Johnson, M. S., Nielsen, C. J.,
Stenstrøm, Y., and Picquet-Varrault, B.: UV and IR absorption
cross-sections of HCHO, HCDO, and DCDO, J. Phys. Chem. A, 111, 11506–11513, 2007.
Gröbner, J.: Example datasets from PMOD/WRC Davos, Switzerland with the
double Brewer B163 and QASUME II compared with the UVIOS model, Atmos. Meas.
Tech. (supplement comment), https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2020-506-CC1, 2021.
Gröbner, J. and Sperfeld, P.: Direct traceability of the portable
QASUME irradiance scale to the primary irradiance standard of the PTB,
Metrologia, 42, 134–139, https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/42/2/008, 2005.
Gröbner, J., Schreder, J., Kazadzis, S., Bais, A. F., Blumthaler, M.,
Görts, P., Tax, R., Koskela, T., Seckmeyer, G., Webb, A. R., and
Rembges, D.: Traveling reference spectroradiometer for routine quality
assurance of spectral solar ultraviolet irradiance measurements, Appl.
Optics, 44, 5321-5331, https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.44.005321, 2005.
Gröbner, J., Kröger, I., Egli, L., Hülsen, G., Riechelmann, S., and Sperfeld, P.: The high-resolution extraterrestrial solar spectrum (QASUMEFTS) determined from ground-based solar irradiance measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 3375–3383, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3375-2017, 2017.
Heikkilä, A., Kaurola, J., Lakkala, K., Karhu, J. M., Kyrö, E., Koskela, T., Engelsen, O., Slaper, H., and Seckmeyer, G.: European UV DataBase (EUVDB) as a repository and quality analyser for solar spectral UV irradiance monitored in Sodankylä, Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 5, 333–345, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-5-333-2016, 2016.
Henderson-Sellers, A. and Wilson, M. F.: Surface albedo data for climatic
modeling, Rev. Geophys., 21, 1743–1778,
https://doi.org/10.1029/RG021i008p01743, 1983.
Henken, C. C., Schmeits, M. J., Deneke, H., and Roebeling, R. A.: Using
MSG-SEVIRI Cloud Physical Properties and Weather Radar Observations for the
Detection of Cb/TCu Clouds, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim.,
50, 1587–1600, 2011.
Herman, J. R.: Global increase in UV irradiance during the past 30 years
(1979–2008) estimated from satellite data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D04203, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jd012219, 2010.
Holick, M. F.: Vitamin D: the underappreciated D-lightful hormone that is
important for skeletal and cellular health, Curr. Opin. Endocrinol., 9, 87, https://doi.org/10.1097/00060793-200202000-00011, 2002.
Hülsen, G., Gröbner, J., Bais, A., Blumthaler, M., Disterhoft, P., Johnsen, B., Lantz, K. O., Meleti, C., Schreder, J., Vilaplana Guerrero, J. M., and Ylianttila, L.: Intercomparison of erythemal broadband radiometers calibrated by seven UV calibration facilities in Europe and the USA, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4865–4875, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-4865-2008, 2008.
Hülsen, G., Gröbner, J., Nevas, S., Sperfeld, P., Egli, L.,
Porrovecchio, G., and Smid, M.: Traceability of solar UV measurements using
the Qasume reference spectroradiometer, Appl. Optics, 55, 7265–7275, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.55.007265, 2016.
Hülsen, G., Gröbner, J., Bais, A., Blumthaler, M., Diemoz, H.,
Bolsee, D., Rodríguez, A. D., Fountoulakis, I., Naranen, E., Schreder,
J., Stefania, F., and Vilaplana Guerrero, J. M.: Second solar ultraviolet
radiometer comparison campaign UVC-II, Metrologia, 57, 035001, https://doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/ab74e5, 2020.
Johnsen, B., Kjeldstad, B., Aalerud, T. N., Nilsen, L. T., Schreder, J., Blumthaler, M., Bernhard, G., Topaloglou, C., Meinander, O., Bagheri, A., Slusser, J. R., and Davis, J.: Intercomparison and harmonization of UV index measurements from
multiband filter radiometers, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D15206,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009731, 2008.
Juzeniene, A., Brekke, P., Dahlback, A., Andersson-Engels, S., Reichrath,
J., Moan, K., Holick, M. F., Grant, W. B., and Moan, J.: Solar radiation and
human health, Rep. Prog. Phys., 74, 066701, https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/74/6/066701, 2011.
Kato, S. and Marshak, A.: Solar zenith and viewing geometry-dependent
errors in satellite retrieved cloud optical thickness: Marine stratocumulus
case, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D01202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010579,
2009.
Kazadzis, S., Bais, A., Balis, D., Kouremeti, N., Zempila, M., Arola, A., Giannakaki, E., Amiridis, V., and Kazantzidis, A.: Spatial and temporal UV irradiance and aerosol variability within the area of an OMI satellite pixel, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4593–4601, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-4593-2009, 2009a.
Kazadzis, S., Kouremeti, N., Bais, A., Kazantzidis, A., and Meleti, C.: Aerosol forcing efficiency in the UVA region from spectral solar irradiance measurements at an urban environment, Ann. Geophys., 27, 2515–2522, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-2515-2009, 2009b.
Kazadzis, S., Raptis, P., Kouremeti, N., Amiridis, V., Arola, A., Gerasopoulos, E., and Schuster, G. L.: Aerosol absorption retrieval at ultraviolet wavelengths in a complex environment, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 5997–6011, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5997-2016, 2016.
Kerr, J. B. and Fioletov, V. E.: Surface ultraviolet radiation,
Atmos.-Ocean, 46, 159–184, https://doi.org/10.3137/ao.460108, 2008.
Kerr, J. B., Evans, W. F. J., and Asbridge, I. A.: Recalibration of Dobson
Field Spectrophotometers with a Travelling Brewer Spectrophotometer
Standard, Atmospheric Ozone, Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 381–386, 1985.
Kinne, S.: The MACv2 aerosol climatology, Tellus B, 71, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1080/16000889.2019.1623639, 2019.
Koren, I., Remer, L. A., Kaufman, Y. J., Rudich, Y., and Martins, J. V.: On
the twilight zone between clouds and aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
34, L08805, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029253, 2007.
Kosmopoulos, P. G., Kazadzis, S., Taylor, M., Raptis, P. I., Keramitsoglou, I., Kiranoudis, C., and Bais, A. F.: Assessment of surface solar irradiance derived from real-time modelling techniques and verification with ground-based measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 907–924, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-907-2018, 2018.
Kosmopoulos, P. G., Kouroutsidis, D., Papachristopoulou, K., Raptis, P. I.,
Masoom, A., Saint-Drenan, Y.-M., Blanc, P., Kontoes, C., and Kazadzis, S.:
Short-Term Forecasting of Large-Scale Clouds Impact on Downwelling Surface
Solar Irradiation, Energies, 13, 6555,
https://doi.org/10.3390/en13246555, 2020.
Kreuter, A., Buras, R., Mayer, B., Webb, A., Kift, R., Bais, A., Kouremeti, N., and Blumthaler, M.: Solar irradiance in the heterogeneous albedo environment of the Arctic coast: measurements and a 3-D model study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5989–6002, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5989-2014, 2014.
Krotkov, N. A., Bhartia, P. K., Herman, J. R., Fioletov, V., and Kerr, J.:
Satellite estimation of spectral surface UV irradiance in the presence of
tropospheric aerosols: 1. Cloud-free case, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 8779–8793, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JD00233, 1998.
Lacaze, R., Smets, B., Trigo, I., Calvet, J.C., Jann, A., Camacho, F.,
Baret, F., Kidd, R., Defourny, P., Tansey, K., Pacholczyk, P., Balsamo, G., and Szintai, B.: The Copernicus Global
Land Service: Present and future, in: Proceedings of the EGU General
Assembly, 7–12 April 2013, Vienna, Austria, 4937, 2013.
Lakkala, K., Arola, A., Heikkilä, A., Kaurola, J., Koskela, T., Kyrö, E., Lindfors, A., Meinander, O., Tanskanen, A., Gröbner, J., and Hülsen, G.: Quality assurance of the Brewer spectral UV measurements in Finland, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3369–3383, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-3369-2008, 2008.
Lakkala, K., Redondas, A., Meinander, O., Thölix, L., Hamari, B., Almansa, A. F., Carreno, V., García, R. D., Torres, C., Deferrari, G., Ochoa, H., Bernhard, G., Sanchez, R., and de Leeuw, G.: UV measurements at Marambio and Ushuaia during 2000–2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 16019–16031, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16019-2018, 2018.
Lakkala, K., Kujanpää, J., Brogniez, C., Henriot, N., Arola, A., Aun, M., Auriol, F., Bais, A. F., Bernhard, G., De Bock, V., Catalfamo, M., Deroo, C., Diémoz, H., Egli, L., Forestier, J.-B., Fountoulakis, I., Garane, K., Garcia, R. D., Gröbner, J., Hassinen, S., Heikkilä, A., Henderson, S., Hülsen, G., Johnsen, B., Kalakoski, N., Karanikolas, A., Karppinen, T., Lamy, K., León-Luis, S. F., Lindfors, A. V., Metzger, J.-M., Minvielle, F., Muskatel, H. B., Portafaix, T., Redondas, A., Sanchez, R., Siani, A. M., Svendby, T., and Tamminen, J.: Validation of the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) surface UV radiation product, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 6999–7024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6999-2020, 2020.
Larkin, A., Haigh, J. D., and Djavidnia, S.: The Effect of Solar UV
Irradiance Variations on the Earth's Atmosphere, Space Sci. Rev., 94,
199–214, https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1026771307057, 2000.
Levelt, P. F., Oord, G. H. J. v. d., Dobber, M. R., Malkki, A., Huib, V.,
Johan de, V., Stammes, P., Lundell, J. O. V., and Saari, H.: The ozone
monitoring instrument, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote,
44, 1093–1101, https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2006.872333, 2006.
Levelt, P. F., Joiner, J., Tamminen, J., Veefkind, J. P., Bhartia, P. K., Stein Zweers, D. C., Duncan, B. N., Streets, D. G., Eskes, H., van der A, R., McLinden, C., Fioletov, V., Carn, S., de Laat, J., DeLand, M., Marchenko, S., McPeters, R., Ziemke, J., Fu, D., Liu, X., Pickering, K., Apituley, A., González Abad, G., Arola, A., Boersma, F., Chan Miller, C., Chance, K., de Graaf, M., Hakkarainen, J., Hassinen, S., Ialongo, I., Kleipool, Q., Krotkov, N., Li, C., Lamsal, L., Newman, P., Nowlan, C., Suleiman, R., Tilstra, L. G., Torres, O., Wang, H., and Wargan, K.: The Ozone Monitoring Instrument: overview of 14 years in space, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 5699–5745, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5699-2018, 2018.
López-Solano, J., Redondas, A., Carlund, T., Rodriguez-Franco, J. J., Diémoz, H., León-Luis, S. F., Hernández-Cruz, B., Guirado-Fuentes, C., Kouremeti, N., Gröbner, J., Kazadzis, S., Carreño, V., Berjón, A., Santana-Díaz, D., Rodríguez-Valido, M., De Bock, V., Moreta, J. R., Rimmer, J., Smedley, A. R. D., Boulkelia, L., Jepsen, N., Eriksen, P., Bais, A. F., Shirotov, V., Vilaplana, J. M., Wilson, K. M., and Karppinen, T.: Aerosol optical depth in the European Brewer Network, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 3885–3902, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3885-2018, 2018.
Lucas, R., McMichael, T., Smith, W., and Armstrong, B. K.:
Solar ultraviolet radiation: global burden of disease from solar
ultraviolet radiation, edited by: Prüss-Üstün, A., Zeeb, H., Mathers, C., and Repacholi, M., Environmental burden of disease series, no. 13, World Health
Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006.
Lucas, R. M., Byrne, S. N., Correale, J., Ilschner, S., and Hart, P. H.:
Ultraviolet radiation, vitamin D and multiple sclerosis, Neurodegenerative
Disease Management, 5, 413–424, https://doi.org/10.2217/nmt.15.33, 2015.
Madronich, S.: The Atmosphere and UV-B Radiation at Ground Level, in: Environmental UV Photobiology, edited by: Young, A. R., Moan, J., Björn, L. O., and Nultsch, W., Springer, Boston, MA, USA, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2406-3_1, 1993.
Mayer, B. and Kylling, A.: Technical note: The libRadtran software package for radiative transfer calculations – description and examples of use, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1855–1877, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-1855-2005, 2005.
Mayer, B., Kylling, A., Madronich, S., and Seckmeyer, G.: Enhanced
absorption of UV radiation due to multiple scattering in clouds:
Experimental evidence and theoretical explanation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 31241–31254, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JD02676,
1998.
McKenzie, R., Bernhard, G., Liley, B., Disterhoft, P., Rhodes, S., Bais, A.,
Morgenstern, O., Newman, P., Oman, L., Brogniez, C., and Simic, S.: Success
of Montreal Protocol Demonstrated by Comparing High-Quality UV Measurements
with “World Avoided” Calculations from Two Chemistry-Climate Models,
Sci. Rep., 9, 12332, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48625-z, 2019.
McKenzie, R. L., Aucamp, P. J., Bais, A. F., Björn, L. O., Ilyas, M.,
and Madronich, S.: Ozone depletion and climate change: impacts on UV
radiation, Photoch. Photobio. Sci., 10, 182–198, https://doi.org/10.1039/c0pp90034f, 2011.
Meinander, O., Kazadzis, S., Arola, A., Riihelä, A., Räisänen, P., Kivi, R., Kontu, A., Kouznetsov, R., Sofiev, M., Svensson, J., Suokanerva, H., Aaltonen, V., Manninen, T., Roujean, J.-L., and Hautecoeur, O.: Spectral albedo of seasonal snow during intensive melt period at Sodankylä, beyond the Arctic Circle, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 3793–3810, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3793-2013, 2013.
MétéoFrance: Algorithm theoretical basis document for cloud products
(CMa-PGE01 v3.2, CT-PGE02 v2.2 & CTTH-PGE03 v2.2), Technical Report
SAF/NWC/CDOP/MFL/SCI/ATBD/01, MétéoFrance, Paris, France, 2013.
Mok, J., Krotkov, N. A., Torres, O., Jethva, H., Li, Z., Kim, J., Koo, J.-H., Go, S., Irie, H., Labow, G., Eck, T. F., Holben, B. N., Herman, J., Loughman, R. P., Spinei, E., Lee, S. S., Khatri, P., and Campanelli, M.: Comparisons of spectral aerosol single scattering albedo in Seoul, South Korea, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 2295–2311, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-2295-2018, 2018.
Myhre, G. and Myhre, A.: Uncertainties in Radiative Forcing due to Surface
Albedo Changes Caused by Land-Use Changes, J. Climate, 16,
1511–1524, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<1511:uirfdt>2.0.co;2, 2003.
NOAA: Data Announcement 88-MGG-02, Digital relief of the surface of the
Earth. NOAA, National Geopgysical Data Center, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 1988.
Noël, S., Mieruch, S., Bovensmann, H., and Burrows, J. P.: Preliminary results of GOME-2 water vapour retrievals and first applications in polar regions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1519–1529, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-1519-2008, 2008.
Pfeifroth, U., Kothe, S., and Trentmann, J.: Validation report: Meteosat
solar surface radiation and effective cloud albedo climate data record
(Sarah 2), EUMETSAT SAF CM Validation report with reference number
SAF/CM/DWD/VAL/ METEOSAT/HEL, 2.1, https://doi.org/10.5676/EUM_SAF_CM/SARAH/V002,
2016.
Probst, P., Rizzi, R., Tosi, E., Lucarini, V., and Maestri, T.: Total cloud
cover from satellite observations and climate models, Atmos. Res.,
107, 161–170, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.01.005, 2012.
Raptis, I.-P., Kazadzis, S., Eleftheratos, K., Amiridis, V., and
Fountoulakis, I.: Single Scattering Albedo's Spectral Dependence Effect on
UV Irradiance, Atmosphere, 9, 364, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9090364, 2018.
Reda, I. and Andreas, A.: Solar position algorithm for solar radiation
applications, NREL Technical Report, NREL/TP-560-34302, Prepared under Task
No. WU1D5600, NREL, Colorado, USA, 2008.
Renaud, A., Staehelin, J., Fröhlich, C., Philipona, R., and Heimo, A.:
Influence of snow and clouds on erythemal UV radiation: Analysis of Swiss
measurements and comparison with models, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 4961–4969, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900160, 2000.
Rimmer, J. S., Redondas, A., and Karppinen, T.: EuBrewNet – A European Brewer network (COST Action ES1207), an overview, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 10347–10353, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10347-2018, 2018.
Schmalwieser, A. and Siani, A.: Review on Non-Occupational Personal Solar
UV Exposure Measurements, Photochem. Photobiol., 94, 900, https://doi.org/10.1111/php.12946, 2018.
Schmalwieser, A. W.: Possibilities to estimate the personal UV radiation
exposure from ambient UV radiation measurements, Photoch. Photobio. Sci., 19, 1249–1261, https://doi.org/10.1039/d0pp00182a, 2020.
Schmalwieser, A. W., Gröbner, J., Blumthaler, M., Klotz, B., De Backer,
H., Bolsée, D., Werner, R., Tomsic, D., Metelka, L., Eriksen, P.,
Jepsen, N., Aun, M., Heikkilä, A., Duprat, T., Sandmann, H., Weiss, T.,
Bais, A., Toth, Z., Siani, A.-M., Vaccaro, L., Diémoz, H., Grifoni, D.,
Zipoli, G., Lorenzetto, G., Petkov, B. H., di Sarra, A. G., Massen, F.,
Yousif, C., Aculinin, A. A., den Outer, P., Svendby, T., Dahlback, A.,
Johnsen, B., Biszczuk-Jakubowska, J., Krzyscin, J., Henriques, D.,
Chubarova, N., Kolarž, P., Mijatovic, Z., Groselj, D., Pribullova, A.,
Gonzales, J. R. M., Bilbao, J., Guerrero, J. M. V., Serrano, A., Andersson,
S., Vuilleumier, L., Webb, A., and O'Hagan, J.: UV Index monitoring in
Europe, Photoch. Photobio. Sci., 16, 1349–1370, https://doi.org/10.1039/c7pp00178a, 2017.
Seckmeyer, G., Erb, R., and Albold, A.: Transmittance of a cloud is
wavelength-dependent in the UV-range, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23,
2753–2755, https://doi.org/10.1029/96GL02614, 1996.
Seckmeyer, G., Pissulla, D., Glandorf, M., Henriques, D., Johnsen, B., Webb,
A., Siani, A.-M., Bais, A., Kjeldstad, B., Brogniez, C., Lenoble, J.,
Gardiner, B., Kirsch, P., Koskela, T., Kaurola, J., Uhlmann, B., Slaper, H.,
Den Outer, P., Janouch, M., Werle, P., Gröbner, J., Mayer, B., De La
Casiniere, A., Simic, S., and Carvalho, F.: Variability of UV Irradiance in
Europe, Photochem. Photobiol., 84, 172–179, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00216.x, 2008.
Siani, A. M., Casale, G. R., Diémoz, H., Agnesod, G., Kimlin, M. G., Lang, C. A., and Colosimo, A.: Personal UV exposure in high albedo alpine sites, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3749–3760, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-3749-2008, 2008.
Slaper, H., Reinen, H. A. J. M., Blumthaler, M., Huber, M., and Kuik, F.:
Comparing ground-level spectrally resolved solar UV measurements using
various instruments: A technique resolving effects of wavelength shift and
slit width, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2721–2724, https://doi.org/10.1029/95gl02824,
1995.
Smedley, A. R. D., Rimmer, J. S., Moore, D., Toumi, R., and Webb, A. R.:
Total ozone and surface UV trends in the United Kingdom: 1979–2008,
Int. J. Climatol., 32, 338–346, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2275, 2012.
Taylor, M., Kosmopoulos, P. G., Kazadzis, S., Keramitsoglou, I., and
Kiranoudis, C. T.: Neural network radiative transfer solvers for the
generation of high resolution solar irradiance spectra parameterized by
cloud and aerosol parameters, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 168, 176–192,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2015.08.018, 2016.
Vanicek, K., Frei, T., Litynska, Z., and Schmalwieser, A.: UV-Index for the
Public, COST-713 Action, European Union, Brussels, Belgium, ISBN 92-828-8142-3, 2000.
Verdebout, J.: Amethod to generate surface UV radiation maps over Europe
using GOME, Meteosat and ancillary geophysical data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 5049–5058, 2000.
Vitt, R., Laschewski, G., Bais, A. F., Diémoz, H., Fountoulakis, I.,
Siani, A.-M., and Matzarakis, A.: UV-Index Climatology for Europe Based on
Satellite Data, Atmosphere, 11, 727, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11070727, 2020.
Webb, A. R. and Engelsen, O.: Ultraviolet Exposure Scenarios: Risks of
Erythema from Recommendations on Cutaneous Vitamin D Synthesis, in:
Sunlight, Vitamin D and Skin Cancer, edited by: Reichrath, J., Springer New
York, New York, NY, USA, 72–85, 2008.
Webb, A. R., Slaper, H., Koepke, P., and Schmalwieser, A. W.: Know Your
Standard: Clarifying the CIE Erythema Action Spectrum, Photochem. Photobiol., 87, 483–486, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00871.x, 2011.
WHO: Global Solar UV Index: A Pratical Guide, No. WHO/SD, Geneva,
Switzerland, 2002.
WMO: Report of the WMO Meeting of Experts on UVB Measurements, Data Quality
and Standardization of UV Indices, 1994, WMO/TD-No. 625, GAW Report-No. 95, Les Diablerets, Switzerland, 1995.
Zempila, M.-M., Koukouli, M.-E., Bais, A., Fountoulakis, I., Arola, A.,
Kouremeti, N., and Balis, D.: OMI/Aura UV product validation using NILU-UV
ground-based measurements in Thessaloniki, Greece, Atmos. Environ.,
140, 283–297, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.06.009, 2016.
Zerefos, C. S., Tourpali, K., Eleftheratos, K., Kazadzis, S., Meleti, C., Feister, U., Koskela, T., and Heikkilä, A.: Evidence of a possible turning point in solar UV-B over Canada, Europe and Japan, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 2469–2477, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-2469-2012, 2012.
Short summary
Large-scale retrievals of the ultraviolet index (UVI) in real time by exploiting the modern Earth observation data and techniques are capable of forming operational early warning systems that raise awareness among citizens of the health implications of high UVI doses. In this direction a novel UVI operating system, the so-called UVIOS, was introduced for massive outputs, while its performance was tested against ground-based measurements revealing a dependence on the input quality and resolution.
Large-scale retrievals of the ultraviolet index (UVI) in real time by exploiting the modern...
